In this presentation, concept of hydrophytes, types of hydrophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
In this presentation, concept of epiphytes, types of epiphytes, and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are are explained.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
In this presentation, concept of halophytes, types of halophyte and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained
In this presentation, concept of epiphytes, types of epiphytes, and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are are explained.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
“Any characteristic of an organism or its part which enable it to survive in its own particular habitat is called adaptation”. It is also defined as, “Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes able to survive and reproduce in its habitat or habitats”. Adaptation is nothing but any changes in the structure or function of an organism or in any parts of its that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
description of different types of reproductive organs, developmental stages and process of reproduction in Cycas. Various internet sources have been used.
“Any characteristic of an organism or its part which enable it to survive in its own particular habitat is called adaptation”. It is also defined as, “Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes able to survive and reproduce in its habitat or habitats”. Adaptation is nothing but any changes in the structure or function of an organism or in any parts of its that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.
This pdf contains information about the various methods of documentation in plant taxonomy. It includes, floras, manuals, monographs, dictionaries, glosaries, indexes, icones, etc.
description of different types of reproductive organs, developmental stages and process of reproduction in Cycas. Various internet sources have been used.
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Hydrophytes
1. Hydrophytes
Dr. Ravindra. D. Madhekar
Assistant professor,
Department of Botany,
S. B. E. S. College of Science,
Aurangabad
(Maharashtra)
India
2. Hydrophytes
• Greek, Hudor = water and Phyton = Plant; water plant.
• Grow in wet places or in water either partly or wholly
submerged.
• According to the way in which they develop in water,
further classified as :
1. Free floating : in contact with air and water but not
with the soil.
E. g. Wolffia, Lemma, Azolla, Salvinia, Pistia,
Echhornia etc.
4. 2. Rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves :
Fixed in mud but leaves have long petiole floating on
the water surface.
Remaining parts except leaves in water.
E. g. Nelumbo, Nymphea, Marsilea etc.
Nelumbo, Nymphea
5. 3. Submerged floating hydrophytes :
submerged in water but not rooted.
E. g. Ceratophyllum, Utricularia
Ceratophyllum
6. 4. Rooted submerged :
Below the water surface but rooted in soil.
E. g. Hydrilla, Potamogeton, Isoetes, Vallisnaria, Chara etc.
Hydrilla Potamogeton
Vallisnaria Chara
7. 5. Rooted Emergent :
Shoots/Assimilatory organs partly or completly
underwater fixed in mud.
E. g. Saggitaria, Ranunculus, Scripus, Cyperus etc.
8. • Factors affecting the plants in aquatic
environment :
1. Temperature of water
2. Osmotic concentration of water
3. Toxicity of water
• The osmotic concentration and toxicity dependent upon
the amount and nature of chemical substances dissolved
in water.
• The physiology of aquatic plants is greatly affected by the
change in osmotic concentration of water.
• The aquatic plants are subjected to less extremes of
temperature because water is bad conductor of heat
• Hydrophytes less affected as the transpiration from the
plant tissue is completely out of question.
9. Hydrophytic Adaptations:
• As the aquatic environment is uniform throughout, the
hydrophytes develop very few adaptive features.
A. Morphological:
(I) Roots:
Less significant and are of Secondary importance.
Overall development is poor, may be entirely absent.
If present – Adventitious, fibrous, reduced in length,
unbranched or poorly branched.
In Salvinia, leaves compensate for roots.
In emergent forms, roots well developed with distinct root
cap.
Floating hydrophytes do not possess true root cap but very
often they develop root pockets/root sheaths.
In Lemma, acts as simply balancing and anchoring organ.
10. Cont.
In rooted hydrophytes like Hydrilla and Vallesnaria,
derive their nourishment from water by their body
surfaces, are partly dependent on their roots for
minerals from the soil.
In Jussiaea repens,
two types of roots
develop :
(Normal and floating)
11. (II) Stem :
In submerged form : longer, slender, spongy, flexible.
E.g. Hydrilla, Potamogeton.
In Free floating : slender, floating horizontally on water
surface as in Azolla or thick, short, stoloniferous, spongy in
Eichhornia.
