Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
Climate affects soil formation over long periods of time through factors like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, and solar radiation. Temperature and rainfall particularly influence soil processes, with high temperatures speeding up organic matter decomposition and rainfall impacting soil pH, runoff, and organic matter levels. Climate change is expected to alter temperature and rainfall patterns, disrupting nutrient cycling in soils and their ability to support plant life and sequester carbon.
This document discusses different types of stress that plants experience and how they deal with it. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms like pathogens, insects, weeds etc. and abiotic stress as stress from non-living environmental factors like drought, salinity, temperature etc. Plants have developed different resistance mechanisms to deal with stress, like avoidance through behaviors like ephemerality or deep roots, and tolerance through adaptations like drought-tolerant tissues or cold hardening. Pathogens can damage plants through necrosis or by remaining biotrophic. Plants defend against biotic stress through physical barriers and chemical defenses that can be constitutive or induced upon infection. Stress responses are important in agriculture, ecology and physiology.
Salt tolerance in Halophytes & Glycophytesrakz2017
GLYCOPHYTES – Salt sensitive plants
HALOPHYTES can survive and complete their life cycle in salt concentrations of 200 mM NaCl .
Halophytes can be further categorized as euhalophytes (true halophytes), pseudohalophytes (salt avoiders) and crinohalophytes (salt excreters). One of the striking features of most of these halophytes is the correlation between uptake of cations and whole plant succulence.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway.
The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour.
Introduction
History
Definition
Aerobiological pathway
Fundamentals of Aerobiology
New techniques for advancing aerosol science and aerobiology
Airborne Diseases
Conclusion
Climate affects soil formation over long periods of time through factors like temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind, and solar radiation. Temperature and rainfall particularly influence soil processes, with high temperatures speeding up organic matter decomposition and rainfall impacting soil pH, runoff, and organic matter levels. Climate change is expected to alter temperature and rainfall patterns, disrupting nutrient cycling in soils and their ability to support plant life and sequester carbon.
This document discusses different types of stress that plants experience and how they deal with it. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms like pathogens, insects, weeds etc. and abiotic stress as stress from non-living environmental factors like drought, salinity, temperature etc. Plants have developed different resistance mechanisms to deal with stress, like avoidance through behaviors like ephemerality or deep roots, and tolerance through adaptations like drought-tolerant tissues or cold hardening. Pathogens can damage plants through necrosis or by remaining biotrophic. Plants defend against biotic stress through physical barriers and chemical defenses that can be constitutive or induced upon infection. Stress responses are important in agriculture, ecology and physiology.
Salt tolerance in Halophytes & Glycophytesrakz2017
GLYCOPHYTES – Salt sensitive plants
HALOPHYTES can survive and complete their life cycle in salt concentrations of 200 mM NaCl .
Halophytes can be further categorized as euhalophytes (true halophytes), pseudohalophytes (salt avoiders) and crinohalophytes (salt excreters). One of the striking features of most of these halophytes is the correlation between uptake of cations and whole plant succulence.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
The soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) is the pathway for water moving from soil through plants to the atmosphere.
Continuum in the description highlights the continuous nature of water connection through the pathway.
The low water potential of the atmosphere, and relatively higher (i.e. less negative) water potential inside leaves, leads to a diffusion gradient across the stomatal pores of leaves, drawing water out of the leaves as vapour.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Plants require light to grow and reproduce through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light reactions where light is converted to chemical energy, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules. It takes place in the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and use water, carbon dioxide, and light energy from chlorophyll to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. Different plants have photoperiod responses and will flower depending on the length of daylight or darkness they experience.
