1. While global poverty has declined significantly in recent decades due to rapid economic growth in countries like China and India, lifting over 600 million people out of poverty, poverty remains a massive challenge.
2. South Asia in particular has the largest concentration of people living in poverty, with around 500 million people living on less than $1.25 per day. India alone accounts for about 350 million of the world's poor.
3. Despite reductions in poverty rates, the total number of poor people in South Asia continues to rise due to rapid population growth. Failure to address issues like water scarcity, food insecurity, and climate change could exacerbate poverty in the region.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
In October 2011, Earth’s population reaches 7 billion. This global milestone is both a great opportunity and a great challenge. Although people are living longer and healthier
lives, and couples worldwide are choosing to have fewer children, huge inequities persist.
The Brundtland Report, published 25 years ago, described sustainability as a three-legged stool with people, planet and profit taking equal importance in the equation. Mark Blunden introduces this month’s discussion topic by revisiting our common future in 2013 and how we might apply six essential characteristics to our businesses in relation to the local economy, population and environment.
Urbanization is the growth of urban areas due to global population changes. The UN projects that half the world's population will live in urban areas by 2008. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and sociological changes. It describes both the proportion of people living in urban areas and the rate of increase of urban populations over time. As more people move from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and opportunities, global urban growth is rapid, especially in developing countries and Asia/Africa. This urbanization leads to environmental effects like urban heat islands and increased pollution in cities.
The document discusses standards of living and key indicators used to measure human development such as GDP, life expectancy, and literacy rates. It compares standards of living in developing countries like Mali, newly industrialized countries like India and China, and developed countries like the US and Japan. Developing countries have low infrastructure and rely on cash crops or commodities, while newly industrialized countries are building infrastructure and industries. The document also examines causes of poverty in developing countries such as debt, lack of education, and infectious diseases, as well as responses like debt relief, international aid, and work by organizations like UNICEF and WHO.
1) Poverty is a global challenge affecting nearly all countries. The main causes are increasing population and dwindling natural resources, which will likely lead to wars driven by economic motives as competition for resources intensifies.
2) International organizations like the World Bank and IMF have failed to alleviate poverty and improve lives, instead impoverishing nations through unpayable debts. Their capitalist approaches have not worked to eliminate poverty.
3) Statistics show that over 45% of the world lives on less than $2 per day, and poverty is increasing even in developed countries due to factors like rising food and fuel prices. Globalization has not overcome poverty and has benefited few while leaving over 1 billion people with nothing.
The document discusses various global population, economic, and social issues and poses questions about how $100 billion could better address pressing world problems rather than fund war. It notes rising global populations, a lack of adequate sanitation and access to water in many areas, and that over 10% of people in developed nations live in poverty. It questions if war is the best use of funds and if addressing issues like poverty, education, and sustainability would be more constructive ways to improve lives worldwide.
The document discusses global inequalities and patterns of development. It provides statistics showing large disparities between developed and developing countries in areas like income, access to resources, education and health outcomes. Over a billion people live on under $1 per day, while the wealthiest few individuals possess as much as the poorest countries combined. Development indicators also show uneven progress, with LEDCs having lower GDP, literacy and life expectancy than MEDCs.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
In October 2011, Earth’s population reaches 7 billion. This global milestone is both a great opportunity and a great challenge. Although people are living longer and healthier
lives, and couples worldwide are choosing to have fewer children, huge inequities persist.
The Brundtland Report, published 25 years ago, described sustainability as a three-legged stool with people, planet and profit taking equal importance in the equation. Mark Blunden introduces this month’s discussion topic by revisiting our common future in 2013 and how we might apply six essential characteristics to our businesses in relation to the local economy, population and environment.
Urbanization is the growth of urban areas due to global population changes. The UN projects that half the world's population will live in urban areas by 2008. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and sociological changes. It describes both the proportion of people living in urban areas and the rate of increase of urban populations over time. As more people move from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and opportunities, global urban growth is rapid, especially in developing countries and Asia/Africa. This urbanization leads to environmental effects like urban heat islands and increased pollution in cities.
The document discusses standards of living and key indicators used to measure human development such as GDP, life expectancy, and literacy rates. It compares standards of living in developing countries like Mali, newly industrialized countries like India and China, and developed countries like the US and Japan. Developing countries have low infrastructure and rely on cash crops or commodities, while newly industrialized countries are building infrastructure and industries. The document also examines causes of poverty in developing countries such as debt, lack of education, and infectious diseases, as well as responses like debt relief, international aid, and work by organizations like UNICEF and WHO.
1) Poverty is a global challenge affecting nearly all countries. The main causes are increasing population and dwindling natural resources, which will likely lead to wars driven by economic motives as competition for resources intensifies.
2) International organizations like the World Bank and IMF have failed to alleviate poverty and improve lives, instead impoverishing nations through unpayable debts. Their capitalist approaches have not worked to eliminate poverty.
3) Statistics show that over 45% of the world lives on less than $2 per day, and poverty is increasing even in developed countries due to factors like rising food and fuel prices. Globalization has not overcome poverty and has benefited few while leaving over 1 billion people with nothing.
The document discusses various global population, economic, and social issues and poses questions about how $100 billion could better address pressing world problems rather than fund war. It notes rising global populations, a lack of adequate sanitation and access to water in many areas, and that over 10% of people in developed nations live in poverty. It questions if war is the best use of funds and if addressing issues like poverty, education, and sustainability would be more constructive ways to improve lives worldwide.
The document discusses global inequalities and patterns of development. It provides statistics showing large disparities between developed and developing countries in areas like income, access to resources, education and health outcomes. Over a billion people live on under $1 per day, while the wealthiest few individuals possess as much as the poorest countries combined. Development indicators also show uneven progress, with LEDCs having lower GDP, literacy and life expectancy than MEDCs.
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
The document provides an overview of political, economic, and social changes in the world since 1945. It discusses the end of colonialism and emergence of new independent nations in Asia and Africa. Many new countries struggled with political instability and economic challenges. International organizations took on roles addressing global issues. Economic interdependence increased between wealthy nations and developing countries. Globalization has led to both benefits and costs for societies around the world. Key issues discussed include human rights, weapons proliferation, terrorism, immigration, and environmental degradation.
