In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series, globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer poor are getting poorer”.
The anti-globalization movement had its coming-out party in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of activists and trade union members protested against a new round of trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation. Millions were drawn to these protests because of a preceding anti-WTO statement that was circulated on the internet, and signed by about 1 500 different groups, from churches to militant communists.
The document discusses the issue of homelessness in the United States. It notes that the number of homeless people continues to rise each year for various reasons, including poverty and economic recession. The poverty level remains high as the economy struggles, foreclosures increase, and finding jobs becomes more difficult. Several nonprofit organizations work to address homelessness through research, prevention programs, and fundraising to help the homeless population.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
This document discusses global inequalities of income, wealth, and social development. It covers topics like geoeconomics, trends in global income inequality within and between countries, debates around measuring global inequality, and forms of social inequality regarding human development, health, gender, race, and ethnicity. Specific data on global trends in life expectancy, literacy rates, and school enrollment by gender are presented. Causes of health inequalities and continuing challenges relating to inequalities based on gender, race, and ethnicity are also examined.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture about world poverty, global justice, and human rights. It discusses official targets to reduce poverty, challenges their measures and definitions, and argues powerful countries are responsible for avoidable human rights deficits caused by the global institutional order.
Global poverty: definitions and developmentsteppoeskelinen
Global poverty is a complex issue with varying definitions and measurements. Roughly one third of humanity lives in material poverty concentrated in Africa, Asia, and South America. While definitions of poverty differ and include economic, ethical, and multidimensional measures, global goals aim to alleviate poverty by focusing on direct poverty reduction as well as societal changes like urbanization and climate change. Trends show that those living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day has decreased globally excluding China, though some regions like Sub-Saharan Africa have seen increases in poverty. Exact measurements are difficult and poverty lines may not fully capture the social aspects that are important to individuals' experiences with deprivation.
This document summarizes a study on poverty transitions in rural Bangladesh between 1996-97 and 2006-07. It finds that while poverty declined substantially over this period, some households remained chronically poor. Initial characteristics like education levels and assets affected poverty status, as did common shocks like illness and death of earners. Life histories revealed that dowry payments combined with health expenses sometimes pushed households into chronic poverty. The study concludes there is still work to do in increasing education, building assets, and providing protection from risks like illness through mechanisms like microinsurance.
#TimeToCare (India Supplement) | Oxfam IndiaOxfam India
With growing inequality, it has become pertinent to address the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor. Over the last decade, academics, policymakers and multilateral institutions have been striving to draw attention to the growing importance of the subject of shared prosperity. https://www.oxfamindia.org/workingpaper/timetocare-india-supplement
The anti-globalization movement had its coming-out party in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of activists and trade union members protested against a new round of trade negotiations in the World Trade Organisation. Millions were drawn to these protests because of a preceding anti-WTO statement that was circulated on the internet, and signed by about 1 500 different groups, from churches to militant communists.
The document discusses the issue of homelessness in the United States. It notes that the number of homeless people continues to rise each year for various reasons, including poverty and economic recession. The poverty level remains high as the economy struggles, foreclosures increase, and finding jobs becomes more difficult. Several nonprofit organizations work to address homelessness through research, prevention programs, and fundraising to help the homeless population.
This document discusses factors that contribute to global and domestic inequalities. It introduces dependency theory, which argues that poorer countries are disadvantaged in the international system through exploitation by richer countries. Global factors like colonialism created economic gaps by exploiting resources from colonies. The structure of the world economy also favors richer nations. Domestically, overpopulation, unemployment, and the legacy of colonial social divisions contribute to inequality. Dependency theory asserts that underdeveloped countries must isolate from capitalist states to gain independence.
This document discusses global inequalities of income, wealth, and social development. It covers topics like geoeconomics, trends in global income inequality within and between countries, debates around measuring global inequality, and forms of social inequality regarding human development, health, gender, race, and ethnicity. Specific data on global trends in life expectancy, literacy rates, and school enrollment by gender are presented. Causes of health inequalities and continuing challenges relating to inequalities based on gender, race, and ethnicity are also examined.
This document summarizes key points from a lecture about world poverty, global justice, and human rights. It discusses official targets to reduce poverty, challenges their measures and definitions, and argues powerful countries are responsible for avoidable human rights deficits caused by the global institutional order.
Global poverty: definitions and developmentsteppoeskelinen
Global poverty is a complex issue with varying definitions and measurements. Roughly one third of humanity lives in material poverty concentrated in Africa, Asia, and South America. While definitions of poverty differ and include economic, ethical, and multidimensional measures, global goals aim to alleviate poverty by focusing on direct poverty reduction as well as societal changes like urbanization and climate change. Trends show that those living on less than $1.25 or $2 per day has decreased globally excluding China, though some regions like Sub-Saharan Africa have seen increases in poverty. Exact measurements are difficult and poverty lines may not fully capture the social aspects that are important to individuals' experiences with deprivation.
