The document discusses the greenhouse effect, distinguishing between natural and man-made contributions, with human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation exacerbating global warming. It also explores El Niño and La Niña phenomena, detailing their impact on global weather patterns, including temperature fluctuations, precipitation changes, and significant environmental consequences. The presentation emphasizes the need for understanding these effects to address climate-related challenges.

2. PowerPoint Presentation Prepared By:
Aneela Khalid & Qurat ul ain

3.  The greenhouse effect is a natural process that
warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some
of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.
 The word greenhouse effect holds two
meanings
 One is the natural greenhouse effect that one
that keeps our Earths climate normal and
comfortable
 On the other hand there is a man made
greenhouse effect which is an enhancement of
natural greenhouse
 Made from burning fossil fuels, petroleum, coal
and natural gas.

5. Effects of green house
Natural green house effect
Man made green house
effect

6.  Natural greenhouse effect is made from the heat
energy radiated from the sun.
 Greenhouse gases are naturally present in the
atmosphere.
 Sunlight gases through the atmosphere warming
the earth in a cycle.
 The cycle continues through the atmosphere as
the gases absorb energy at the same time while
the leftover go to space.
 Some sun energy trapped in earth makes is much
warmer and comfortable

7.  Activities made by humans result in
production of greenhouse gases
 While the amounts of gases increase in the
atmosphere the stability of the greenhouse
gases change causing effects on the whole
world.
 Greenhouse effects caused by burning , fossil
fuels ,coal ,oil ,natural gases ,cutting and
burning of trees producing carbon dioxide.
 Greenhouse gases trap heat making earth
warmer and creating global warming.

8.  One of the main causes of Global Warming is the
Green House Effect. When the production of
infrared energy in the atmosphere warms a
planet’s surface , it is known as the Green House
Effect. The natural causes of the Green House
Effect are the releasing of gases like nitrous
oxide, carbon-dioxide , methane, ozone and
water vapor. Carbon-dioxide itself is guilty for
the Green House Effect.
 One of the man-made causes of the Green House
effect is erosion. Deforestation increases the
amount of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere.
Also ,due to the loss of trees , photosynthesis
cannot take place.Deforestation causes the
green house effect.

9.  Greenhouse gases also can be released into the
atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels,
oil, coal and gas. These materials are used more
and more and violently in industries. Therefore
industries are also a major cause of the
Greenhouse Effect.
 Other man made causes of the increase in the
green house effect due to emission of gases from
the electrical appliances e.g;chlorofloro carbons
(CFCs),aerosol cans and foaming agents, fire
extinguisher chemicals and cleaners.
 Other man-made processes that contribute are
burning of gasoline ,oil and coal. With the
increase in population, the needs and wants of
the people.

11. Green
house
gases
Carbon
dioxide
Methane
and
nitrous
oxide
Troposp
here
ozone
Water
vapour

12.  Rising temperatures cause water of the
oceans along with the sea to increase.
 Increasing temperatures melt ice as it
starts to flow into the seas of Antarctic
and Greenland
 Sea levels rise by 20-40 cm causing floods
in areas with low coast areas e.g;
Bangladesh and Netherland.
 Flood in many areas cause a danger for
living things.

13. Other
green
house
effects
on
farming
on
weathe
r
On
people
and
animals
on
water

16.  El Nino and La Nina are opposite phases of what
is known as the El Nino-Southern
Oscillation(ENSO) cycle.
 The ENSO cycle is a scientific term that
describes the fluctuations in temperature
between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-
central Equatorial Pacific(approximately
between the International Date Line and 120
degrees West).
 La Nina is sometimes referred to as the cold
phase of ENSO and El Nino as the warm phase of
ENSO .These deviations from normal surface
temperatures can have large-scale impacts not
only on ocean processes, but also on global.

17.  El Nino and La Nina episodes typically last for
9 to 12 months, but some prolonged events
may last for years. They often begin to form
between June and August, reach peak
strength between December and April, and
then decay between May and July of the
following year. While their periodicity can be
quite irregular, El Nino and La Nina events
occur about every 3 to 5 years. Typically, El
Nino occurs more frequently than La Nina.

18.  El Nino means The Little Boy, or Christ Child in
Spanish.
 El Nino was originally recognized by fisherman
off the coast of South America in the 1600s, with
the appearance of unusually warm water in the
Pacific Ocean. The name was chosen based on
the time of year (around December) during
which these warm waters events tended to
occur.
 The term El Nino refers to the large-scale ocean-
atmosphere climate interaction linked to a
periodic warming in sea surface temperatures
across the central and ease-central Equatorial
Pacific.

19.  El Nino, warmer than average waters in the
Eastern Equatorial Pacific(shown in orange on
the map), affects weather around the world.