Abscisic acid (ABA) previously called Dormin or
Abscisin mainly because of their regulatory
effect on abscission and dormancy. This
hormone is widespread in higher plants and is
found in many different organs and tissues
(both old and young) of plants. ABA induces
abscission of the leaves of a wide variety of
plants and fruits of some plant species
This document discusses plant biotechnology and how plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress. It defines homeostasis, stress, and the different types of stresses plants face including biotic (weeds, pathogens, insects) and abiotic (water, temperature, salt, air pollution). It describes how plants can respond to stress through resistance, avoidance, tolerance, or senescence/death. It provides examples of how plants respond to different abiotic stresses like drought, high temperatures, and salt. It also discusses the strategies pathogens use and the physical and induced defenses plants deploy against biotic stresses.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. It explains that biogeochemical cycles circulate essential chemical elements between living organisms and their surrounding environment, and involve both biological and non-living components. For the nitrogen cycle, it describes the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification that transform nitrogen between its various states. For the phosphorus cycle, it notes that phosphorus weathers from rocks into soil and is taken up by plants and animals before eventually returning to sediments through decomposition.
1. Biomes are defined as large regions characterized by distinct plant and animal life. The document discusses several major biomes including forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes.
2. Each biome has unique abiotic factors like climate and soil that have shaped the adaptations of the plants and animals living there. For example, desert plants have small leaves or none at all to reduce water loss, while aquatic biomes range from freshwater to marine environments.
3. Many biomes are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and restore degraded ecosystems.
This document defines key terms related to organisms and their environment, including biosphere, ecology, habitat, population, and community. It also discusses the components of a community, including producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), and decomposers. Additionally, it covers topics like primary/secondary/tertiary consumers, predator-prey relationships, ecosystems, and how energy flows through trophic levels in a food chain and food web.
Radiation comes in different forms including electromagnetic waves and particulate matter. Ionizing radiation comes from unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause DNA damage in plants and induce mutations, leading to effects like reduced growth, reproduction, and seed germination. While some low doses of radiation have been used to improve crops, high doses can kill plants or negatively impact their productivity and genetic structure. Infrared radiation also influences plant growth and development processes like blooming and stem elongation but too much can damage plants through heat.
Sea level rise and it's causes,Effects and mitigationChandan Pradhan
Sea level rise is caused by three main factors: thermal expansion as oceans warm, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and the loss of ice from Greenland and Antarctica. This causes coastal erosion, more dangerous storm surges, flooding in coastal areas, and the destruction of habitats like mangroves and coral reefs. While temporary barriers and building structures can help minimize local damage, the most effective mitigation is reducing carbon emissions to limit global warming and further sea level increases.
The document discusses several key biogeochemical cycles - carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus - and how they function in ecosystems. It also covers energy flow through ecosystems. Some key points:
1. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. This maintains the supply and circulation of nutrients that ecosystems depend on.
2. Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles are gaseous nutrient cycles, with the atmosphere and oceans as main reservoirs. Sedimentary nutrient cycles include sulfur and phosphorus, with soil, rocks and minerals as primary sources.
3. Energy from the sun drives biogeochemical cycles and flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, food chains,
This document discusses biodiversity loss and its causes and consequences. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The major direct causes of biodiversity loss are identified as land use change, pollution, overexploitation of resources, invasive species, and climate change. Specific threats are discussed, such as agricultural expansion, deforestation, freshwater and marine pollution, unsustainable fishing and mining practices, and climate change impacts like coral bleaching. Conservation efforts and solutions mentioned include expanding protected areas, economic incentives, preventing invasive species, mainstreaming biodiversity, and raising public awareness.
Bio-fertilizers contain living microorganisms that colonize plant roots and soil to promote plant growth through natural nutrient processes like nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization. They restore the soil's nutrient cycle, build organic matter, provide cost-effective organic inputs, and can reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Compost is made through decomposition of organic matter as a soil amendment and is important for organic farming. The composting process relies on microorganisms and works best with a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 30 to 1. Vermicomposting is composting using various worm species, producing a fertilizer called vermicast or worm castings through the breakdown of organic matter. Biogas is produced
Sea levels are rising due to multiple factors related to climate change. Thermal expansion caused by warming oceans, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and land ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are leading to higher sea levels. This poses risks like coastal flooding, erosion, habitat loss, and saline intrusion. Adaptation strategies include protecting coasts through barriers, accommodating the rise through elevated structures, retreating to safer areas, and attacking the problem through land reclamation. Reducing carbon emissions to mitigate further global warming is key to reducing future sea level increases.