A presentation for initiating discussion among students
in a one-day seminar at Mahatma Vidyalaya School, Muthanallur, Anekal taluk, Bangalore Rural District
This document summarizes key points from a lecture about world poverty, global justice, and human rights. It discusses official targets to reduce poverty, challenges their measures and definitions, and argues powerful countries are responsible for avoidable human rights deficits caused by the global institutional order.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
This document provides an introduction to the author's views on achieving sustainable food security in the 21st century. The author believes this will be a "century of hope" due to advances in science and technology, the spread of democratic institutions, and new opportunities to reach more people through information technologies. However, challenges remain such as population growth, environmental degradation, poverty, and issues of intellectual property. The author advocates for an "Evergreen Revolution" in agriculture that intensifies production sustainably through approaches like water and soil management to eliminate hunger.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
Negussie Siyum reviews literature on why Africa remains underdeveloped despite its potential wealth of natural resources. Some key factors discussed include:
1) Lack of political commitment from African leaders, who have often made choices that do not benefit their people and have been unwilling to change policies.
2) Weak institutions that are bureaucratic and allow for corruption, making it difficult to implement development strategies.
3) Conflict and instability from civil wars, terrorism, and cross-border conflicts that divert resources away from development goals. The legacy of colonialism and continued exploitation of Africa's resources have also contributed to underdevelopment.
The article concludes that for Africa to develop, leaders must be committed to improving
Trinidad y tobago energy chamber presentaciónAlvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses trends that will shape the global future over the next 20 years such as the expansion of the global middle class, the rise of emerging powers like China and India, demographic changes, and increasing pressure on natural resources. It then focuses on Latin America, describing its growing population and middle class, commodity resources, and policy changes that have driven poverty reduction and economic growth in much of the region. Finally, it provides the 2013 economic outlook for several Latin American countries, forecasting GDP growth rates between 1.5-5.8% with inflation remaining stable in most countries.
This document discusses global inequalities of income, wealth, and social development. It covers topics like geoeconomics, trends in global income inequality within and between countries, debates around measuring global inequality, and forms of social inequality regarding human development, health, gender, race, and ethnicity. Specific data on global trends in life expectancy, literacy rates, and school enrollment by gender are presented. Causes of health inequalities and continuing challenges relating to inequalities based on gender, race, and ethnicity are also examined.
The document summarizes several of the top global issues according to world geography:
1) Climate change and global warming are causing rising global temperatures due to increases in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from both natural events and human activities.
2) Communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis infect over one billion people due lack of access to healthcare and effective treatments.
3) Conflicts in places like Sudan, Iraq and Ethiopia have resulted in millions of deaths over thousands of years and continue to displace populations.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
New program of_the_communist_party_usa-19th_convention-1970-131pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document outlines the program of the Communist Party USA from 1970. It describes the state of American society as one in crisis, with mounting economic insecurity, persistent poverty and unemployment despite the ability to produce abundance. It analyzes the US as a capitalist society divided between the exploiting capitalist class and the exploited working class. While technology has advanced production, it has led not to greater prosperity but intensified exploitation of workers and growing unemployment. The document argues this crisis can only be resolved by replacing the private ownership of industry with social ownership, establishing a socialist system where production is motivated by public need rather than private profit.
There are several definitions of poverty, and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India. Inside India, both income-based poverty definition and consumption-based poverty statistics are in use. Outside India, the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations, including India, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), as well as nominal relative basis. Each state in India has its own poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions. These differences in definition yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India, both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world.
The state of being extremely poor is called as POVERTY.
Population 2020 - Demographics can be a potent driver of the pace and process...DESMOND YUEN
“Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population determines its long-term social, economic, and political fabric. The phrase highlights the role of demographics in shaping many complex challenges and opportunities societies face, including several pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that demography determines all, as it downplays the fact that both demographic trajectories and their development implications are responsive to economic incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic upheaval with three key components: population growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and associated changes in population age structure.
The 20th century saw unprecedented growth in global consumption, reaching $24 trillion by 1998. However, this consumption growth has been unevenly distributed, leaving over a billion people deprived of basic needs. Consumption patterns are also straining the environment through pollution and resource depletion. If trends continue without changes to redistribute consumption more equitably and shift to more sustainable practices, human development will be undermined. Consumption must be shared more fairly to meet basic needs for all, strengthen human capabilities, be socially and environmentally responsible, and sustainable for future generations.
The next hundred million by joel kotkinEsthelaCaito
By 2050, the US population is projected to grow to 400 million people, with growth occurring mostly among racial minorities like Asians and Hispanics. The 10 largest metro areas like Los Angeles and Houston will see the most growth. New suburban areas will also grow and be more racially diverse. The US, EU, and China will be the three superpowers competing for global influence and access to energy and resources in different parts of the world. China is positioned to surpass the US as the leading global power due to its large population and economic growth. The future of US global dominance is uncertain as other powers rise. The EU also has the potential to become more independent as a global power through policies that integrate its members and
The document discusses 10 "seeds" or principles for work among the poor, including showing affective and effective love to change social structures, providing integral evangelization through word, work and human promotion, and serving people spiritually and corporally with quality service by seeing Christ in the face of the poor. It asks which of the first five and second five seeds are present in one's own work among the poor.
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
The document provides an overview of political, economic, and social changes in the world since 1945. It discusses the end of colonialism and emergence of new independent nations in Asia and Africa. Many new countries struggled with political instability and economic challenges. International organizations took on roles addressing global issues. Economic interdependence increased between wealthy nations and developing countries. Globalization has led to both benefits and costs for societies around the world. Key issues discussed include human rights, weapons proliferation, terrorism, immigration, and environmental degradation.
A presentation for initiating discussion among students
in a one-day seminar at Mahatma Vidyalaya School, Muthanallur, Anekal taluk, Bangalore Rural District
This document summarizes key points from a lecture about world poverty, global justice, and human rights. It discusses official targets to reduce poverty, challenges their measures and definitions, and argues powerful countries are responsible for avoidable human rights deficits caused by the global institutional order.
Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11Akash Shrestha
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
This document provides an introduction to the author's views on achieving sustainable food security in the 21st century. The author believes this will be a "century of hope" due to advances in science and technology, the spread of democratic institutions, and new opportunities to reach more people through information technologies. However, challenges remain such as population growth, environmental degradation, poverty, and issues of intellectual property. The author advocates for an "Evergreen Revolution" in agriculture that intensifies production sustainably through approaches like water and soil management to eliminate hunger.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
Negussie Siyum reviews literature on why Africa remains underdeveloped despite its potential wealth of natural resources. Some key factors discussed include:
1) Lack of political commitment from African leaders, who have often made choices that do not benefit their people and have been unwilling to change policies.
2) Weak institutions that are bureaucratic and allow for corruption, making it difficult to implement development strategies.
3) Conflict and instability from civil wars, terrorism, and cross-border conflicts that divert resources away from development goals. The legacy of colonialism and continued exploitation of Africa's resources have also contributed to underdevelopment.
The article concludes that for Africa to develop, leaders must be committed to improving
Trinidad y tobago energy chamber presentaciónAlvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses trends that will shape the global future over the next 20 years such as the expansion of the global middle class, the rise of emerging powers like China and India, demographic changes, and increasing pressure on natural resources. It then focuses on Latin America, describing its growing population and middle class, commodity resources, and policy changes that have driven poverty reduction and economic growth in much of the region. Finally, it provides the 2013 economic outlook for several Latin American countries, forecasting GDP growth rates between 1.5-5.8% with inflation remaining stable in most countries.
This document discusses global inequalities of income, wealth, and social development. It covers topics like geoeconomics, trends in global income inequality within and between countries, debates around measuring global inequality, and forms of social inequality regarding human development, health, gender, race, and ethnicity. Specific data on global trends in life expectancy, literacy rates, and school enrollment by gender are presented. Causes of health inequalities and continuing challenges relating to inequalities based on gender, race, and ethnicity are also examined.
The document summarizes several of the top global issues according to world geography:
1) Climate change and global warming are causing rising global temperatures due to increases in greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from both natural events and human activities.
2) Communicable diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis infect over one billion people due lack of access to healthcare and effective treatments.
3) Conflicts in places like Sudan, Iraq and Ethiopia have resulted in millions of deaths over thousands of years and continue to displace populations.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
New program of_the_communist_party_usa-19th_convention-1970-131pgs-polRareBooksnRecords
This document outlines the program of the Communist Party USA from 1970. It describes the state of American society as one in crisis, with mounting economic insecurity, persistent poverty and unemployment despite the ability to produce abundance. It analyzes the US as a capitalist society divided between the exploiting capitalist class and the exploited working class. While technology has advanced production, it has led not to greater prosperity but intensified exploitation of workers and growing unemployment. The document argues this crisis can only be resolved by replacing the private ownership of industry with social ownership, establishing a socialist system where production is motivated by public need rather than private profit.
There are several definitions of poverty, and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India. Inside India, both income-based poverty definition and consumption-based poverty statistics are in use. Outside India, the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations, including India, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), as well as nominal relative basis. Each state in India has its own poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions. These differences in definition yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India, both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world.
The state of being extremely poor is called as POVERTY.
Population 2020 - Demographics can be a potent driver of the pace and process...DESMOND YUEN
“Demography is destiny” is an oft-cited phrase that suggests the size, growth, and structure of a nation’s population determines its long-term social, economic, and political fabric. The phrase highlights the role of demographics in shaping many complex challenges and opportunities societies face, including several pertinent to economic growth and development.
Nevertheless, it is an overstatement to say that demography determines all, as it downplays the fact that both demographic trajectories and their development implications are responsive to economic incentives; to policy and institutional reforms; and to changes in technology, cultural norms, and behavior.
The world is undergoing a major demographic upheaval with three key components: population growth, changes in fertility and mortality, and associated changes in population age structure.
The 20th century saw unprecedented growth in global consumption, reaching $24 trillion by 1998. However, this consumption growth has been unevenly distributed, leaving over a billion people deprived of basic needs. Consumption patterns are also straining the environment through pollution and resource depletion. If trends continue without changes to redistribute consumption more equitably and shift to more sustainable practices, human development will be undermined. Consumption must be shared more fairly to meet basic needs for all, strengthen human capabilities, be socially and environmentally responsible, and sustainable for future generations.
The next hundred million by joel kotkinEsthelaCaito
By 2050, the US population is projected to grow to 400 million people, with growth occurring mostly among racial minorities like Asians and Hispanics. The 10 largest metro areas like Los Angeles and Houston will see the most growth. New suburban areas will also grow and be more racially diverse. The US, EU, and China will be the three superpowers competing for global influence and access to energy and resources in different parts of the world. China is positioned to surpass the US as the leading global power due to its large population and economic growth. The future of US global dominance is uncertain as other powers rise. The EU also has the potential to become more independent as a global power through policies that integrate its members and
The document discusses 10 "seeds" or principles for work among the poor, including showing affective and effective love to change social structures, providing integral evangelization through word, work and human promotion, and serving people spiritually and corporally with quality service by seeing Christ in the face of the poor. It asks which of the first five and second five seeds are present in one's own work among the poor.
The document discusses principles of effective poverty alleviation based on the book "When Helping Hurts". It emphasizes that poverty is caused by broken relationships and that the solution involves reconciliation. Effective approaches focus on development rather than just relief, start with community assets rather than needs, and avoid paternalism. Short-term missions require cultural sensitivity and being focused on relationships rather than just tasks. The document also reflects on how a group called HOH applies these principles and how they could improve.
The document discusses systemic change and how to transform lives and end the cycle of poverty. It emphasizes that addressing immediate needs through charity alone is not enough, and that justice and addressing the root causes of poverty through systemic change are also needed. Some key strategies discussed for systemic change include being mission-oriented, focusing on empowering individuals, taking a holistic approach, and collaborating through co-responsibility and political action. The overall goal is to transform complete systems and structures, not just individual elements, in order to prevent people from falling deeper into poverty.
