This document summarizes key points from a lecture about world poverty, global justice, and human rights. It discusses official targets to reduce poverty, challenges their measures and definitions, and argues powerful countries are responsible for avoidable human rights deficits caused by the global institutional order.
Poverty and shocking facts about povertyMakhan Dey
Introduction to Poverty and facts about World Poverty as well as Indian poverty, you will find some shocking facts/statistics about poverty, causes of poverty and methods of reducing poverty, national poverty line and absolute poverty line by the world bank.
Poverty and shocking facts about povertyMakhan Dey
Introduction to Poverty and facts about World Poverty as well as Indian poverty, you will find some shocking facts/statistics about poverty, causes of poverty and methods of reducing poverty, national poverty line and absolute poverty line by the world bank.
Poverty in Pakistan: An overview
Contents are:
Poverty and its types
Poverty line
Characteristics
Causes
Effects
Poverty in Pakistan
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Through Islam
This the 2nd Lecture delivered under the course - Poverty and Environment taught at the Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Poverty in Pakistan: An overview
Contents are:
Poverty and its types
Poverty line
Characteristics
Causes
Effects
Poverty in Pakistan
Causes of Poverty in Pakistan
Poverty Reduction
Poverty Reduction Through Islam
This the 2nd Lecture delivered under the course - Poverty and Environment taught at the Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Research Methods: Ethics II (Animal Research)Brian Piper
lecture 3 from a college level research methods in psychology course taught in the spring 2012 semester by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Linfield College, includes IACUC, animal welfare act, refinement, reduction, replacement
Inequality in the Juvenile Justice SystemLori Cohen
We’d all like to believe that the scales of justice are in balance. Well – they aren’t, and the numbers that tell the story are staggering. Check out this infographic about the inequalities in the juvenile justice system.
1 Who Was This Man Named James? James 1:1Rick Peterson
Who Was This Man Named James? James 1:1 Adapted from a Jim Kilson sermon http://www.sermoncentral.com/sermons/who-was-this-man-named-james-jim-kilson-sermon-on-character-77735.asp
These slides are for a course called Introduction to Philosophy at the University of British Columbia-Vancouver, Canada. They talk about Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 5 of John Stuart Mill's book called Utilitarianism. There is also a bit at the end about act and rule utilitarianism
Professor Thomas Pogge commenced the lecture by highlighting some key facts and figures about global household income distribution. For example:
- In 20 years, the richest 5% have gained about as much (3%) as the poorer half had left at the end of this period
- Had it been allowed to gain the 2.9% of global household income that was in fact gained by the richest five percent, the poorer half would have nearly doubled its share — sufficient to end severe poverty
Professor Pogge went on to explain that by revising the definitions and measurements of undernourishment, through the introduction of an ‘improved’ methodology, targets have become much less ambitious and achievements have been magnified.
With this ‘improved methodology’, the Rome Declaration target for the allowable number of undernourished people has risen from 394 to 465.5 million people, while the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 1 figure has risen from 611 to 724 million people.
The progress achieved by 2010 (measured against a target of 50% reduction) has also been altered. The Rome Declaration progress has improved from a 17% increase to a 13% reduction in the number of undernourished people, while MDG 1 progress has improved from a 21% reduction to a 36% reduction – now well on track to achieving a 50% reduction by 2015 as a result of cleverly adjusted targets.
Professor Pogge concluded by identifying a number of lessons to be learnt from the current Millennium Development Goals:
1. Define precisely in advance the goals and targets the world is committing itself to as well as the methods by which progress toward these targets is to be measured or assessed.
2. The monitoring of progress should be carried out by groups of independent experts (as happens with climate change through the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC).
3. Move from a detached wish list to specific responsibilities of named competent actors
4. Reform national and supranational institutional arrangements that are now greatly impeding development.
He also proposed a series of radical post-2015 institutional reform goals:
• Tax on trade-distorting subventions
• Tax on greenhouse gas emissions
• Tax on arms exports to least developed countries (LDCs)
• Alternative Minimum Tax on multinational corporation (MNC) profits wherever they are headquartered
• End bank accounts with unknown owners or beneficiaries
• Only minimally representative rulers to assume national debt burdens not the citizens
• Tax on natural resource purchases from unrepresentative rulers
• Option to have new medicines rewarded according to new health impact
Funds raised through proposed taxes and fees would be paid into a Human Development Fund (HDF) for poverty eradication. The HDF would also finance a new facility, the Health Impact Fund (HIF), to contribute to the final proposed goal. HIF will offer to reward any new medicine according to its health impact provided it is sold at cost.
ECON 22134. Poverty and InequalityMeasuring povertyTo .docxjack60216
ECON 2213
4. Poverty and Inequality
Measuring poverty
To measure poverty, we first need to decide on a poverty line, such that those below it are considered poor. We can use an absolute poverty line (e.g., the World Bank’s $1 or $2 per day poverty line) or a relative poverty line (e.g., half of median income).