The document discusses the origins and formations of various geological features including the Earth, petroleum and natural gas, coal, coral reefs, mountains, rivers, rocks, and oceans. It explains that the Earth originated from a single dense point that exploded outward, and petroleum and natural gas were formed from ancient organic materials compressed over long periods of time. Coal is formed through the decomposition and compaction of plant materials in swamps. Coral reefs are formed by coral secreting calcium carbonate skeletons in warm, clear waters. Mountains are formed through tectonic deformation of the Earth's crust. Rivers flow downhill from their source due to gravity and form river systems as tributaries join the main course. Rocks form through
Heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, and aluminum can contaminate soil through industrial and urban pollution. When present in excess, these metals can be toxic to plants, inhibiting root growth and photosynthesis. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms like secreting organic acids to chelate metals in the soil or accumulating metals intracellularly bound to organic acids. The root is the primary entry point for metals into plants, and their translocation to shoots depends on factors like bioavailability, competing nutrients, and complexation within roots. [/SUMMARY]
Increased co2 effect on crop production tam 2013-25Vijay Kumar
Elevated carbon dioxide levels can have both positive and negative effects on crop production. Increased CO2 is expected to increase photosynthesis and growth through "carbon dioxide fertilization," but may decrease nutrient content. Experiments show higher CO2 can increase plant biomass, leaf area, and water use efficiency while decreasing stomatal conductance. However, protein and mineral concentrations tend to decrease with rising CO2. While yields often rise, harvest index and food quality may decline. Both benefits and risks of increasing atmospheric CO2 on agriculture require further study.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
This document discusses the causes and impacts of global warming. It begins by explaining that while Earth's climate has naturally varied in the past due to factors like orbital shifts and solar activity, the dominant influence now is human activity. It then describes the natural greenhouse effect and how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, making the planet warmer than it would otherwise be. However, the warming seen recently cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Human emissions of greenhouse gases, which far exceed levels from other sources like volcanoes, are the main driver of current warming according to scientists. The impacts of continued warming will include changes to weather patterns, rising sea levels, pressure on ecosystems, and effects on human communities and activities.
Global warming is causing changes to Earth's climate that are significantly different than past natural variations. The planet is warming due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels, which emit over 100 times more carbon dioxide than volcanoes annually. If warming continues unabated and exceeds 3°C, it will have severe consequences including more extreme weather, rising sea levels that threaten coastal regions, disrupted ecosystems, and difficulties for humans from problems like worsening droughts and the spread of diseases. Adapting to these impacts of climate change will become increasingly challenging without efforts to reduce the greenhouse gases causing it.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Plants require light to grow and reproduce through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages - the light reactions where light is converted to chemical energy, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules. It takes place in the chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of leaves. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and use water, carbon dioxide, and light energy from chlorophyll to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. Different plants have photoperiod responses and will flower depending on the length of daylight or darkness they experience.
Abscisic acid (ABA) previously called Dormin or
Abscisin mainly because of their regulatory
effect on abscission and dormancy. This
hormone is widespread in higher plants and is
found in many different organs and tissues
(both old and young) of plants. ABA induces
abscission of the leaves of a wide variety of
plants and fruits of some plant species
This document discusses plant biotechnology and how plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress. It defines homeostasis, stress, and the different types of stresses plants face including biotic (weeds, pathogens, insects) and abiotic (water, temperature, salt, air pollution). It describes how plants can respond to stress through resistance, avoidance, tolerance, or senescence/death. It provides examples of how plants respond to different abiotic stresses like drought, high temperatures, and salt. It also discusses the strategies pathogens use and the physical and induced defenses plants deploy against biotic stresses.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. It explains that biogeochemical cycles circulate essential chemical elements between living organisms and their surrounding environment, and involve both biological and non-living components. For the nitrogen cycle, it describes the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification that transform nitrogen between its various states. For the phosphorus cycle, it notes that phosphorus weathers from rocks into soil and is taken up by plants and animals before eventually returning to sediments through decomposition.