El documento describe los diferentes sistemas de dirección de un vehículo, incluyendo su función, características y mecanismos. Se explican sistemas de dirección para ejes delanteros rígidos y suspensiones independientes, así como mecanismos de tornillo sinfín, cremallera y columna de dirección. También se detalla la dirección asistida hidráulica, incluyendo su bomba de presión, distribuidor y ventajas e inconvenientes.
Poverty in Africa: What Africa needs now?Azhari Sadig
Africa faces significant poverty challenges, with over 218 million people living in extreme poverty. More than 70% of Africa's poor population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture, yet development assistance to agriculture is decreasing. While over $500 billion in direct aid has been sent to African nations, the consensus is that it has had little long-term impact in reducing poverty. Africa needs sustainable solutions to boost its standard of living rather than ongoing international aid.
Fair-trade is a social movement and market approach that aims to help producers in developing countries get a fair price for their products by empowering them. It covers various agricultural products including coffee, cocoa, sugar, tea, bananas, honey, cotton, wine, fresh fruit and flowers. For cocoa, farmers harvest the pods, extract the beans, and ferment and dry them before shipping to chocolate producers. Buying fair-trade products provides higher incomes for farmers, allowing them to better support their families with food, education, and improved living standards. It positively impacts many lives in developing nations.
The document discusses community development and how to help communities without harming them. It begins with an overview of the topics that will be covered, including the history and literature behind why the author chose this topic. It then provides global and local examples of community development projects. It discusses alternative methods that focus on partnerships and relationships rather than short-term aid. The document emphasizes the importance of empowering communities and avoiding harm through one-way giving.
A community is a group of people who interact and share common interests, beliefs, resources and experiences. They form relationships and identities as members of the group. An online or virtual community is a group that primarily interacts digitally rather than in person, for social, professional or other purposes. Building an active online community provides value to companies through customer feedback, advocacy and barriers to competitors. Successful communities focus on clear objectives, understanding members' needs, strategic engagement, and using appropriate technology platforms to foster long-term growth and participation.
Poverty deprives people of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothes. It is caused by a lack of education, natural disasters, lack of money, greed, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and addictions like drugs and alcohol. The harsh truth is that over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day, 1 in 2 children live in poverty, and 22,000 children die daily due to poverty. Solutions include reducing war, increasing government assistance, and promoting education and opportunities through donations and aid.
The document presents 10 puzzles with clues and solutions about unusual events that require creative explanations. The puzzles include a man dying from a lion attack during a photo, a mail courier visiting foreign embassies and thus foreign soil, and a woman giving birth and dying in a locked car. The solutions provide logical explanations for events that seem impossible or unexplained at first glance.
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The document discusses global population trends and issues. It notes that while population growth rates are slowing in some countries and regions, the total global population will still likely reach 10 billion by 2100 due to the large existing population. Countries and regions vary widely in terms of population age structures, growth rates, and challenges. Areas like South Asia, parts of Africa, and less developed countries overall continue to experience high population growth that strains resources, while developed nations and some in Europe face challenges of declining and aging populations.
This document discusses population distribution and density around the world. It begins by comparing the populations of China and the US, then examines how populations are distributed globally with higher densities in Asia, particularly East Asia. Several figures and tables show population densities and growth projections. Key points are that urbanization has increased globally with over half of all people now living in urban areas, and India is projected to surpass China as the most populated country by 2050.
The anti-globalization movement had its coming-out party in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of activists and trade union members protested against a new round of trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation. Millions were drawn to these protests because of a preceding anti-WTO statement that was circulated on the internet, and signed by about 1 500 different groups, from churches to militant communists.
The document discusses the research methodology used in a study examining the role of
microfinance in poverty reduction. It describes adopting an interpretive research philosophy to
explain the relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction based on people's perceptions
and ideas rather than factual realities. The methodology section outlines sampling methods, data
collection using interviews and surveys, data analysis techniques, and ensuring validity and
reliability of the findings.
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Population Growth And The Population Essay
Population Growth Essay
The document discusses the rapid growth of slums and urbanization around the world. It notes that over 200,000 slums now exist, housing over 1 billion people, and the number of slum dwellers increases by 25 million each year. Many mega-cities in developing nations are expected to reach populations over 20 million in the next 5 years. These large slum populations face dire conditions, including lack of basic needs, pollution, and health issues that disproportionately impact the poor. Economic and policy factors contribute to the ongoing rise in slums and difficulty of improving living standards.
This document provides an overview of globalization and its impacts from a social work perspective. It discusses the history and waves of globalization, defining terms like globalism and neo-liberalism. It examines structural adjustment programs imposed by organizations like the IMF and their effects, like diverting funds from social services. Statistics are presented on growing global and domestic inequalities and rising poverty. The neo-liberal agenda is said to prioritize corporate profits over democratic values.
Global population growth is occurring at an unprecedented rate, adding over 200,000 people per day. It took hundreds of thousands of years to reach 1 billion people in 1800, but each subsequent billion has been reached in progressively less time, with the last billion added in just 12 years. Rapid population growth is driven by improved agriculture increasing the global food supply. Most growth is occurring in developing countries, especially in Africa and Asia, with India projected to surpass China's population by 2028. Sustaining the needs of the growing billions will be challenging as suitable land and resources are already under pressure and employment opportunities are limited. Continued unchecked growth risks unpredictable catastrophe.
This document discusses key topics related to human population, including:
1. Global population has grown exponentially in the last century, doubling from 2.5 billion to 5 billion in only 40 years. The world reached 6 billion people just before 2000.
2. Current population growth is around 1.3% per year, adding over 80 million people annually, despite lower growth rates than the peak of 2.1% in the 1960s-1970s.
3. Stabilizing the global population will require reducing fertility worldwide, though optimistic projections say this could take significant time to achieve.
The document summarizes key facts and trends about world population growth over time. It notes that the world population reached 1 billion in 1801, 2 billion in 1927, 3 billion in 1960, and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2100. Population growth has accelerated rapidly in recent centuries due to decreasing death rates and increasing lifespans driven by public health and agricultural advances. While population is expected to continue rising, the rate of growth is projected to decrease going forward. Major population centers have also swelled as urbanization has increased dramatically worldwide.