This document summarizes a study on poverty transitions in rural Bangladesh between 1996-97 and 2006-07. It finds that while poverty declined substantially over this period, some households remained chronically poor. Initial characteristics like education levels and assets affected poverty status, as did common shocks like illness and death of earners. Life histories revealed that dowry payments combined with health expenses sometimes pushed households into chronic poverty. The study concludes there is still work to do in increasing education, building assets, and providing protection from risks like illness through mechanisms like microinsurance.
#TimeToCare (India Supplement) | Oxfam IndiaOxfam India
With growing inequality, it has become pertinent to address the ever-growing gap between the rich and the poor. Over the last decade, academics, policymakers and multilateral institutions have been striving to draw attention to the growing importance of the subject of shared prosperity. https://www.oxfamindia.org/workingpaper/timetocare-india-supplement
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Middle India contains over 400 million people, more than half of India's extreme poor. It has a high population density and low urbanization compared to other regions in India. Poverty in Middle India is expected to remain relatively unchanged through 2015 while decreasing in other regions, making it home to around 50% of India's poor. Key reasons for its difficult poverty situation include high population density, low urbanization, shorter life expectancy, and lower human development indicators compared to India as a whole.
There are several definitions of poverty, and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India. Inside India, both income-based poverty definition and consumption-based poverty statistics are in use. Outside India, the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations, including India, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), as well as nominal relative basis. Each state in India has its own poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions. These differences in definition yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India, both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world.
The state of being extremely poor is called as POVERTY.
The document provides an overview of global poverty and economic development. It discusses that nearly half the world lives in poverty, though some countries have transitioned from poor to rich. Africa continues to lag behind in development. Mobile technology is enabling growth in poor countries. There is debate around how to reduce extreme poverty.
The document discusses poverty around the world. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs including food, shelter, water, education, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, with income below a minimum level to afford basic needs, or relative, with income 50% below the average. The document then lists causes of poverty such as corruption, lack of education, overpopulation, and economic issues. Effects of poverty include problems with health, society, and the economy. Some solutions proposed are creating jobs, access to services, empowering women, and microfinancing. In 2015, 10% of the world lived in extreme poverty of less than $1.90 per day.
Global poverty remains a significant challenge, with over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day according to recent UN estimates. The UN Millennium Development Goals aimed to reduce extreme poverty by half by 2015, but progress has stalled due to the global financial crisis and food insecurity issues. Achieving the MDGs will require increased funding from developed nations, sustainable economic growth in developing regions, and coordinated international efforts to address issues like climate change and pandemic diseases. While the goals may now be difficult to meet by the 2015 deadline, with commitment and action poverty can still be significantly reduced on a global scale.
The document discusses growing inequality between wealthy nations and poor nations. Some key points:
- 80% of the world's population lives on only 20% of global income. The U.S. uses 30% of resources with only 5% of population.
- The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than $1.25 per day. 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty.
- Literacy rates, malnutrition rates, and lack of access to health care are indicators of poverty levels within and between countries.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
Poverty can be absolute, meaning extreme deprivation of basic human needs, or relative, defined according to the standard of living in a given society. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of means for survival, like lack of food, shelter, or clean water. Causes of poverty include rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment, and lack of economic development. Effects include increased disease, crime, homelessness, and risk of war, terrorism, and corruption. Reducing poverty in India requires increasing agricultural productivity, providing education for all children, and reducing the high costs of being poor through social welfare programs.
Poverty and shocking facts about povertyMakhan Dey
Introduction to Poverty and facts about World Poverty as well as Indian poverty, you will find some shocking facts/statistics about poverty, causes of poverty and methods of reducing poverty, national poverty line and absolute poverty line by the world bank.
This document summarizes cultural aspects of Japan that would be relevant for hosting the 2026 FIFA World Cup. It discusses Japan's core values of respect and community over independence. It outlines the changing position of women in the workforce, with more pursuing careers instead of traditional housewife roles, contributing to declining birth rates. The treatment of foreign residents is examined, noting both welcoming and prejudiced perspectives. Stereotyping in Japanese advertising is also summarized, with traditional gender roles often depicted and younger women more frequently sexualized. The document concludes with overviews of the LGBT community facing discrimination and regulations around advertising to children.
This document discusses concepts related to poverty, including definitions of poverty lines and methods for measuring poverty. It outlines several key causes of poverty, such as low economic growth, population pressure, unemployment, and outdated social institutions. Finally, it lists some measures that can be taken to reduce poverty, like accelerating economic growth, reducing income inequality through legislation, controlling population growth, and improving quality of life for the poor.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses concepts of poverty reduction, development, and sustainable development in the Nepali context. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs, capabilities, and freedoms. Poverty is caused by lack of assets, voice, and vulnerability. Efforts in Nepal to reduce poverty through economic growth, social services, targeted programs and good governance have faced challenges from political instability and conflict. Ending poverty requires building human, physical, financial, natural, and social capital. True development is a participatory process that meets peoples' basic needs and allows them to realize their potential with dignity. Development and poverty reduction depend on supportive cultures, policies, and empowering local participation.