In rooted hydrophytes with floating leaves : Rhizome
E. g. Nymphea, Nelumbo
Vegetative propagation mainly by runners, stolons, stems,
root tuber, dormant apices, off sets.
Most extensive and common method of reproduction.
Most of them are perennial.
13. (III) Leaves :
In submerged form :
Leaves are thin, either long,
or ribbon shaped as in vallesnaria,
Long, linear in Potamogeton,
Finelly dissected in Ceratophyllum.
In Floating hydrophytes :
Large, flat, entire, upper surface coated with wax in
Nymphea and Nelumbo,
Swollen and spongy in Eichhornia.
Petiole is long, flexible, and often covered with mucilage.
14. • In Emergent forms : Shows heterophylly.
• Submerged leaves are linear, ribbon shaped or highly
dissected.
• Floating leaves are broad, circular or slightly lobed.
15. B. Anatomical adaptations
(I) Roots :
Cuticle is absent, if present poorly developed.
Epidermis : single layered, made up of thin walled
parenchymatous cells.
Cortex : well developed, made up of thin walled
parenchymatous cells, major portion occupied by well
developed air cavities (aerenchymatous) which offers
resistance to bending stress, increase buoyancy, and
allows rapid gaseous exchange.
16. • Vascular tissues : Poorly developed, less differentiated.
• Xylem : vessels are less common, tracheids generally
present.
• In floating forms i.e. Eichhornia differentiated to some
extent.
• In Emergent forms as Rannanculus and Typha,
comparatively much distinict and well developed.
• Mechanical tissues : generally absent except in some
emergent forms as Typha where pith cells are
parenchymatous.
17.
18. (II) Stem :
Cuticle is either absent or poorly developed and thin.
Epidermis : made up of thin walled parenchymatous cells
and single layered.
Rhizomes of Nymphea and Nelumbo shows well developed
epidermis.
In emergent forms as Typha, cuticle and epidermis is well
developed.
Hypodermis absent in submerged forms like Hydrilla and
potamogeton.
In floating and emergent forms it may present and
parenchymatous/cholenchymatous
19. Cortex : well developed, made up of thin walled
parenchymatous cells, traversed by air cavities, possess
chloroplast (Photosynthetic).
In some as in Nymphea, large number of vascular
bundles scattered in cortex.
Endodermis distinct in rhizome and similar organs.
Vascular bundle lacks bundle sheath.
Vascular elements : thin walled, lignified elements being
absent.
In emergent forms : well differentiated and developed.
Mechanical tissues absent.
20.
21. (III) Leaves :
Cuticle usually absent in submerged forms like
Potamogeton.
In floating forms as in Nymphea, poorly developed,
confined only to upper side and thin.
In emergent forms, it is thin.
Epidermis : Single layered, made up of thin walled
parenchymatous cells with abundence of chloroplast.
Stomata completely absent in submerged leaves as in
Potamogeton. In floating leaves confined only to upper
surface of leaf. In emergent forms found on both
surfaces of leaf.
Mesophyll tissue : undifferentiated in submerged
leaves, differentiated and presence of air cavities in
floating leaves
22. • Vascular tissues : very much reduced and sometime
difficult to be differentiated in to xylem and phloem as
in submerged form.
• In floating leaves as in Nymphea, xylem elements are
thin walled and phloem being well developed.
• In aerial leaves, vascular elements are comparatively
well differentiated with vessels in xylem elements.
• Mechanical tissues : well developed.
• Petioles : abundance of aerenchyma, thin walled cells,
lack of differentiation in vascular tissues and absence of
any lignified mechanical tissues.
23.
24. C. Physiological adaptations :
• As habitat mostly deficient in oxygen content, having ability
to respire anaerobically or have low oxygen requirement.
• Special aerating organs are present.
• Osmotic concentration of cell sap is equal or slightly higher
than that of water.
• Submerged plants absorbs water through general plant
surface.
• Gases produced during photosynthesis and respiration partly
retained in air chambers to be utilised as and when required.
• Transpiration absent in submerged plants while excessive
rate in floating and emergent plants.
• Mucilage cells and canals protect the plant body from decay
under water.