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The document discusses the global issue of population growth, arguing that it is a devastating problem for the United States and planet. It is causing issues like pollution, global warming, lack of education resources, and overconsumption due to a lack of natural resources. The human population is already too large and destroying natural systems. Solutions are needed to help control the growing human population and its impacts.
Despite global effort it is estimated that about 2.2 billion people still live in poverty, and that approximately 80 of this figure is made up of people living in rural areas. The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs of the 2030 Agenda include as its number 1 goal, the goal to end poverty. However, the report by the World Bank 2018 stated that putting an end to poverty is proving to be one of the greatest human rights challenges the modern world faces.The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs which are an extension of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs was adopted on September 2015 by the United Nations Assembly to fight against poverty and eradicate human deprivation.This paper presents a brief introduction on poverty laws, discusses possible challenges and the way forward. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Poverty Laws: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33275.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33275/poverty-laws-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
Similar to Global paradox of poverty and affluence (16)
नेपालले वर्तमानमा भोगिरहेको पारवहन सङ्कटको स्थितिमा तात्कालिक र दीर्घकालीन रुपमा रेसम मार्गको सान्दर्भिकता बुझ्न उपयोगी हुने ठानिएको यो लेख गत कार्तिक ३ गते अन्नपूर्ण पोस्टमा छापिएको थियो !
It throws lights on challenges of American Presidency and why Hillary Clinton is deserving candidates in 2016 presidential election , what are her challenges and others.
1. William Henry Seward, an American politician in the 19th century, correctly predicted that the Pacific Ocean would become increasingly important globally due to rising trade and commerce between countries like the US and China.
2. Seward played a key role in expanding American influence and territory in the Pacific, including securing Alaska and Hawaii for the US. He also advocated for infrastructure like the transcontinental railroad to better connect the US to the Pacific coast.
3. In recent decades, Seward's vision of increased importance of the Pacific has come to pass, with the US and China emerging as the two dominant powers in the region due to their large and growing economies and trade relationships. Both countries are asserting their influence through diplomatic
संवैधानिक, कानुनी, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक र आर्थिक संस्था र संगठनहरू कसैको नियन्त्रणमा छैनन्। मुलुकमा कुनै सन्तुलनकारी शक्ति छैन। बाह्य शक्तिहरूका परस्परविरोधी स्वार्थको प्रकट र प्रच्छन्न अभिव्यक्ति र क्रियाकलापविरुद्ध उनीहरूलाई संयमित रहने र सचेत गराउने संस्थाको अभावमा मुलुकको एकता र अखण्डतामाथि मुलुकभित्र र बाहिरबाट पनि प्रश्नैप्रश्नको ओइरो लागेको छ।
The article describes about the inspiring personality of wold's most influential foreign policy analyst of our time and his majestic recent book" World Order"
The return of Mackinder’s Heartland Theory with new strategic development in Eurasia, Defense Partnership and Alliances in the Heartland, Major Asian Power- Groping their way Amid Extremism including Test Case for India and China in Strategic Asia .
भारत र चीन को उदयसंगै जापान संगको सम्वन्धमा उनिहरुको प्रभाव र शक्ति विस्तारको क्रममा एसियामा विकाश हुँदै गएको रणनीतिक चुनौतीमा नेपालका चुनौती र सम्भावना बारे चर्चा गरिएको लेख
ठूला र शक्तिशाली राष्ट्रहरुको अत्यन्त जटील भूराजनीतिक स्वार्थहरुको भुङ्ग्रोमा साना राष्ट्रहरुले कसरी आफ्नो राजनीतिक स्थीरता,आर्थिक संवृद्धि, राष्ट्रिय सुरक्षा र प्रजातान्त्रिक प्रणालीको सफलतालाई सुनिश्चित गर्न सक्छन भन्ने बारे नेपालको सन्दर्भमा प्रकाश पारिएको लेख
It throws lights on the links between King Birendra's Zone of Peace Proposal, BP Koiraalaa's Policy of National Reconciliation and India's policy of Nepal's Tarai
यो लेखमा नरेन्द्र मोदीको पछिल्लो नेपाल भ्रमणमा उनले नेपालमा आर्जन गरेको विश्वासको सङ्क्षिप्त वर्णन सहित भाजपाको विदेशनीतिका मार्ग दर्शक सिद्धान्त, नेपालको सन्दर्भमा त्यसको मर्म र अर्थ सहित अटल बिहारी बाजपेयी सरकारको नीतिको निरन्तरताको क्रममा मनमोहन सिंह सरकारको पालामा नेपालमा राजतन्त्रको समाप्तिका सन्दर्भ सहित नेपाल भारत सम्वन्धमा भावी सम्भावना उल्लेख गरिएको छ I
NARENDRA MODI’S AND XI JINPING’S HISTORIC ROLES AMID THREATS AND CHALLENGESKeshav Prasad Bhattarai
Includes- Contradictions in India and China Relations ,India and China: Living with the Common Threats of Terrorism and Joint Responsibility of Modi and Jinping
पानीसिर्जित संकट र चुनौती,समस्या पानी, समाधान पानी,नेपाल र भारत र बृहत्तररूपमा दक्षिण एसियाका मुलुकमाझ यिनै अभ्यास, मूल्य, संस्कृति, संरचना र अभिप्रेरणा लगानी गर्नमा भारतको नयाँ राजनीतिक नेतृत्वको दूरदृष्टि, इच्छाशक्ति र प्रतिबद्धता अपेक्षित छ ।
How Americans are loved in Vietnam despite a brutal war? How China has to secure global leadership amid so many internal and external challenges? How China is eager to claim a global leadership - while living with Few Friends but with more Rivals? What are the prospective Political Reforms that follows the full commitment to UNIVERSAL HUMAN VALUES, CAN GIVE CHINA A WIDER GLOBAL RECOGNITION AND ACCEPTABILITY FOR ITS GLOBAL LEADERSHIP.