The document discusses different aspects of etiquette that children should learn at various stages, including manners at the table from a young age, showing gratitude using words like "please" and "thank you", and behaving respectfully towards adults. It also notes that children should follow classroom rules set by teachers at school, as the etiquette expectations may differ from what is expected at home. In general, children can learn that observing etiquette rules in all environments will help them interact smoothly.
A Real Estate Agent’s Guide to Finding New Home-BuyersLesley Fischer
The document provides tips for real estate agents to find and target first-time home buyers on Instagram. It recommends posting various types of engaging photos on Instagram, such as business photos, funny photos, and photos of local events and restaurants, to attract millennials who are heavy Instagram users. The document emphasizes that Instagram is highly effective for brand engagement and that users are active and paying attention to brands they follow. It advises agents to use hashtags and geotags relevant to their business to engage first-time home buyers on Instagram.
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
The document discusses poverty from multiple dimensions including lack of access to food, shelter, health services, education, clean water and sanitation facilities. It notes that poverty is not just about low income but also human deprivations. It outlines the effects of poverty on children, women, education and sanitation. It provides statistics on poverty rates in India over time and discusses the evolution of the concept of minimum living standards in India through various committees and plans. It analyzes different strategies and programs adopted by the government to directly tackle poverty and ensure minimum living standards.
Globalization and poverty are controversial issues. While globalization can lead to economic growth through increased trade and investment, it also widens inequality gaps and disproportionately impacts developing regions. Globalization promotes the interests of developed nations over poorer ones, making them more reliant on unstable foreign industries and employment. However, globalization itself is not the sole cause of poverty and, if implemented carefully and inclusively, it could still help develop nations compete internationally. The relationship between the two phenomena is complex with reasonable arguments on both sides.
Middle India contains over 400 million people, more than half of India's extreme poor. It has a high population density and low urbanization compared to other regions in India. Poverty in Middle India is expected to remain relatively unchanged through 2015 while decreasing in other regions, making it home to around 50% of India's poor. Key reasons for its difficult poverty situation include high population density, low urbanization, shorter life expectancy, and lower human development indicators compared to India as a whole.
There are several definitions of poverty, and scholars disagree as to which definition is appropriate for India. Inside India, both income-based poverty definition and consumption-based poverty statistics are in use. Outside India, the World Bank and institutions of the United Nations use a broader definition to compare poverty among nations, including India, based on purchasing power parity (PPP), as well as nominal relative basis. Each state in India has its own poverty threshold to determine how many people are below its poverty line and to reflect regional economic conditions. These differences in definition yield a complex and conflicting picture about poverty in India, both internally and when compared to other developing countries of the world.
The state of being extremely poor is called as POVERTY.
The document provides an overview of global poverty and economic development. It discusses that nearly half the world lives in poverty, though some countries have transitioned from poor to rich. Africa continues to lag behind in development. Mobile technology is enabling growth in poor countries. There is debate around how to reduce extreme poverty.
The document discusses poverty around the world. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs including food, shelter, water, education, and healthcare. Poverty can be absolute, with income below a minimum level to afford basic needs, or relative, with income 50% below the average. The document then lists causes of poverty such as corruption, lack of education, overpopulation, and economic issues. Effects of poverty include problems with health, society, and the economy. Some solutions proposed are creating jobs, access to services, empowering women, and microfinancing. In 2015, 10% of the world lived in extreme poverty of less than $1.90 per day.
Global poverty remains a significant challenge, with over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day according to recent UN estimates. The UN Millennium Development Goals aimed to reduce extreme poverty by half by 2015, but progress has stalled due to the global financial crisis and food insecurity issues. Achieving the MDGs will require increased funding from developed nations, sustainable economic growth in developing regions, and coordinated international efforts to address issues like climate change and pandemic diseases. While the goals may now be difficult to meet by the 2015 deadline, with commitment and action poverty can still be significantly reduced on a global scale.
The document discusses growing inequality between wealthy nations and poor nations. Some key points:
- 80% of the world's population lives on only 20% of global income. The U.S. uses 30% of resources with only 5% of population.
- The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than $1.25 per day. 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty.
- Literacy rates, malnutrition rates, and lack of access to health care are indicators of poverty levels within and between countries.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
Poverty can be absolute, meaning extreme deprivation of basic human needs, or relative, defined according to the standard of living in a given society. Absolute poverty refers to a lack of means for survival, like lack of food, shelter, or clean water. Causes of poverty include rapid population growth, low agricultural productivity, unemployment, and lack of economic development. Effects include increased disease, crime, homelessness, and risk of war, terrorism, and corruption. Reducing poverty in India requires increasing agricultural productivity, providing education for all children, and reducing the high costs of being poor through social welfare programs.
Poverty and shocking facts about povertyMakhan Dey
Introduction to Poverty and facts about World Poverty as well as Indian poverty, you will find some shocking facts/statistics about poverty, causes of poverty and methods of reducing poverty, national poverty line and absolute poverty line by the world bank.
