The document discusses global supply chain management strategies for a multinational automotive company. It outlines the company's manufacturing locations around the world and production responsibilities at each plant. It then discusses factors like foreign competition, technology diffusion, costs, taxes, and regulations that companies must consider for an effective global supply chain. Risk management strategies are also summarized, including redundancy, rapid response, and adaptability across the supply chain.

1. Global Supply Chain Management

2. Belfast Carburetors and distributors Treforest Spark plug insulators Leamington Foundry production of engine components Dagenham Final assembly Bordeaux Transmissions Enfield Instruments, fuel and water gauges, plugs Basildon Radiators, water pump assembly, engine components Genk Body panels, road wheels Wülfrath Transmission parts, engine components Saarlouis Final assembly Cologne Die-cast transaxle casings, gear and engine components Valencia Final assembly Ford Example

3. GLOBAL MARKET FORCES Foreign competition in local markets Growth in foreign demand Global presence as a defensive tool Companies forced to develop and enhance leading-edge technologies and products. TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES Knowledge diffusion across national boundaries, hence need for technology sharing to be competitive Global location of R&D facilities Close to production (as product cycles get shorter) Close to expertise (Indian programmers?) Why GSCM????

4. GLOBAL COST FACTORS Availability of skilled/unskilled labor at lower cost Integrated supplier infrastructure (as suppliers become more involved in design) Capital intensive facilities like tax breaks, price breaks etc. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS Trade protection mechanisms: Tariffs, Quotas, Voluntary export restrictions, Local content requirements, Environmental regulations, Government procurement policies (discount for local) Exchange rate fluctuations and operating flexibility Why GSCM????

5. Questions GSC?????????? Manufacturing Strategy: How many plants & where should each be located? Products made & process to be used at each plant? What part of the world should each plant serve? Supply Base Design / Vendor Consolidation: How to select supplier for parts in same product group? How many suppliers is best? Which suppliers should send which parts to which plants? Can I source more than one part at a time from a supplier? Impact of Duty / Drawback, Taxes, Local Content : If the duty rates come down according to GATT/WTO, how should I change my supply chain design? What is the best use of the tax havens? How much of local & global sourcing is possible? Source: Global Supply Chain Associates (GSCA) 1999

6. Questions GSC?????????? Outsourcing: What parts to produce "in-house" and what parts to outsource? Spare Parts Logistics: How many echelons of repair and stocking is best? How many repair shops are needed, where should they be located, what products should each handle, and what geographic area should each serve? How do the drivers of product value i.e. product’s weight, complexity, and frequency of repair affect this decision? New Product Pipeline Design: What should the supply chain look like for a new product? How should I fit the new product into my current supply chain? Should I single or double source this product? How much do my fixed costs affect this decision? What is the cross-over point to open up a second and third source of supply? Source: Global Supply Chain Associates (GSCA) 1999

7. Costs Local labor rates / International freight tariffs Currency exchange rates Customs Duty Duty rates differ by commodity and level of assembly Impact of GATT/WTO: Changes over time Export Regulations & Local Content Denied parties list / Export licenses Local content requirement for government purchases Time Lead time /Cycle time /Transit time /Customs clearance Taxes on Corporate Income Tax havens and not havens Make vs. buy effect Global SCM Factors Source: Global Supply Chain Associates (GSCA) 1999

8. Global Supply Chain System International distribution systems : - Manufacturing(domestically), Distribution (overseas) International suppliers : Raw materials and Components(foreign suppliers), Final assembly/ Manufacturing(domestically), Offshore manufacturing : Product is sourced & manufactured in a single foreign location, Shipped back to domestic warehouses for sale and distribution. Fully integrated global supply chain : Products are supplied, manufactured and distributed from factories located throughout the world In a truly global supply chain, it may appear that the supply chain was designed without regard to national boundaries. The true value of a global supply chain is realized by taking advantage of these national boundaries

9. Risk Management in GSC Outsourcing and offshoring expose the supply chain to increased risks. Trends toward cost reduction, lean manufacturing and JIT imply low inventory levels in supply chain In the event of an unforeseen disaster, adherence to this type of strategy could result in a shutdown of production lines because of lack of raw material or parts inventory.

10. Factors Impacting Exposure to Risks Customer reactions Competitor reactions Supplier reactions Government reactions

11. Sources of Risks

12. MANAGING UNKNOWN-UNKNOWN

13. Managing the Unknown-Unknown Invest in redundancy Increase velocity in sensing and responding Create an adaptive supply chain community

14. Redundancy Example Respond to unforeseen events by careful analysis of supply chain trade-offs A company with 40 facilities over the world Initial analysis for reduction of cost by $40M a year shut down 17 of its existing manufacturing facilities leave 23 plants operating satisfy market demand all over the world.

15. Redundancy Example: Problems with New Decision New design left no plant in North America or Europe Long and variable supply lead times Higher inventory levels. Remaining manufacturing facilities in Asia and Latin America fully utilized Any disruption of supply from these countries, due to epidemics or geopolitical problems, would make it impossible to satisfy many market areas. How can one design the supply chain taking into account epidemics or geopolitical problems that are difficult to quantify? Analyze the cost trade-offs

16. Redundancy Trade-Offs Increase in total cost negligible compared to increases in redundancy and hence risk.

17. Sensing and Responding Speed in sensing and responding can help the firm overcome unexpected supply problems Failure to sense could lead to: Failure to respond to changes in supply chain Can force a company to exit a specific market

18. Sensing and Responding Example Different responses of Nokia and Ericsson on a fire at one of the supplier’s facility Supplier was Philips Semiconductors in Albuquerque, Mexico Nokia: Changed product design to source components from alternate suppliers For parts that could not be sourced from elsewhere, worked with Philips to source it from their plants in China and Netherlands All done in about five days