शक्ति र सत्तामा रहेकाहरुको आर्थिक स्वार्थमा, आधात पर्ने वित्तिकै कसरी शासन सत्ता ढल्दछ, र कसरी सरकारहरु आम जनताको हितमा आवश्यक प्रभावकारी आर्थिक नीति अवलम्वन गर्न र प्रजातन्त्रलाई सवाल बनाउन भन्दा-- शासक वर्गकै हितमा केन्द्रित राज्य संचालन नीति अवलम्वन गर्न पुग्छन, भन्ने वारे नेपाल र विश्व सन्दर्भ समेटिएको लेख
प्रजातन्त्र कसरी अशासित पहुन्छ र कुशासन र निरङ्कुश शासनभन्दा खराव हुन पुग्दछ,
विकल्प निरंकुशता कि विधिहीनता ? तथा यक्ष युधिष्ठिर सम्वाद, धर्म र कानुनलाई हाम्रो सन्दर्भमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको I
It tells about what helped Narendra Modi be elected as India’s new prime minister and the new geo-political reset it demands.
While there was huge propaganda against Modi as a Hindu extremist supported mainly by Sadhus and saints, the elections revealed it were Indian youths who took him as an avatar of modernity and progress.
In reputed international Media, rise of Modi was claimed as India’s Abe, but Chinese experts have analyzed - he can be India’s Nixon.
If Modi’s rise and the new geo-strategic significances it carried, are well realized and if is followed with suitable policy adjustments in world capitals, the world will certainly be able to solve major global problems with grand new possibilities. Instead, if major powers fail to understand its significance with Modi, the world may make efforts to form new alliances that may initiate a new phase of Cold War.
1. The document discusses India's rise from an economically struggling and politically unstable country in the early 1990s to a major global economic power under accidental and deliberate leadership.
2. It highlights how P.V. Narasimha Rao and Manmohan Singh accidentally came to power but deliberately and successfully implemented economic reforms that stabilized India and led to strong growth.
3. It argues that Narendra Modi, who could become the next Prime Minister, represents a shift to more assertive and visionary leadership compared to previous accidental leaders, and that under his leadership India may continue reinventing itself and realizing its potential on the global stage.
WHAT DOES MODI WAVE MEANS TO INDIA AND THE REGION?
Global paradox of poverty and affluence
1. GLOBAL PARADOXES OF POVERTY AND
AFFLUENCE
Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
Amid deep economic crisis and fatal pessimism, noted British Economist John Maynard Keynes said
in 1930 - ―In spite of an enormous growth in the population of the world, which it has been
necessary to equip with houses and machines, the average standard of life in Europe and the United
States has been raised, I think, about fourfold. The growth of capital has been on a scale which is
far beyond a hundredfold of what any previous age had known‖.
Standing in stark contrast with the hardest realities of his time and among many cynics Keynes
predicted that there would be no poverty in Britain at the time of his grand children. The history
demonstrated that Britain, much earlier than Keynes predicted, eliminated poverty.
During 1950s and 1960s, Japan had borrowed some $ 863 million from the World Bank to run its
development projects, but recently as the World Bank President says - Japan now is the second
largest shareholder and the third largest donor to the Bank’s fund for the poorest. How Japan
evolved from a developing country to a developed one has been a miracle of human history.
Japan’s neighbor - South Korea – a country considered as an impossible country without any
resources to survive as an independent nation and that was lingering on just on some $87 per capita
in 1960s, has become one of the most successful developed countries.
Of late, China and India followed by Indonesia have stood as the real heroes in their war against
poverty. Only China and India lifted more than 600 million people above poverty level just over a
period of two decades. They have led the historic transformation of global economy and because of
this, about 3 billion additional Asians would join the affluent society by 2050, an Asian Development
Bank (ADB) publication says.
According to Asia 2050: Realizing the 21st Century, by doubling its share of global gross domestic
product (GDP) to 52 percent by 2050, Asia would regain the dominant economic position it held some 300
years ago, before the Industrial revolution. Moreover, the historic march to this prosperity will be
led by China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. Both the Japan and South Korea already the
two developed Asian countries, undoubtedly will maintain their unparallel edge.
Records are made by not only Asia and Americas or Europe. Africa is not behind. Botswana,
landlocked and mainly a desert country, bordered to South Africa, Zimbabwe and Namibia, when
gained independence in 1966, had only 12 kilometer of paved road, 22 university graduates and 100
secondary school graduates. Another impossible country by global standard is now the most
developed country in the continent with highest per capita income.
2. Another country in Central Africa Rwanda, devastated by genocide with more than one million
deaths in the middle of the 1990s, has successfully embarked a remarkable development strategy
integrated with vision, vigor and enthusiasm to transform itself from one of the poorest country of
the region to a knowledge based middle-income country.
The last three decades in human history was remarkable in many respects. First, it convinced the
people around the globe that a world free of poverty is possible within the life span of an average
person. Second, good and foresighted leaders if are backed by proper policies and effective
institutions, can create immense wealth and prosperity that can offer descent living conditions to
all.
The third one, the abundance of knowledge and skill – that is easily accessible to all, can ensure
every person equal opportunity to excel in life and attain all those that is possible for any one in any
other developed or developing country.
Justin Yifu Lin - the former Chief Economist and Senior Vice President of the World Bank has
presented a vivid picture of economic development. Measured by today’s living standard, Lin says
that all countries in the world were poor at the beginning of the 18th Century as their economy was
predominantly based on agriculture. The GDP growth that had been lingering around some 0.05
percent a year for millennia, jumped to some 1 percent a year in the 19th Century and in another
100 years, it went double.
―While it took about 1,400 years for world income to double before the 18th Century, the same
process took only about 70 years in the 19th Century and only 35 years in the 20th Century‖, Justin
Yifu Lin asserted in a book published by the World Bank in 2012.
Giving reference to some World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) report, Emmanuel
Skoufias - a Lead Economist at the Poverty Reduction Group of the World Bank, has accounted the
continued decline in global poverty over the past 100 years—particularly in the past three decades.
He has elaborated that while in 1981, 52 percent of the world population lived on less than $1.25 a
day but by 2005, more than half had cut that rate and by 2008, it was just 22.2 percent.
MOUNTAINS OF PROSPERITY AND MOUNTAINS OF POVERTY STANDING SIDE BY SIDE
What we discussed above is a part of the story. The challenges lying ahead are more daunting than
any time in past.