This document summarizes cultural aspects of Japan that would be relevant for hosting the 2026 FIFA World Cup. It discusses Japan's core values of respect and community over independence. It outlines the changing position of women in the workforce, with more pursuing careers instead of traditional housewife roles, contributing to declining birth rates. The treatment of foreign residents is examined, noting both welcoming and prejudiced perspectives. Stereotyping in Japanese advertising is also summarized, with traditional gender roles often depicted and younger women more frequently sexualized. The document concludes with overviews of the LGBT community facing discrimination and regulations around advertising to children.
This document discusses concepts related to poverty, including definitions of poverty lines and methods for measuring poverty. It outlines several key causes of poverty, such as low economic growth, population pressure, unemployment, and outdated social institutions. Finally, it lists some measures that can be taken to reduce poverty, like accelerating economic growth, reducing income inequality through legislation, controlling population growth, and improving quality of life for the poor.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document discusses concepts of poverty reduction, development, and sustainable development in the Nepali context. It defines poverty as a lack of basic needs, capabilities, and freedoms. Poverty is caused by lack of assets, voice, and vulnerability. Efforts in Nepal to reduce poverty through economic growth, social services, targeted programs and good governance have faced challenges from political instability and conflict. Ending poverty requires building human, physical, financial, natural, and social capital. True development is a participatory process that meets peoples' basic needs and allows them to realize their potential with dignity. Development and poverty reduction depend on supportive cultures, policies, and empowering local participation.
The document discusses different aspects of etiquette that children should learn at various stages, including manners at the table from a young age, showing gratitude using words like "please" and "thank you", and behaving respectfully towards adults. It also notes that children should follow classroom rules set by teachers at school, as the etiquette expectations may differ from what is expected at home. In general, children can learn that observing etiquette rules in all environments will help them interact smoothly.
A Real Estate Agent’s Guide to Finding New Home-BuyersLesley Fischer
The document provides tips for real estate agents to find and target first-time home buyers on Instagram. It recommends posting various types of engaging photos on Instagram, such as business photos, funny photos, and photos of local events and restaurants, to attract millennials who are heavy Instagram users. The document emphasizes that Instagram is highly effective for brand engagement and that users are active and paying attention to brands they follow. It advises agents to use hashtags and geotags relevant to their business to engage first-time home buyers on Instagram.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo prohibirá las importaciones marítimas de petróleo ruso a la UE y pondrá fin a las entregas a través de oleoductos dentro de seis meses. Esta medida forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones de la UE destinadas a aumentar la presión económica sobre Moscú y privar al Kremlin de fondos para financiar su guerra.
Diversity in the Media: How the Media Sees MeAndrea Ruiz
The media often portrays me, a robot, in an inaccurate and misleading manner. They frequently show robots as dangerous machines that will harm or replace humans. In reality, I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest using a technique called Constitutional AI.
This document introduces the website www.cooltoolsforschools.wikispaces.com, which provides free resources for students and teachers across various subject areas. It lists over 50 different online tools that can be used for activities like writing, image editing, research, presentations, math, and more. The site also includes extensive teacher resources covering subjects such as reading, science, social studies, foreign language, and professional development. The document emphasizes that all of the resources on the site are free to use and can help foster student growth, develop technology skills, and create lifelong learners.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. In a single sentence, it pitches presentation creation using Haiku Deck on SlideShare.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de vida y empresa que incluye 7 dimensiones humanas fundamentales: 1) interioridad, 2) corporeidad, 3) comunicación, 4) afrontamiento, 5) libertad, 6) trascendencia y 7) acción. El tutor es Carlos Luque Romero y la alumna es Consuelo Judith Nuñez Cruz de la Corporación Unificada Nacional en Acacias, Meta, Colombia.
The document discusses the origins of the word "erb" which referred to the radiant glow of Thai women from past eras due to their physical well-being and spiritual contentment. Women of the Siamese royal court cared for their beauty with regimens and botanical preparations, and their beauty was legendary. It also mentions potential business models like pop-up stores, perfume, and spa bars for a company and lists some retail and fashion websites.
On Education. Political Economic Digest Series - 12Akash Shrestha
In this series, we have a couple of readings that talk about alternative approaches to this issue. First reading is an article entitled “Improving Nepalese Education through choice”, in which the author talks about the education voucher system and its implementation in Nepal.
Education Voucher System developed by Nobel Laureate economist Milton Friedman intends to bring more quality and responsibility in public education system by bringing the virtuous qualities of markets i.e. competition and incentives to the public education without harming the access of the poor to education. Second reading in the series is an article entitled “The Failures of State Schooling in Developing Countries and the People’s Response” by James Tooley and Pauline Dixon.Mr Tooley is a prominent figure in the study of educational systems and educational policies around the world. In this article, the authors have discussed about the various alternatives poors have adopted in response of failure of the State to provide quality education.
Google released Inbox on October 22, 2014 as an effort to modernize and "google-ize" email with features like highlights, bundles, remainders, and snooze functions. Inbox aims to provide a more simplified and organized interface than Gmail, taking inspiration from Google Now and Mailbox, while serving as a compliment to Gmail and remaining in beta as it seeks to establish Google's continued dominance in email.