The most common way to measure poverty is to use the poverty rate or headcount ratio: this is the share of the population below the poverty line.
Measuring poverty
The poverty rate is simple and easy to understand, but has weaknesses.
First, the poverty rate does not indicate the depth or intensity of poverty, i.e., how far below the poverty line poor people are.
Second, the poverty rate does not change if people below the poverty line become poorer.
These weaknesses are addressed with the poverty gap. This adds up the extent to which individuals on average fall below the poverty line and expresses it as a percentage of the poverty line.
Measuring poverty
The squared poverty gap (or poverty severity index) takes into account inequality among the poor. This is a weighted sum of poverty gaps, where the weights are the poverty gaps themselves (e.g., a poverty gap of 10% of the poverty line gets a weight of 10%, a poverty gap of 50% of the poverty line gets a weight of 50%, etc.), thereby putting more weight on individuals who are far below the poverty line.
Measuring poverty
In Canada, we measure poverty based on a person’s or household’s income. In low-income countries, it may be better to measure poverty based on consumption, as consumption may be more accurately measured, and many workers may receive in-kind income (e.g., food).
Other measures of well-being can be used, such as the Human Development Index, education, life expectancy, infant mortality, or Sen’s “capabilities” approach.
Measuring inequality
The Gini coefficient or Gini index is the most common measure of inequality. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 (perfect equality) and 1 (perfect inequality).
A Gini is based on a Lorenz curve, which shows how much of a country’s income is received by various percentages of the population; Gini is the ratio of the area between the line of complete equality and the Lorenz curve to the area of the triangle between the line of complete equality and the axes.
The formula for the Gini index is:
Measuring inequality
Other ways to measure inequality include the range (top earner minus bottom earner), the ratio (top earner divided by bottom earner), the coefficient of variation (standard deviation divided by mean), and the Theil index, which is one of a set of generalized entropy measures.
The Theil index has a strong advantage over the Gini, as it is decomposable into between-group and within-group inequality.
The formula for the Theil T index is:
Measuring inequality
Inequality can be measured:
Within a household.
Between households.
Within a village.
Between villages.
Within ...
Despite global effort it is estimated that about 2.2 billion people still live in poverty, and that approximately 80 of this figure is made up of people living in rural areas. The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs of the 2030 Agenda include as its number 1 goal, the goal to end poverty. However, the report by the World Bank 2018 stated that putting an end to poverty is proving to be one of the greatest human rights challenges the modern world faces.The Sustainable Development Goals SDGs which are an extension of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs was adopted on September 2015 by the United Nations Assembly to fight against poverty and eradicate human deprivation.This paper presents a brief introduction on poverty laws, discusses possible challenges and the way forward. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa "Poverty Laws: An Introduction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33275.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/33275/poverty-laws-an-introduction/paul-a-adekunte
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages EssayWhitepaper on Food SecurityThekarinorchard1
I NEED A+, 5-6 pages Essay
Whitepaper on Food Security
The members of the United Nations found great value in the whitepaper you provided on population growth. They are now asking you to expand the whitepaper to include global food security as it relates to population growth and poverty. Read the overview and provide an assessment based on the questions below.
I.
Overview
We can define global food security as the effort to build food systems that can feed everyone, everywhere, and every day by improving its quality and promoting nutritional agriculture (1). That said, there are certain practices that can advance this project:
Identifying the underlying causes of hunger and malnutrition
Investing in country-specific recovery plans
Strengthening strategic coordination with institutions like the UN and the World Bank
Encouraging developed countries to make sustained financial commitments to its success
We must bear in mind that more than 3 billion people—nearly one-half of the world’s population—subsist on as little as $2.50 a day, with nearly 1.5 billion living in extreme poverty on less than $1.25 a day. According to the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and other relief agencies, about 20,000 people (mostly children) starve to death in the world every day, for a total of about 7 million people a year. In addition, about 750 million (twice the population of the United States) do not have access to clean drinking water, meaning that some one million people die every year from diarrhea caused by water-borne diseases.
The earth’s population has grown since it reached 7 billion in 2010. It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2025, 9 billion in 2040, and 11 billion by the end of the 21st century (2). If the demand for food is predicted to rise 50% by 2030 and 70% by 2050, the real problem is not necessarily growing enough food, but rather making that amount available to people. Moreover, food illnesses are prevalent, with nearly 600 million reported cases of foodborne diseases each year. These mainly affect children but can also negatively impact the livelihood of farmers, vendors, trade associations, and ultimately, can reduce the Gross Domestic Product (national income) of a country. These issues can impose tremendous human, economic, social, and fiscal costs on countries, so addressing them allows governments to devote more resources to making desperately needed infrastructure improvements that raise the quality of life for everyone.