In 2001, the World Bank in its World Development Report stated that the people living below
poverty line were 1.2 billion. Again, in 2012 with its euphoric claims the Bank said that number of
poor people living below poverty line have fallen everywhere and it was 1.29 billion. Obviously, among
6 billion global populations, it was 1.2 billion and when the global populations reached, 7 billion they
were 1.29 billion and now it is 1.3 billion. Every day, 870 million people go to bed without food, and 6.9
million children under five dying every year.
Strikingly, along with the global buzz of Asian Century led by India and China, South Asia where
both these countries have been playing a very defining role - has the largest concentration of
people below poverty level. Surprisingly, at the beginning of this Century, people in absolute poverty
3. in South Asia were 500 million and still today, the World Bank in its South Asia strategy says the
numbers of people under this category are the same. However presenting its overview on South
Asia’s water challenges, the World Bank says, ―Some 600 million people live under US$ 1.25 a day in
South Asia.‖
Indeed, as mentioned above, in the last 20 years only India and China has lifted 600 million people
above poverty level: 400 million in China and 200 million in India –a great achievement in human
history. However, had India gained more courage and impetus to liberalize its economy with better
institutions and policy adjustments in favor of poor, it could have gained much better results - even
better than China.
On the other hand, India the largest and mightiest country of South Asia – that for its political,
military, and economic power as well as in size, population and resources, cannot be compared with
any other South Asian countries, also houses the largest numbers of poor in the world - that is
some 350 million. In neighboring China, it is just 150 million. When the poor of the India and China
are combined, it makes 500 million – half of the world’s poor. Ironically, between the two countries,
that house the 50 percent of the world’s poor - one is the largest exporters of weapons and the
other is the largest importer of weapons. However, it is to be clear that neither of them buys and
sells arms with each other.
In South Asia, percentage of people below poverty level has undoubtedly declined but
unfortunately, the numbers are rising. It will continue to rise even if China, India, and their South
Asian neighbors fail to learn a new dimension of poverty that has been emerging from the scarcity
of water, rising food crisis – accelerated by population growth and climate change.
Therefore, not mere elections and votes but economic growth, development and its distribution
among people gives legacy to a state and the system it adopts. Consequently, it is a matter of
policies and priorities followed by competent institutions of people and governments. Above all,
peoples’ power accounts much to make state policies accountable to them.
Since the beginning of the human civilization, we have had poverty. It was there and remained
always with us. For generations, people born poor died poor. Never have they complained, rather
they accepted this as their destiny, so was it continued for centuries.
But, when people began to learn that it is not their destiny that they are poor. Their understandings
that themselves to some extent and largely to some other people in power and authority, some
institutions near them and some far away are responsible for their poverty, brought a sea change in
human history. Lastly, the power people enjoyed after the revolution in information technology and
pursued by the people like Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Mark Zuckerberg, Jack Dorsey, Larry Page, and
Sergey Brin, including some engineers in Bell Labs, Nokia, Samsung, or Huawey, gave them unparallel
strength and confidence to improve their lives. Probably, it was the greatest achievement in human
history.
For hundreds of years politicians and philosophers discussed millions of hours on how to empower
people. Thousands of philosophers, social and political scientist around the world wrote millions of
pages on how to make people empowered and responsive to change, but these few people associated
4. with the mass use of information technology, as mentioned above and along with their dream, vision
and intellect, gave people power a real worth and meaning.
PARADOX OF GROWTH, POVERTY, AND FOOD CRISIS
There is a saying in Sanskrit that reads - ― ‖. It means how it can be
considered wrong with anything - whatever a man does when he is hungry. No laws, no legal actions,
no moral codes, and no religious scripts have power to control and discipline a hungry person.
Anyone who has not experienced poverty or has not lived under it can ever realize the intensity of
its pains. Languages and words most often fall short while explaining the pains of poverty. As
unexplained are its sufferings, so are its multiple results that are inexplicable and unpredictable.
It is most inhuman to born poor and remain poor, therefore, no state or a society that does not
considers itself responsible for the poverty of people and society, has a moral right to expect
poor people abide by the laws the state makes.
People who are poor are not only deprived of their basic rights to live a life of dignity and honor,
but are also deprived to carry out their duties as an individual and enjoy the rights written in the
laws of their land. That is the gist of the Sanskrit saying ― ‖.
Father Joseph Wresinski, an iconic figure of the last Century and perhaps the first strongest voice
against poverty and ways to fight it, said that behind any poor community is another, which is
poorer, behind poverty-stricken street there is another even worse and behind a poor family, one
can find another poorer.
The crux of the matter according to Wresinski is to build an understanding of the link between
extreme poverty and human rights. Extreme poverty to Wresinski is conceived as a multidimensional
phenomenon that leads to violations of human Rights in their indivisibility and failures to seek their
opinion, recognize their concerns, honor their hopes, and share their experiences.
The experiences worldwide, have confirmed that when a state fails to build people’s assets, realize
their potentials, and develop the physical and natural resources available in its territory, people fall
in poverty. People when are not supported to escape from poverty, they reinforce greater poverty
cycle, and end up in political, economic failures, social anarchy, and even terrorism.
Lester Brown - the founder of the Earth Policy Institute and author of a thought provoking book
―Full Planet, Empty Plates, has sketched the global poverty scenario in a stunning way. The book
published in September last year states –
―Each year the world adds nearly 80 million people. Tonight there will be 219,000 people at the
dinner table who were not there last night, many of them with empty plates. Tomorrow night there
will be another 219,000 people.‖
5. Brown further says that during the
―Closing decades of the last century, the number of hungry people in the world was falling, dropping
to a low of 792 million in 1997. After that it began to rise, climbing toward 1 billion. Unfortunately,
if we continue with business as usual, the ranks of the hungry will continue to expand‖.
The 1 billion people who are chronically hungry and malnourished live in the Indian subcontinent or
sub-Saharan Africa. Because of this chronic hunger, 48 percent of all children in India become
physically and mentally stunted. They are undersized, underweight, and likely to have lower IQs
than average.