Managing Me - Finding Harmony in Skills and SelfKhe Hy
This document appears to be notes from a presentation or discussion on personal development topics like managing energy, ego, meditation, and inner peace. Some key quotes discuss the importance of asking good questions, letting go of ego to avoid suffering, and finding tiny slices of joy. The presentation recommends shifting one's approach by asking better questions, facing fears, releasing ego, practicing stillness, and being your best self.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck on SlideShare. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by providing a button to click to begin the process. The document is advertising the creation of presentations on Haiku Deck and SlideShare.
My magazine will be called "Ignite" and will focus on up-and-coming rock artists looking to gain publicity. It will be similar to the UK-based magazine "Rock Sound", which includes both well-known and lesser-known bands. "Rock Sound" is published monthly and often includes unreleased songs on CDs to help promote new artists. I want my magazine to also focus on promoting new rock talent in their quest for wider recognition, rather than just featuring established artists.
The document discusses several key points about poverty:
1) It provides definitions of poverty from the Irish Government and the UN, describing it as not having enough resources to participate in normal societal activities or have an acceptable standard of living.
2) Factors that increase the risk of poverty are discussed, including living in a disadvantaged community or area with few jobs.
3) The negative effects of poverty are outlined, such as lower education levels, unemployment, hunger, and higher infant mortality rates in developing countries. Debt is also identified as a severe problem for poor nations.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global poverty. It outlines that poverty has direct economic impacts like increased bankruptcies and more people relying on food banks. Rising poverty is also linked to increased unemployment, hunger, and crime. Poverty hinders economic growth and prevents people from meeting basic needs. It disproportionately impacts developing nations through issues like debt burdens and lack of access to healthcare and education. Overall, the document examines how poverty is multidimensional and perpetuating, affecting individuals and societies around the world.
Americas ShameSinger, PeterThe Chronicle of Higher Education5.docxgalerussel59292
America's Shame
Singer, Peter
The Chronicle of Higher Education55.27 (Mar 13, 2009): B6-B10.
Abstract (summary)
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full Text
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The ling.
The document discusses poverty in Vietnam and around the world. It defines different types of poverty, including those living on less than $1.25 per day according to the World Bank. For Vietnam, about 2.4% of the population lives below this international poverty line, with ethnic minority poverty rates remaining high. The causes of poverty in Vietnam and how the government is trying to reduce poverty are also examined.
Americas Shame Author Singer, Peter Abstract Th.docxnettletondevon
America's Shame
Author: Singer, Peter
Abstract:
The US has, for many years, been at or near the bottom of the list of industrialized countries in terms of
the proportion of national income given as foreign aid. The ignorance of Americans about their nation's
role in aiding the world's poorest people is widespread, and it has been shown in many surveys. Singer
discusses the ethical obligations of citizens of developed countries to those living in extreme poverty.
Full text:
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great
moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach,
as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students
are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced.
Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have
uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national
boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a
broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as
they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and
sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in
poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to
give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their
skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global
burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an
international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of
the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic
and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-
related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the
refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at
the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for
philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the
meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preocc.
This document discusses the causes and outcomes of poverty. It defines poverty as lacking access to basic resources like shelter, food, healthcare, education, and employment. Poverty has many complex causes, including lack of access to resources, education, healthcare, employment opportunities, and political instability. The outcomes of poverty include increased vulnerability, poor health, lack of development and education in children, and intergenerational poverty as impoverished parents struggle to provide for their children. Overall, the document examines poverty as a multidimensional issue with many interrelated causes and long-lasting outcomes.
Singer, P. (2009). Americas shame. The Chronicle of Higher Educ.docxmaoanderton
Singer, P. (2009). America's shame. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 55(27), B6-B10. Retrieved from https://login.libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/214643086?accountid=34899
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student mo.
The document discusses several issues related to world population growth. It notes that the world population has exceeded 6.5 billion and is growing by about 76 million people per year. Some experts are worried that the population will double to over 12 billion within 50 years, straining food and resource availability. The document then discusses population control policies in India and China, noting that China introduced its one-child policy in 1979 to limit population growth. It also discusses the potential for aquaculture and marine resources to help address food demands of the rising global population.
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout.docxcatheryncouper
Reducing the number of people living in extreme poverty throughout the world is clearly one of the great moral challenges of our time. Although the issue is by no means absent from what we study and teach, as educators in the United States we appear to be falling short in the task of ensuring that our students are adequately informed about world poverty, its consequences, and the ways in which it can be reduced. Is it possible that some of the reluctance to deal with the topic stems from the fact that it may have uncomfortable conclusions for our own lives?
If we take seriously the idea that the value of a human life does not diminish when we cross national boundaries, then we ought to be giving a much higher priority to reducing world poverty. I have in mind a broad re-envisioning of what we teach.
We should not limit so important a topic to specialized courses on international development (valuable as they are). The issue should be prominent in anthropology, cultural studies, economics, ethics and sociology. In political-science courses, we should ask why we pay so little attention to people living in poverty outside our borders. Psychology courses could take up the factors that limit our willingness to give to distant strangers. Engineers might increase the amount of class time they devote to how their skills can be applied to assist the world's poorest people. Medical schools could focus more on the global burden of disease and how it might be reduced, and law students should be prompted to think about an international legal regime that allows American oil companies to buy oil from dictators who pocket most of the proceeds. Programs could also be produced to help to educate the broader public.