1. Biomes are defined as large regions characterized by distinct plant and animal life. The document discusses several major biomes including forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes.
2. Each biome has unique abiotic factors like climate and soil that have shaped the adaptations of the plants and animals living there. For example, desert plants have small leaves or none at all to reduce water loss, while aquatic biomes range from freshwater to marine environments.
3. Many biomes are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and restore degraded ecosystems.
This document defines key terms related to organisms and their environment, including biosphere, ecology, habitat, population, and community. It also discusses the components of a community, including producers, consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores), and decomposers. Additionally, it covers topics like primary/secondary/tertiary consumers, predator-prey relationships, ecosystems, and how energy flows through trophic levels in a food chain and food web.
Radiation comes in different forms including electromagnetic waves and particulate matter. Ionizing radiation comes from unstable atoms and includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause DNA damage in plants and induce mutations, leading to effects like reduced growth, reproduction, and seed germination. While some low doses of radiation have been used to improve crops, high doses can kill plants or negatively impact their productivity and genetic structure. Infrared radiation also influences plant growth and development processes like blooming and stem elongation but too much can damage plants through heat.
Sea level rise and it's causes,Effects and mitigationChandan Pradhan
Sea level rise is caused by three main factors: thermal expansion as oceans warm, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and the loss of ice from Greenland and Antarctica. This causes coastal erosion, more dangerous storm surges, flooding in coastal areas, and the destruction of habitats like mangroves and coral reefs. While temporary barriers and building structures can help minimize local damage, the most effective mitigation is reducing carbon emissions to limit global warming and further sea level increases.
The document discusses several key biogeochemical cycles - carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus - and how they function in ecosystems. It also covers energy flow through ecosystems. Some key points:
1. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. This maintains the supply and circulation of nutrients that ecosystems depend on.
2. Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen cycles are gaseous nutrient cycles, with the atmosphere and oceans as main reservoirs. Sedimentary nutrient cycles include sulfur and phosphorus, with soil, rocks and minerals as primary sources.
3. Energy from the sun drives biogeochemical cycles and flows through ecosystems via photosynthesis, food chains,
This document discusses biodiversity loss and its causes and consequences. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. The major direct causes of biodiversity loss are identified as land use change, pollution, overexploitation of resources, invasive species, and climate change. Specific threats are discussed, such as agricultural expansion, deforestation, freshwater and marine pollution, unsustainable fishing and mining practices, and climate change impacts like coral bleaching. Conservation efforts and solutions mentioned include expanding protected areas, economic incentives, preventing invasive species, mainstreaming biodiversity, and raising public awareness.
Bio-fertilizers contain living microorganisms that colonize plant roots and soil to promote plant growth through natural nutrient processes like nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilization. They restore the soil's nutrient cycle, build organic matter, provide cost-effective organic inputs, and can reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. Compost is made through decomposition of organic matter as a soil amendment and is important for organic farming. The composting process relies on microorganisms and works best with a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 30 to 1. Vermicomposting is composting using various worm species, producing a fertilizer called vermicast or worm castings through the breakdown of organic matter. Biogas is produced
Sea levels are rising due to multiple factors related to climate change. Thermal expansion caused by warming oceans, melting glaciers and ice sheets, and land ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are leading to higher sea levels. This poses risks like coastal flooding, erosion, habitat loss, and saline intrusion. Adaptation strategies include protecting coasts through barriers, accommodating the rise through elevated structures, retreating to safer areas, and attacking the problem through land reclamation. Reducing carbon emissions to mitigate further global warming is key to reducing future sea level increases.