Giving reference to a recent a recent survey by Save the Children, Brown reports that 24 percent
of families in India now have foodless days. In Nigeria, it is 27 percent and for Peru, it is 14
percent.
Ironically, economic growth in many countries has initiated another kind of poverty and food crisis.
Indeed, the historic growth as stated above has uplifted millions above the poverty level and it will
continue to do so in future. This has and will make up a huge and vibrant middle class. With their
new source of income, they will naturally change their food habit and demand more water intensive
foods like meat, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Unfortunately, in the days to come water is
going to be most precious commodity and it may cause war between and among countries
(See the related article Water: Source of International Conflict and Weapon of War, Eurasia
Review – October 22, 2012)
The global population will reach 9 billion by 2050. With two billion, more than it is today. Supplying
them food, water and other basic amenities of life will not be an easy job. How the situation s will
go and how more precarious it will be, is described by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The
UN body mentioned earlier has recently predicted that by 2050, food demand will have increased
70 percent more than it is today. Only, Asia's food and feed demand will be double by that time.
Similarly, the FAO also reports that the daily drinking water requirement per person is 2-4 liters,
but it takes 2,000 to 5,000 liters of water to produce one person's daily food.
Mainly, countries in Asia and Africa, where majority of poor live, are water stressed countries and
in less than two other decades, about half of the global population will be living in water scarce
countries.
Besides soil erosion and other cause of low food production, Lester Brown lists some new emerging
challenges in this front. They include - depleted aquifers and drying of the irrigation wells in some
18 countries that together contain half the world’s people. As for example in the two big grain
producers country of the World – China and India 175 and 130 million people respectively are fed
with grains produced by over pumping.
The South Western parts of United States are shrinking its irrigated areas and its depleted
aquifers have forced it to divert water from farmland to cities.
6. Moreover, for more than a decade, some agriculturally advanced countries like Japan, South Korea,
France, Germany, and the United Kingdom have not been able to increase their grain production.
Similarly, the climate change and rising temperatures has changed the rain cycle and disrupted the
agriculture and seafood sources in multiple ways.
Meanwhile, the increasing numbers of livestock to supply meat demand for a growing middle class
population and the more grains needed to feed them, has created mounting food and water crises
worldwide. On the other hand, a new class of food consumer has emerged and surprisingly they are
automobiles. In countries like United States and Brazil, grains and other crops are used to produce
ethanol for vehicles. In 2011 in the United States, Brown states that 32 percent of the total grain
productions that accounted to some 127 million tons went to ethanol distilleries. This has posed two
immediate threats to poor people – food shortages and high price rises in global food markets.
THE WORLD HAS SEAS OF IDEAS AND COMMITMENTS TO SOLVE OUR PROBLEMS
Indubitably, we have bigger problems, challenges, and paradoxes to the size of our earth.
Sometimes, they seem bigger than the Earth itself. Nevertheless, we all know it well that the world
we live in is extraordinary. Each individual in the earth is amazingly different and the human society
of 7 billion people is a great sea of extraordinary ideas and possibilities. At times people were
defeated but most often they have always succeeded in making the world better, healthier, and
happier place to live in. The challenges they faced were tremendous but the opportunities they lived
with have always been bigger, greater, and prettier.
When there were some two dozen countries in world, they always fought each other, but now, there
are some 198 countries and not any two countries are in a state of war. Obviously, people within
countries are fighting for their cause, but mostly by peaceful means. Although some countries are
living in a tensed situation, but the world has instituted some most effective bodies to ensure peace
and help people and countries to assure each other’s concerns so that larger peace could be built
among them. Even if we are living in a world that is both ―leaderless and defenseless‖, we have
institutions to help us with better promises and prospects.
All major power countries, even with most advanced nuclear weapons system, are in longest period
of peace in human history. War between America, China, and India, Russia or any other nuclear
power country, is almost nil. More than military rivals, they are partners of their common economic
prosperity. They need each other to run their economy and bring peace and stability at home and
abroad. They may compete, even fight each other, but not with weapons of war – but with weapons
of trade and commerce. They may find some proxies to take their cause, may develop advanced war
gadgets, may buy, and sell them, but a common dependent economy rules over them.
Lastly, unless some insane people followed by an accidental rise to power come to rule these
countries, a more than impossible, it is certain that there will be no war between them and among
them. This is the most positive development among the countries in from the beginning of human
history.
7. However, new and stronger war partners have emerged. In this new war scenario, when conflicts
break out, not a few leaders from a joint meeting and with some formal declarations can end this
war. It will be a war fought with the weapons of poverty. People in poverty and deprivation will make
themselves as a weapon of war - ala a poverty bomb. People engaged in terrorism have been using
these bombs against their targets.
Even then, we have constructed most promising human situation. In a speech delivered on Tuesday (April
2, 2013) at Georgetown University, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim proudly announced, ―The first
Millennium Development Goal, to halve extreme poverty, was achieved five years ahead of time.‖ Further,
he said, ―eight million AIDS patients have received antiretroviral therapy. The annual number of malaria
deaths has dropped by 75 percent. The total number of out-of-school children has fallen by over 40
percent.‖
People have learnt how imparting better education and skill help to realize the unlimited potentials
of our younger generation and build people’s assets. They are also equipped with the information
that the modern science, technology, transport, and miracles of global communication system and
huge reserve of knowledge that is available to them by easy means, can offer each individual a
better life than they hope.
Most important thing is their confidence that the odd times they are living with – including poverty,
are not bestowed upon them by the providence. Instead, they believe that they are living in poverty
because of the defective state policies of their rulers. If the institutions and policy makers
somewhere at Kathmandu, New Delhi, Beijing or at New York, Washington DC, Brussels and at the
head offices of IMF, World Bank and ADB are committed for their cause, they think ,there will be
no poverty among them.
Obviously, success in reducing extreme poverty to half within 10 years, has established it. What is
needed more - are numbers of more accountable and more responsive global bodies that working
effectively with international capitals can coordinate effective networks of states and people
worldwide against issues from poverty and climate change to terrorism and state fragility. And, only
one thing in this regard is sure - failures to this will ensure success to none.
Eurasia Review April 4, 2013
www.eurasiareview.com/author/keshav-prasad-bhattarai/