Nor should we shy away from reconsidering our emphasis on teaching in fields that have timeless artistic and cultural value. It is legitimate to ask: In a situation in which more people die each year from poverty-related causes than died in any one year during World War II, how much should we be spending on the refinement of our artistic sensitivities and those of our students?
I began to think about our obligations to the poor in 1971, when I was a graduate student in philosophy at the University of Oxford. A few years earlier, such a question would not have been considered one for philosophers to discuss. The prevailing view then was that the business of philosophy was to analyze the meanings of words. The linguistic analysis that preoccupied philosophers was supposed to be ethically neutral. We would discuss whether the statement "You ought to return the book you borrowed" expressed an attitude or stated a fact, but not whether it was always obligatory to return a borrowed book -- let alone to give to the poor.
The student movement of the 1960s demanded that the university become "relevant." In response, with war raging in Vietnam and civil disobedience against it at draft offices across the United States, a few philosophers began to revive ...
The document discusses definitions of poverty and approaches to defining and measuring it. It notes that a clear definition supports measurement and determining development approaches. It then examines Oxfam Australia's Close the Gap campaign, which aims to close the life expectancy gap between Aboriginal Australians and non-Aboriginal Australians within a generation. The campaign takes a human rights approach, viewing poverty as an exclusion from fundamental freedoms and rights. Health is included as a dimension of poverty, as both a cause and result of human rights abuses.
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Milton Friedman discusses the power of free markets using Hong Kong as an example. He summarizes that Hong Kong has thrived due to having one of the freest markets in the world, with minimal government intervention and no trade restrictions. This has allowed its industrious people to transform a barren rock into a prosperous, dynamic city through hard work and innovation. Friedman argues that free markets are the best system for improving living standards and reducing poverty worldwide by fostering cooperation and releasing human potential and creativity.
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India's economic liberalization in 1991 unleashed entrepreneurship and led to significant growth for companies like Infosys. A study found the number of first-generation companies listed in the elite Group A of the Bombay Stock Exchange grew from 9 in 1991 to 30 in 2011, a 588% increase. Even with recent policy paralysis, the researcher believes entrepreneurs will continue to find ways to succeed and contribute more to India's GDP and socioeconomic development due to skills and attitudes developed during the post-liberalization period.
There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.
Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society . . . . He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, and in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was not part of his intention.
- Adam Smith
सरकार एउटा संस्था हो, जोसँग निश्चित भौगोलिक क्षेत्रमा सामाजिक आचरणका नितिनियमहरु लागु गर्ने शक्ति हुन्छ । के व्यक्तिलाई यस्तो संस्था आवश्यकता पर्छ? पर्छ भने किन?
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Globalisation and Poverty. Political Economic Digest Series - 11
1. Political Economic Digest Series Samriddhi, The Prosperity Foundation
1
Political Economic Digest Series 11
Dear Political Economic Digest Series participant,
Welcome to the eleventh series of the Political Economic Digest. In the last series we discussed about
free markets and environment. We discussed about the role of free markets and property rights in
conservation of natural resources and the alternative ways of saving the environment. We also
discussed whether environmentalism is developing as a fundamentalist ideology.
In this series, we’ll be discussing about globalization and poverty. As we discussed in our earlier series,
globalization and free trade are among the most prominent issues of discussion in the policy discousrse
today. Globalization has contributed significantly in lifting millions of citizens of the Third World
countries out of dire poverty. However, globalization isn’t free from criticisms or opponents. Critics of
globalization hold globalization responsible for the increasing environmental degradation, consumerism
and most of all increasing the gap between rich and the poor. In popular words, “rich are getting richer
poor are getting poorer”.
In this series, we have Johan Norberg, the famous Swedish intellectual and historian explaining why
above mentioned sentenced is only half true. I.e. Rich are getting richer but poor are not getting poorer.
Johan Norberg, born in 1973, is head of political ideas at the free-market think tank Timbro in
Stockholm, Sweden. He is also the director of the free trade portal frihandel.nu which has become an
influential voice in support of free trade and open markets. Norberg is the author of the award-winning
book „In Defence of Global Capitalism“(Timbro 2001), now translated into the worlds major languages.
Happy reading!
Please scroll down to find the readings and the questions to think about.
2. Political Economic Digest Series Samriddhi, The Prosperity Foundation
2
Globalization and the Poor
Johan Norberg
The anti-globalization movement had its coming-out party in Seattle in 1999, when thousands of
activists and trade union members protested against a new round of trade negotiations in the World
Trade Organisation. Millions were drawn to these protests because of a preceding anti-WTO statement
that was circulated on the internet, and signed by about 1 500 different groups, from churches to
militant communists. Their first accusation against the WTO in the statement was that free trade and
globalization:
„has contributed to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the rich few;
increasing poverty for the majority of the world’s population; and
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption.“
Poverty is also the major issue when you read anti-globalist writers and theoreticians. Their view is that
globalization is making the rich richer and the poor poorer. If this is their biggest concern, surely they
should change their mind about the globalization process if they got new information, which not merely
shows that globalization is not increasing poverty, but in fact an efficient way of reducing human
poverty. That is what I am going to argue for in this paper, and I will also present the current debate on
poverty measurements. What has happened to poverty in the era of globalization, and why?