The document discusses the origins and formations of various geological features including the Earth, petroleum and natural gas, coal, coral reefs, mountains, rivers, rocks, and oceans. It explains that the Earth originated from a single dense point that exploded outward, and petroleum and natural gas were formed from ancient organic materials compressed over long periods of time. Coal is formed through the decomposition and compaction of plant materials in swamps. Coral reefs are formed by coral secreting calcium carbonate skeletons in warm, clear waters. Mountains are formed through tectonic deformation of the Earth's crust. Rivers flow downhill from their source due to gravity and form river systems as tributaries join the main course. Rocks form through
Heavy metals like cadmium, chromium, copper, and aluminum can contaminate soil through industrial and urban pollution. When present in excess, these metals can be toxic to plants, inhibiting root growth and photosynthesis. Plants have developed tolerance mechanisms like secreting organic acids to chelate metals in the soil or accumulating metals intracellularly bound to organic acids. The root is the primary entry point for metals into plants, and their translocation to shoots depends on factors like bioavailability, competing nutrients, and complexation within roots. [/SUMMARY]
Increased co2 effect on crop production tam 2013-25Vijay Kumar
Elevated carbon dioxide levels can have both positive and negative effects on crop production. Increased CO2 is expected to increase photosynthesis and growth through "carbon dioxide fertilization," but may decrease nutrient content. Experiments show higher CO2 can increase plant biomass, leaf area, and water use efficiency while decreasing stomatal conductance. However, protein and mineral concentrations tend to decrease with rising CO2. While yields often rise, harvest index and food quality may decline. Both benefits and risks of increasing atmospheric CO2 on agriculture require further study.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
This document discusses the causes and impacts of global warming. It begins by explaining that while Earth's climate has naturally varied in the past due to factors like orbital shifts and solar activity, the dominant influence now is human activity. It then describes the natural greenhouse effect and how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, making the planet warmer than it would otherwise be. However, the warming seen recently cannot be explained by natural causes alone. Human emissions of greenhouse gases, which far exceed levels from other sources like volcanoes, are the main driver of current warming according to scientists. The impacts of continued warming will include changes to weather patterns, rising sea levels, pressure on ecosystems, and effects on human communities and activities.
Global warming is causing changes to Earth's climate that are significantly different than past natural variations. The planet is warming due to increased greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels, which emit over 100 times more carbon dioxide than volcanoes annually. If warming continues unabated and exceeds 3°C, it will have severe consequences including more extreme weather, rising sea levels that threaten coastal regions, disrupted ecosystems, and difficulties for humans from problems like worsening droughts and the spread of diseases. Adapting to these impacts of climate change will become increasingly challenging without efforts to reduce the greenhouse gases causing it.
The document discusses the effects of global warming. It begins by introducing the members and topic. It then explains that global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Some effects of global warming include more extreme weather, rising sea levels that threaten coastal communities, melting glaciers and sea ice, and disrupted habitats. The document also discusses effects on freshwater availability, oceans, ecosystems, temperatures on land and sea, and impacts on human health, food supply, and economy. It advocates transitioning to renewable clean energy like solar and wind to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate global warming impacts.
Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect, where gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere. Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns due to global warming. Some consequences of climate change include stronger hurricanes, rising sea levels, droughts and floods. While humans are not directly impacted much, effects on animals' habitats and the global economy will be significant if changes are not made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon storage through forestation.
Long and Short Term Changes of Climate discusses various factors that cause changes in climate over both small and long terms. Small-term changes are caused by volcanic eruptions, small variations in solar radiation, and shifts in air and ocean currents. Long-term changes are influenced by changes in Earth's energy balance, orbital variations, glacial activity, plate tectonics, and human influences like fossil fuel usage. The document also discusses how climate change can affect animals and ecosystems, as well as how scientists monitor and study climate change.
Surface currents are driven mainly by wind and move large amounts of water across oceans, influencing global climate. Deep currents form due to differences in water density from temperature and salinity and are not wind-driven. Major surface currents like the Gulf Stream distribute heat from the equator to poles, warming areas like northern Europe. El Niño is a periodic warming of tropical Pacific waters that alters weather worldwide and impacts fisheries and agriculture through changed rainfall and storms. Scientists monitor oceans to improve understanding and forecasts of El Niño events and their far-reaching climatic effects.
Global warming is a large effect of human impact on the planet. It is already a big problem and is going to be even bigger if it isn't stopped. These are some facts about global warming you probably would have wanted to know.