19. Sensing and Responding Example Ericsson’s experience was quite different Took 4 weeks for the news to reach upper management Realized five weeks after the fire regarding the severity of the situation. By that time, the alternative supply of chips was already taken by Nokia. Devastating impact on Ericsson $400M in potential sales was lost Part of the loss was covered by insurance. Led to component shortages Wrong product mix and marketing problems caused: $1.68B loss to Ericsson Cell Phone Division in 2000

20. Adaptability It is the most difficult risk management method to implement effectively. Requires all supply chain elements to share the same culture, work towards the same objectives and benefit from financial gains. Need a community of supply chain partners that reorganize to better react to sudden crisis

21. Adaptability Example In 1997, Aisin Seiki the sole supplier of 98% of brake fluid proportioning valves (P-valves) used by Toyota Inexpensive part (about $7 each) but important in the assembly of any car. Saturday, February 1, 1997:Fire stopped Aisin’s main factory in the industrial area of Kariya, Two weeks to restart the production Six months for complete recovery Toyota producing close to 15,500 vehicles per day. JIT meant only 2-3 days of inventory supply

22. Recovery Effort by Toyota Blueprints of valves were distributed among all Toyota’s suppliers Engineers from Aisin and Toyota relocated to supplier’s facilities Existing machinery adapted to build the valves according to original specifications New machinery acquired in the spot market Within days, firms with little experience with P-valves were manufacturing and delivering parts to Aisin Aisin assembled and inspected valves before shipment to Toyota About 200 of Toyota’s suppliers were involved

23. Vehicle Production & P-Valves Inventory

24. Outcome Accident initially cost: 7.8B Yen ($65M) to Aisin 160B Yen (or $1.3B) to Toyota Damage reduced to 30B Yen ($250M) with extra shifts and overtime Toyota issued a $100M token of appreciation to their providers as a gift for collaboration

25. Single Sourcing and Adaptability Single sourcing is risky Achieves economies of scale High quality parts at a low cost JIT mode of operation builds a culture of: Working with low inventories Ability to identify and fix problem quickly Entire supply chain was stopped once the fire occurred Prompted every company in the chain to react to the challenge

26. MANAGING KNOWN-UNKNOWN

27. Speculative Strategies : A company bets on a single scenario, with often spectacular results if the scenario is realized, and dismal ones if it is not . Hedge Strategies : A company designs the supply chain in such a way that any losses in part of the supply chain will be offset by gains in another part . Multiple plants in different countries, where, Certain plants more profitable at times than others Move production between plants to be successful overall. Flexible Strategies

28. Flexible Strategy Requires a flexible supply chain multiple suppliers flexible facilities excess capacity various distribution channels Can be expensive to implement coordination mechanisms capital investments loss of economies of scale

29. Production shifting : Flexible factories, excess capacity and suppliers used to shift production from region to region to take advantage of current circumstances. Information sharing : Information can be used to anticipate market changes and find new opportunities . Global coordination : Having multiple facilities worldwide provides a firm with a certain amount of market leverage that it might otherwise lack. Political leverage : The opportunity to move operations rapidly gives firms a measure of political leverage in overseas operations. For example, if governments are lax in enforcing contracts or international law, or present expensive tax alternatives, firms can move their operations. Approaches to Flexible Strategy

30. Product development : It’s important to design products that can be modified easily for major markets, and which can be manufactured in various facilities. Purchasing : A company will find it useful to have management teams responsible for the purchase of important materials from many vendors around the world. In this way, it is much easier to ensure that the quality and delivery options from various suppliers are compatible Production : Excess capacity and plants in several regions are essential if firms are to take full advantage of the global supply chain by shifting production as conditions warrant. Demand management : It involves setting marketing and sales plans based on projected demand and available product, is carried out on a regional basis. Order fulfillment : To successfully implement a truly flexible SCM system, a centralized system must be in place so that regional customers can receive deliveries from the global supply chain with the same efficiency as they do from local or regionally based supply chain. Requirements for Global Strategy Implementation

31. Other Issues in GSCM Region-specific products Vs True global products Local Autonomy vs Central Control Exchange rate fluctuation Local collaboration may become competitors To access new market may require handing over critical manufacturing and engineering expertise At any time the threat of protectionism might appear.

32. Regional Differences in Logistics First World Emerging Third World Infrastructure Highly developed Under development Insufficient to support advanced logistics Supplier operating standards High Variable Typically not considered Information system availability Generally available Support system not available Not available Human resources Available Available with some searching Often difficult to find

33. Elements of a Global SCM Customer Service Requirements Organizational Design and Training Requirements Performance Goals Global Supply Chain Management Business Processes Plant and Distribution Center Network Design Information Systems Key Customer and Supplier Relationships Performance Metrics Inventory Management Outsourcing and Third-Party Logistics Relationships

34. Improve Quality Supplier Networks Improve Delivery of Supplies Establish a Presence in a Foreign Market Reduce Costs Reasons for Global Sourcing Strategies React to Competitor’s Offshore Sourcing Practices Increase Exposure to Worldwide Technology Strengthen Reliability of Supply Gain Access to Materials Satisfy Offset Requirements

35. Evaluate operating and competitive environments Define scope of international purchasing effort Identify and evaluate potential suppliers worldwide Determine appropriate nature of buyer-supplier relationship Request/evaluate proposals from suppliers Continual reevaluation of implementation status, requirements, and capabilities Select “best” supplier, establish contract terms and conditions, and build desired relationship Steps in the Global Sourcing Process

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