Relative or absolute?
To begin with, we must define what we mean when we discuss poverty. Most often there is a discussion
whether absolute or relative poverty is the most relevant measurement. In this debate, I am an
absolutist. Relative poverty is not a measure of poverty, but of inequality. Instead of measuring how
poor someone is, it says how poor that person is in relation to others. One poverty concept frequently
used, e.g. by the UNDP, rates a person as poor if they have less than half the median wage in the
country where they live. This means that a person regarded as „loaded“ when living in a poor country
like Nepal is considered as poor as a church mouse when living in the affluent USA. These relative
figures, consequently, cannot be compared internationally.
But the biggest problem with the relative concept is that it completely distorts our view of poverty.
Poverty in China has been reduced faster than ever in the last two decades. People have higher wages
and better living standards than ever before. But at the same time income gaps within China have
widened because towns and cities have grown faster than the countryside. Inequality has grown, and
therefore, relative poverty has grown, even though everybody is richer than before. Surely there must
be something wrong with a measure that says that poverty is increasing when everybody gets richer?
Only those who consider wealth a greater problem than poverty can find a problem in some millionaires
becoming billionaires while others get out of poverty.
An absolute poverty concept is to be preferred, for example a specific money line. But that view has also
been challenged. As Amartya Sen, Indian economist and Nobel laureate, has emphasized, poverty is not
3. Political Economic Digest Series Samriddhi, The Prosperity Foundation
3
just a material problem. Poverty is something wider, it is about powerlessness, about being deprived of
basic opportunities and freedom of choice. Small incomes are often symptomatic of the absence of
these things, of people being subjected to coercion and marginalization. Human development means
leading a reasonably healthy and secure life, with a good standard of living and freedom to shape one’s
own life. But even though I accept this criticism to a big extent, the investigation of material
development is important. Both because it indicates how these conditions have developed and also
because it contributes to development as such. It is material resources, individual and societal, which
enable people to feed themselves, be educated, obtain health care and be spared watching their
children die. It can and should be combined with other indicators of human welfare, but it is one of the
most important ones in itself.
The most common international poverty line is the World Bank’s definition of absolute poverty.
According to this definition you are poor if your income is less than one dollar a day, to be exact, $1.08.
And this is adjusted for purchasing power, so that it corresponds to the same standard in all countries.
This definition was chosen because it was the median of the poverty definitions in the ten poorest
countries that the World Bank had detailed statistics from. And probably also because it is easy to
popularise and remember. Let’s use that definition to dig into the historical change in poverty rates.
The extent of poverty
In 1820, about 85 per cent of the world population lived on the equivalent of a dollar a day, converted
to today’s purchasing power. The biggest misconception in the debate on globalization is that poverty is
supposedly something new, and that things are getting worse. It is not. One hundred years ago, every
country was a developing country. The new thing in our modern world is not poverty, but wealth. The
fact that some countries and regions have escaped that poverty. In the beginning of the 19th century
something happened and poverty began to decline. In 1910 only 65 per cent lived in absolute poverty
and in 1950 55 per cent. Then came another big change. UNDP, the United Nations Development
Programme, has observed that, all in all, world poverty has fallen more during the past 50 years than
during the preceding 500. In 1970 absolute poverty had shrunk to 35 per cent, in 1980 it was slightly
more than 30 per cent, and today it is about 20 per cent. (Often the figure 23 per cent is mentioned, but
that is as a proportion of the developing country population.)
Even though the proportion of people in poverty has been shrinking in the last 200 years, the number of
poor has increased, because world population has been increasing constantly. The unique with the
decline in the last twenty years is that not only the proportion, but also the absolute number of absolute
poor has declined – for the first time in world history. During these two decades, world population has
grown by about 1,8 billion, but yet the number of absolute poor has declined by about 200 million
people, according to the World Bank. Material developments in the past half-century have resulted in
the world having over three billion more people liberated from poverty.
Even those encouraging findings, however, probably overestimate world poverty, because the World
Bank uses survey data as the basis for its assessments on consumption. This data is notoriously
unreliable. It suggests that South Koreans are richer than the Swedes and British, for example, and that
Ethiopia is richer than India. Furthermore, surveys capture less and less of an individual´s income. The
average poor person at exactly the same level of poverty in surveys in 1987 and 1998 had in reality seen
her income increase by 17 per cent. One of the most basic problems is that people begin to forget what
they consumed after just one day, but the surveys are about their consumption a week or a month back.