The document discusses the causes, effects, and solutions to climate change. It explains that climate change is caused by both natural factors like volcanic eruptions and continental drift, as well as human factors like the burning of fossil fuels. Some of the effects of climate change discussed include rising sea levels, more extreme weather, loss of habitats, and threats to food and water supplies. The document provides several potential solutions to address climate change such as transitioning away from fossil fuels, improving energy efficiency, reducing consumption, and increasing the use of renewable energy and public transportation.
Global warming, its consequences and possible stepsNecsoi Sorin
Global warming and climate change refer to the observed century-scale rise in average global temperatures and associated effects. Multiple lines of evidence show the climate is warming, with most of the added energy being stored in warming ocean waters. Future climate change effects are expected to include higher temperatures, sea level rise, changing precipitation patterns, and expanded deserts. Regional impacts will vary and include more extreme weather, ocean acidification, and species extinction due to shifting climates. Human impacts could include threats to food security and populations being forced to abandon some coastal areas.
Earth's climate is influenced by its position relative to the sun, which affects factors like temperature, daylight hours, and seasons. Climate refers to long-term weather patterns typical of a region, while weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. A variety of geographic factors, including latitude, elevation, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and landforms further impact regional climates. These combine to produce a wide diversity of climates around the world.
The document discusses global warming, its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It defines global warming as the gradual heating of the Earth's surface caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels. It identifies both human causes such as deforestation, industrialization, and overpopulation as well as natural causes like volcanoes and melting permafrost. The effects of global warming include rising temperatures, threats to ecosystems, climate change, and spread of diseases. Potential solutions involve reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to renewable energy sources.
Group 5-STS-Respiratory Therapy 1. Dayao, Macdon, Reyes, TomasArthur Reyes
Climate change is causing major changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and wind patterns according to the document. Temperature increases are already melting glaciers and sea ice as well as causing more frequent and intense heat waves. Precipitation patterns are also shifting, with wet areas expected to get wetter and dry areas drier. Wind speeds have also been found to slow across parts of the Northern Hemisphere when other regions experience higher temperatures. These changes are negatively impacting society through more extreme weather, declining air quality, and stresses on water supply and quality. Technology has also contributed to increased energy use and fossil fuel burning, exacerbating the climate crisis.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, causing the planet to warm. This is already causing effects like rising sea levels, stronger storms, and species extinction. As temperatures continue rising, even more severe consequences are expected, like widespread food and water shortages. To address this, people are advocating for solutions like clean energy and reducing pollution, while governments pass laws and regulations to limit greenhouse gas emissions.
Scientists have determined that global warming is caused primarily by human-produced greenhouse gas emissions from activities like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which are emitted through activities like driving, electricity production, agriculture, and industrial processes. While natural factors also influence the climate, the current rapid warming trend cannot be explained without accounting for human greenhouse gas emissions. Global effects are already appearing, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, sea level rise, and shifts in animal and plant ranges.
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdfanandhomeneeds
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
Effec.
Global warming poses an existential threat to humanity according to the document. The evidence of climate change is clear from rising sea levels, global temperatures, shrinking ice sheets and increasing extreme weather events. The main causes are human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation that release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect. Effects of climate change include further temperature rises, longer frost-free seasons, changing precipitation patterns, stronger hurricanes, and Arctic ice melt. Wildlife like dugongs, okapis and Siberian tigers are also threatened with extinction. Individual actions like conserving energy, choosing renewable power, reducing waste, and greener commuting can help address the crisis.
Global warming refers to the long-term rise in Earth's average temperature due to greenhouse gases from human activity like burning fossil fuels. It has increased ocean heat content and air and sea surface temperatures, causing more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and melting glaciers and ice sheets. While some regions may experience benefits like expanded growing seasons, overall impacts are expected to severely damage ecosystems, economies, and human infrastructure through flooding, food shortages, wildfires, and the spread of diseases if left unaddressed. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy is needed to mitigate the worst effects of climate change.
Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans over time. The document discusses the causes of global warming, including increased carbon dioxide and methane emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, species extinction, and changes to agricultural yields. While global warming continues to occur, reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuels and preserving carbon sinks can help control the problem.
Similar to Global Warming, Red Tide, El Nino, and Coral Bleaching (20)
A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun ("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.
The solar system is made up of the Sun, the planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets and many, many small objects, like asteroids and comets. All of these objects move and we can see these movements. We notice the Sun rises in the eastern sky in the morning and sets in the western sky in the evening. We observe different stars in the sky at different times of the year.
This document summarizes the differences between weather and climate, defines meteorology and climatology, and describes common weather instruments. It explains that weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions in a place, while climate describes average conditions over a long period of time. It then lists and describes common weather instruments like thermometers, barometers, anemometers, and rain gauges; and explains their purposes in measuring temperature, air pressure, wind speed, humidity, and precipitation. It concludes by identifying PAGASA as the Philippine weather station responsible for weather forecasts and advisories.
Mineral is a naturally occurring substance, representable by a chemical formula, that is usually solid and inorganic, and has a crystal structure. It is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition.
Some proteins are composed of multiple polypeptide chains that interact with each other through noncovalent bonds like hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions to form a quaternary structure. The quaternary structure stabilizes the overall protein complex and the subunits may function independently or cooperatively, as seen in hemoglobin where the binding of oxygen to one subunit increases oxygen binding in the other subunits.
Protein is composed of amino acids linked together in chains. It is essential for life and is contained in every part of the body. There are two main types of protein - fibrous proteins found in animals that serve structural functions, and globular proteins that usually do not have structural roles and can be enzymes or transporters. Protein has critical physiological functions including building, maintaining, and repairing body tissues, and can also be converted to energy when intake is greater than requirements. The structure of proteins involves four levels - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
The document summarizes recent events and accomplishments within the College of Teacher Education at Holy Trinity College of General Santos City. It discusses their celebration of CTE Day 2014 which included performances, games and awards. It also reports that the CTE Blue Legion team won 1st runner up in the Intramural Days 2014 competition, earning several gold, silver and bronze medals. Finally, it outlines a community outreach project conducted by CTE to donate supplies to a local learning center, and announces the new teachers who passed the licensure examination.
This document provides an overview of evolution and Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. It discusses how evolution is both a fact, as organisms have changed over time as seen in the fossil record, and a theory explaining the mechanism of change. Darwin's observations of finches and tortoises on the Galapagos Islands led him to understand that organisms adapt to their environments over generations through natural selection, in which heritable traits that increase survival are passed on. His theory was supported by examples like the adaptation of peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution.
Business Environment in General Santos City and the Provinces of Sarangani an...Victor F. Melitante Jr.
The document provides an overview of the business environments in General Santos, Sarangani, South Cotabato, and surrounding areas. It discusses the key industries and economic activities in each location, including agriculture (coconut, pineapple, banana), fishing/aquaculture, real estate, tourism, and more. Major companies operating in the regions are also mentioned. The environment in each area is described as conducive to business and investment, with opportunities in various sectors.
The document discusses sampling in educational research. It explains that sampling involves studying a representative subset of a population rather than the entire population due to limitations of time, resources and potential for greater accuracy. The key aspects covered are: defining the population and sampling frame; the advantages of sampling over a complete census; and the basic types of probability and non-probability sampling.
1. The document is a 50-item final exam in Biological Science covering various topics and question types, including true/false, multiple choice, matching, fill-in-the-blank, analogy, rearrangement, and essay questions.
2. The exam tests knowledge of key biological concepts like the parts of the cell, theories of evolution and cell theory, scientists who made important contributions to the field, and classification of living things.
3. It aims to evaluate students' understanding of core ideas in biology as well as their ability to apply knowledge in different testing formats requiring recall, analysis, and explanation.