It is not enough to have adequate supplies of food available. Policies that focus exclusively on food production can exacerbate the problem, particularly if, to satisfy the need for quantity, the quality of the food is left wanting.
Reasons for Food Insecurity
Certainly, poverty and the contributing systemic internal conditions are the driving factors behind keeping adequate food resources from reaching people, but it is only one of several. Others are discussed next.
Inadequate Foo ...
Governments & Economists - Dealing with population growthAnna Osmanay
The presentation provides information regarding the problem of the world population growth, it compares the population of developed and underdeveloped countries and it provides recommendations and solutions.
On 1 January 2016, the world officially began implementation
of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the
transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable
Development Goals—to address urgent global challenges
over the next 15 years.
This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will
build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals
and ensure sustainable social and economic progress worldwide.
It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty, but also
to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable
development—economic, social and environmental—in a
comprehensive global vision.
The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2016Peerasak C.
Foreword
On 1 January 2016, the world officially began implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development—the transformative plan of action based on 17 Sustainable Development Goals—to address urgent global challenges over the next 15 years.
This agenda is a road map for people and the planet that will build on the success of the Millennium Development Goals and ensure sustainable social and economic progress worldwide. It seeks not only to eradicate extreme poverty, but also to integrate and balance the three dimensions of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental—in a comprehensive global vision.
It is vital that we begin implementation with a sense of opportunity and purpose based on an accurate evaluation of where the world stands now.
That is the aim of this report. It presents an overview of the 17 Goals using data currently available to highlight the most significant gaps and challenges.
The latest data show that about one in eight people still lived in extreme poverty, nearly 800 million people suffered from hunger, the births of nearly a quarter of children under 5 had not been recorded, 1.1 billion people were living without electricity, and water scarcity affected more than 2 billion people.
These statistics show how important coordinated global data-generation efforts will be in supplying reliable and timely data for systematic follow-up and progress reviews.
The Goals apply to all societies. Even the wealthiest countries have yet to fully empower women or eliminate discrimination.All nations will need to build the Sustainable Development Goals into their national policies and plans if we are to achieve them.
This first report is a starting point. With collective global action, we can seize the opportunities before us and, together,fulfill the pledge of the 2030 Agenda to leave no one behind.
BAN Ki-Moon
Secretary-General, United Nations "The new agenda is a promise by leaders to all people everywhere. It is a universal, integrated and transformative vision for a better world. It is an agenda for people, to end poverty in all its forms. An agenda for the planet, our common home. An agenda for shared prosperity, peace and partnership. It conveys the urgency of climate action. It is rooted in gender equality and respect for the rights of all. Above all, it pledges to leave no one behind."
BAN Ki-Moon
Secretary-General, United Nations
The new agenda is a promise by leaders to all people everywhere. It is a universal, integrated and transformative vision for a better world. It is an agenda for people, to end poverty in all its forms. An agenda for the planet, our common home. An agenda for shared prosperity, peace and partnership. It conveys the urgency of climate action. It is rooted in gender equality and respect for the rights of all. Above all, it pledges to leave no one behind.
BAN Ki-Moon
Secretary-General, United Nations
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
1. Universidad de los Andes World Poverty, Global Justice, & Human Rights Thomas Pogge Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs, Yale University with additional affiliations at the Australian Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics (CAPPE) and the University of Oslo Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature (CSMN)
2. MDG-1: World Poverty YEAR Poverty Rate 1981 51.8% 1984 46.6% 1987 41.8% 1990 41.6% 1993 39.1% 1996 34.4% 1999 33.7% 2002 30.6% 2005 25.2% 2015 target 20.8% Good news, we are well ahead of schedule toward achieving MDG-1!! econ.worldbank.org/docsearch; Paper 4703, p. 42
10. IPL Level and Global Poverty Gap IPL in 2005 int’l dollars per person per day Poor People in 2005 Aggregate Shortfall from the IPL Number in billions Average Shortfall from the IPL in percent of gross global income in $bn p.a. at PPPs at current (2005) exchange rates 1.25 (1490) 1.38 30% 0.33% 0.17% 76 2.00 (2384) 2.56 40% 1.28% 0.66% 296 2.50 (2980) 3.08 45% 2.2% 1.13% 507
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12. Shares of Global Wealth 2000; poorest versus richest households Calculated in market exchange rates so as to reflect avoidability of poverty. Decile Ineq. 2837:1. Quintile Ineq. 85:1. Year 2000, $125 trillion total. www.iariw.org/papers/2006/davies.pdf, table 10A, p. 47
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14. The Grand Promise to Halve Poverty by 2015: First Version 1996 World Food Summit in Rome: the number of extremely poor is to be halved during 1996 -2015. This implies an annual reduction by 3.58% (50% over 19 years). “ We pledge our political will and our common and national commitment to achieving food security for all and to an on‑going effort to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate [!] view to reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015.” www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3613e/w3613e00.htm
15. The Grand Promise to Halve Poverty by 2015: Second Version 1996 World Food Summit in Rome: the number of extremely poor is to be halved during 1996 -2015. This implies annual reduction by 3.58% . 2000 Millennium Declaration : the proportion of extremely poor among the world’s people is to be halved 2000 -2015. This implies annual decline by 3.35% (40% in 15 yrs). “ to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion of the world’s people whose income is less than one dollar a day and the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.” www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ares552e.htm
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18. The Grand Promise to Halve Poverty by 2015: Third Version 1996 World Food Summit in Rome: the number of extremely poor is to be halved during 1996 -2015. This implies an annual reduction by 3.58% . (www.fao.org/wfs). 2000 Millennium Declaration: the proportion of extremely poor among the world’s people is to be halved 2000 -2015. This implies annual decline by 3.35% (40% in 15 yrs). MDG-1 as defined and tracked by the UN : the proportion of extremely poor among the population of the developing countries is to be halved 1990 -2015. This implies an annual reduction by 1.25% (27% over 25 years).