20.  Rise in air pressure in the Indian Ocean,
Indoneshia, and Australia.
 A fall in air pressure over Tahiti and the rest
of central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
 The trade winds in the South Pacific
weakened or headed east.
 Warm air rises in Peru.
 Warm water spreads from the West Pacific
and the Indian Ocean to the East Pacific. It
takes the rain with it, causing rainfall in
normally dry areas and drought in normally
wet areas.

21.  El Nino is a climate pattern that describes
the unusual warming of surface waters along
the tropical west coast of South America.
This diagram illustrates the eastward
movement of winds across the Pacific in red .

22.  Wet winters overs south-eastern
United States.
 Drought in Indoneshia and
Australia and other places
that are typically wet.
 Flood in South America in
areas that are typically dry.
 Wildfires and mudslides.
 Warm weather in the upper Midwest States
and Canada.

23.  El Nino events prevent
the process of upwelling
(the movement of cold
nutrient-rich water to the
surface) off the coast of Peru,
Ecuador and Chile.
 This can have a devastating
impact on local economies.

24.  El Nino events can also impact the Western
Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Winnie, above, hit
Taiwan and China during a powerful El Nino
event in 1997. typhoon Winnie killed more
than 200 people and caused more than $1
Billion in damages.

25.  Australia is often plagues by drought during
strong El Nino events. Here, Lake
Alexandrina, a large lake in southern
Australia, is almost dries up.

26.  Satellite readings from buoys strategically
set in the pacific ocean
 Complex computer models

27.  La Nina means The Little Girl in Spanish.
 La Nina is also sometimes called El Viejo, anti-El
Nino, or simply “a cold event”.
 La Nina episodes represent periods of below-
average sea surface temperatures across the
East-central Equatorial Pacific. Global climate La
Nina impacts tend to be opposite those of El
Nino impacts. In the tropics, ocean temperature
variations in La Nina also tend to be opposite
those of El Nino.
 During a La Nina year, winter temperatures are
warmer than normal in the Souteast and cooler
than normal in the Northwest.

28.  La Nina is caused by a build-up
of cooler than normal waters in
tropical Pacific, the area of the
Pacific Ocean between the
Tropic of Cancer and the
Tropic of Capricorn.
 Unusually strong, eastward
-moving trade winds and ocean
currents bring this cold water
to the surface, a process known as
upwelling.

29.  The first signs of an emerging La Nina event are often
observed in the ocean. The Bureau of Meteorology
monitors and reports on a range of ENSO indicators,
including:
 Short term bursts of tropical rainfall activity
 Water temperatures at the sea surface and at depth
 Ocean heat content-measuring the amount of energy
stored in the ocean
 The Southern Oscillation Index
 Atmospheric air pressure
 Cloudiness-measuring the amount of cloud in tropical
regions
 The strength of the trade winds and winds higher in
the atmosphere ocean currents

30.  The weather pattern known
as La Nina brings warmer
than normal sea-surface
temperatures(in red) to the
southern Pacific Ocean
around Northern Australia,
New Guinea and the Islands
of Indoneshia. The cooler
sea-surface temperatures
of La Nina (in blue) occur
in the Southern Pacific off
the coast of South America.

31.  Rain clouds form as a result of the uplift of
warm, moist air.
 Monsoon seasons will be more intense in a La
Nina year.
 Western equatorial portions of South America
may be in drought conditions.
 In the United States, Washington and Oregon
may see increased precipitation.
 Portions of California, Nevada and Colorado
may see drier conditions.

32.  A group of scouts uses a disassembled
cardboard box as protection against a heavy
rainstorm in Semarang, Java, Indoneshia. La
Nina events often bring wetter then normal
weather to Indoneshia, Northern Australia
and Malayshia

33.  The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration(NOAA), for instance, operates
a network of buoys which measure sea-
surface temperature, air temperature,
currents, winds and humidity. The buoys are
located in about 70 locations, from the
Galapagos Islands to Australia. These buoys
transmit data to researchers and
meterologists every day. Using buoy data in
conjunction with visual information they
receive from satellites, scientists are able to
more accurately predict ENSO and visualize
its development and impact around the globe

34. Usually warm ocean
temperature in Eastern
Pacific
Usually cold ocean
temperatures in eastern
Pacific
Usually more intense effect
than La Nina
Usually follows El Nino but
not always
Summers in Omaha tends to
be wetter and cooler
Summers in Omaha tends to
be drier and warmer
Causes drier weather on West
Pacific seaboards and wetter,
humid weather in East Pacific
Causes wetter weather on
West Pacific seaboards and
drier weather in East Pacific

35. Warmer winters in
the upper Midwest
states and Canada
Colder winters in
the Upper Midwest
states and Canada
Wet winters over
South-Eastern United
States
Dry winters over
South-Eastern United
States