This document discusses Benjamin Bloom's cognitive domain of learning objectives. It defines the six levels of cognitive learning - knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation - from lowest to highest. For each level, examples of relevant verbs and sample learning objectives are provided. The levels progress from basic recall and understanding to more complex thinking like creating, assessing, and making judgments. The overall document provides an overview of Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive educational objectives.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
7. is a gradual increase in the overall
temperature of the earth's atmosphere
generally attributed to the greenhouse
effect caused by increased levels of
carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons,
and other pollutants
8. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide
(CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse
gases collect in the atmosphere and absorb
sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off
the earth’s surface.
Normally, this radiation would escape into
space—but these pollutants, which can last for
years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the
heat and cause the planet to get hotter.
That's what's known as the greenhouse effect.
What causes global warming?
9. NATURAL CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING:
rotation of the sun that changes the
intensity of sunlight and moving closer
to the earth
greenhouse gases
volcanic eruption.
10. HUMANS AND GLOBAL WARMING
industrial revolution
Mining
Deforestation
11. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING:
heat waves,
droughts,
heavy rainfall with floods,
heavy snowfall ,
ocean acidification,
species extinctions due to shifting
temperature regimes
12.
13.
14. El Niño and Global Warming
What’s the connection?
15. What is El Niño?
El Niño is a phenomenon that disrupts normal
weather patterns, bringing heavy rains and
drought to different parts of the world.
16. El Niño is a complex and naturally occurring weather pattern
that results when ocean temperatures in the Pacific Ocean
near the equator vary from the norm. The phenomenon
typically occurs every two to seven years.
The 2015-2016 El Niño, however, is being called a “super” El
Niño, the worst in 15 years. The two previous super El Niños
occurred in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998.
17. in years when El Niño does not occur, strong trade winds
blow from east to west across the Pacific Ocean around the
equator. The winds push warm surface ocean water from South
America west towards Asia and Australia, and cold water wells up
from below in the east to take its place along South America. This
creates a temperature disparity across the Pacific, which also keeps
the trade winds blowing.
The accumulation of warm water in the west adds heat to
the air, causing it to rise and create unstable weather, which is why
the western Pacific region is warm and rainy. Cool, drier air is
usually found on the eastern side of the Pacific.
18. In an El Niño year, the trade winds weaken or break down. The
warm water that is normally pushed towards the western Pacific
washes back across, piling up on the east side of the Pacific from
California to Chile, causing rain and storms.
Although El Niño’s strongest impacts are felt around the equatorial
Pacific, they can affect weather around the world by influencing
high and low pressure systems, winds and precipitation. And as the
warmer ocean waters release excess energy (heat) into the
atmosphere, global temperatures rise.
19. The changing weather patterns can have damaging
impacts on agriculture, fisheries, ecosystems,
health, energy demand and air quality, and
increase the risks of wildfires around the globe.
20. Red Tide and Global Warming
What’s the connection?
21. Drifting throughout the ocean, invisible to the naked eye, are
innumerable microscopic algae. They come in many shapes and
sizes—some geometrically beautiful, like the diatoms, and others,
like the dinoflagellates, swim in a distinctive whirling pattern.
These tiny algae are essential components to ocean life as they fuel
the food web by harnessing light energy from the sun. But when
supplied with excess nutrients, they can multiply uncontrollably,
becoming an unwanted mass commonly called a “red tide” that
smothers nearby ocean life.
Karenia brevis
22. When nutrients from inland areas flow down rivers and arrive in
the ocean they supply a nutritious feast for algae, causing them to
rapidly grow.
This can happen naturally as rivers flood and bring nutrient-rich soil
from forests and grasslands, but it can also happen when fertilizer
and excrement from livestock travel down those same waterways,
or when coastal development leads to excess erosion.
23. Climate change is expected to result in increased temperatures of
nearshore ocean water, and this could lead to increased growth of
harmful microorganisms.
These include algae that form noxious or toxic blooms, including
red tides, and bacteria and other pathogens. This situation could
have negative consequences in regard to human health.
25. Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. When
water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living
in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. This is
called coral bleaching.
When a coral bleaches, it is not dead. Corals can survive a
bleaching event, but they are under more stress and are subject to
mortality