20. MDG-1: A Promise Diluted Baseline Year Baseline Number of Poor (millions) Promised Reduction in number by 2015 Target for 2015 (millions) Required annual rate of reduction World Food Summit 1996 1656 50% in 19 yrs 828 3.58% MDG-1 as adopted 2000 1665 40% in 15 yrs 999 3.35% MDG-1 as revised 1990 1813 27% in 25 yrs 1324 1.25%
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22. Changes in World Poverty http://econ.worldbank.org/docsearch, working paper 4703, Table 7, pp. 44-45 IPL at 2005 PPPs 1981-2005 1984-2005 1987-2005 1990-2005 (-17.2%) Relative to path of diluted MDG-1 1993-2005 1996-2005 1999-2005 $1.25 (1490) -27% -24% -20% -24% 40% ahead -23% -17% -19% $2.00 (2384) +1% -2% -3% -7% 59% behind -9% -9% -11% $2.50 (2980) +13% +8% +5% +.45% 103% behind -3% -5% -7%
23. “ Updating” the World Bank’s International Poverty Line Used from 1990 until 1999: 1.02 1985-dollar per day, today $2.03 in US 1.00 1985-dollar per day, today $1.99 in US Used from 2000 until 2008: 1.08 1993-dollar per day, today $1.60 in US Used since August 2008: 1.25 2005-dollar per day, today $1.37 in US or $9.59 per week or $500 annually www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm
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28. . Global Institutional Order National Institutional Schemes of the Various Less Developed Countries Poor and Vulnerable Citizens in the Less Developed Countries
29. Empirical Answer to the Counter-Argument: Specific Examples of Poverty-Aggravating Global Institutional Arrangements Global institutional order works against HR fulfillment directly: rules of trade and finance (with asymmetrical protectionism); permissive environmental rules (fostering greenhouse gases and resource depletion). … works against HR fulfillment indirectly, by incentivizing and sustaining HR-violating regimes and policies in poor countries: international resource, borrowing, treaty, arms privileges ; intellectual property rights in seeds and medicines ; “race to the bottom” in labor standards . The facilitation of illicit financial flows exemplifies both: draining poor countries of revenues through tax evasion and embezzlement (US$850-1000 billion p.a.) and fostering corruption and oppression in those countries. www.ffdngo.org/documentrepository/GFI%20Report.pdf.
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35. Segment of World Population Share of Global Household Income 1988 Share of Global Household Income 2002 Absolute Change in Income Share Relative Change in Income Share Richest Ventile 42.87 48.80 +5.93 +13.8% Next Four Ventiles 46.63 42.78 -3.85 -8.3% Second Quarter 6.97 5.44 -1.53 -22.0% Third Quarter 2.37 2.06 -0.31 -13.1% Poorest Quarter 1.16 0.92 -0.24 -20.7%
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44. The Grand Promise to Halve Poverty by 2015: Three Versions 1996 World Food Summit in Rome: the number of extremely poor is to be halved during 1996 -2015 . This implies an annual reduction by 3.58% . (www.fao.org/wfs). 2000 Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG-1): the proportion of extremely poor among the world’s people is to be halved 2000 -2015 . This implies annual decline by 3.35% (40% in 15 yrs). MDG-1 as subsequently revised by the UN: the proportion of extremely poor among the population of the developing countries is to be halved 1990 -2015 . This implies an annual reduction by 1.25% (27% over 25 years).