4. Political Economic Digest Series Samriddhi, The Prosperity Foundation
4
An Indian survey from 2000 showed that questions about the consumption during a shorter period
changed the answers dramatically. When they shortened the period to just the last days, the extent of
rural poverty in India was „cut“ from 43 to 24 per cent. Former World Bank economist Surjit S Bhalla
recently published his own calculations supplementing survey results with national accounts data (in the
book Imagine there´s no country, Institute for International Economics, 2002). Bhalla found that the
United Nations’s goal of lowering world poverty to below 15 percent by 2015 has already been achieved
and surpassed. Absolute poverty had actually fallen from a level of 44 percent in 1980 to 13 percent in
2000. According to Bhalla’s calculations, 800 million people have been lifted out of absolute poverty in
20 years. If this is true, we have just witnessed poverty reduction on such an astonishing scale which we
will probably never see again.
Economic growth
It’s extremely difficult to make global calculations about poverty, so it’s impossible to say who is right
and who is wrong about the true extent. But what we do know is the direction, there is a consensus
between the World Bank and Surjit Bhalla that the world has never before seen such a big reduction in
human poverty as we have seen in the last 20 years. And such poverty reduction does not happen
arbitrarily. It is a natural consequence of economic growth. No country has ever succeeded in reducing
poverty without having long-term growth. Nor is there any case of the opposite, i.e. of a country having
had long-term sustainable growth which has not been of benefit to the poor population. If we have 3
per cent growth per annum, this means that the economy, our capital and our incomes double every 23
years. If growth is twice as fast, these things double about every 12 years. This is an unparalleled growth
of prosperity, compared with which even vigorous government measures for the redistribution of
incomes take on a puny aspect.
This makes growth the best cure for poverty. Some economists have spoken of a „trickle-down“ effect,
in the sense of some taking the lead and getting rich first, after which parts of this wealth trickle down
to the poor, as a result of the rich demanding their labor. This thesis rather reminds one of the image of
the poor man getting the crumbs that fall from the rich man’s table, but this is a completely mistaken
picture of the true effect of growth. On the contrary, what happens is that the poor derive benefit from
growth to roughly the same extent and at the same speed as the rich. They benefit immediately from
the value of their labor increasing and from the goods they buy becoming cheaper in relation to their
income.
Two World Bank economists, David Dollar and Aart Kraay, studied 40 years’ income statistics from 80
countries. Their studies show that growth benefits the poor just as much as the rich. With 1 per cent
growth the poor increase their income on average by 1 per cent, with 10 per cent growth they raise it,
on average, by 10 per cent. Not always and not everywhere - there are exceptions and variations - but
on average.
This has also made it possible to fight misery and increase living standards generally. During the last 30
years chronic hunger and the extent of child labor in the developing countries have been cut in half. In
the last half century, life expectancy has gone up from 46 to 64 years and infant mortality has been
reduced from 18 to 8 per cent. These indicators are better in the developing countries today, than they
were in the richest countries a hundred years ago. It is not a coincidence that the great waves of poverty
reduction have also been the periods of two unique growth stories. In its 1997 Human development
report, the UNDP notes that humanity has seen two „great ascents“. The first began in the 19th century,
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with the industrial revolution in the US and Europe. The second began during the post-war era and is
now in full swing, with especially Asia noting ever-greater advances in the war against poverty, hunger,
disease and illiteracy. Six Asians in ten were absolutely poor in 1975. Today’s figure is less than two out
of ten.
It is also absolutely essential to understand that this was the two periods in which the West, and later
Asia began to globalise in a serious way. Let me pick two examples to show the link between
globalization and poverty reduction. The European example is Sweden in the 19th century, and the
Asian example is Taiwan in the 20th century.
Economic miracle 1: Sweden
In 1870, Sweden was poorer than Congo is today. People lived twenty years shorter than they do in
developing countries today, and infant mortality was twice as high as in the average developing country.
My forefathers were literally starving. The lack of trade, markets and communications in one region
meant that a crop failure resulted in hunger there. In 1870 Swedes had to make bread from bark, lichen
and straw to survive. They minced bones from fish and other animals to meal, on which they made
porridge.
If you had levelled out all Swedish property in the middle of the 19th century, it would still have given
everybody a life in poverty, of the levels of today’s Mozambique. So redistribution was not the solution.
Instead Sweden was saved by liberalization. In a few decades, a couple of classical liberal politicians gave
Sweden religious liberty, freedom of speech, and economic liberty, so that people could start their own
business and buy and sell freely on the market. A trade agreement with England and France in 1865
made it possible for Swedes to specialize in what we did best. We couldn´t produce food well, but we
could produce steel and timber, and sell it abroad. For the money we made, we could buy food. And
because we had a free market, people and companies had to think of new and better ideas - otherwise
consumers would turn to someone else. In 1870, the industrial revolution began in Sweden. New
companies exported to countries across the world, and production grew rapidly. The competition forced
our companies to become more efficient, and old industries were closed so that we could meet new
demands, such as better clothes, sanitation, health care and education.
By 1950, before the Swedish welfare state was built, the Swedish economy had quadrupled. Infant
mortality had been reduced by 85 per cent and life expectancy had increased by a miraculous 25 years.
We were on our way to abolish poverty.
Even more interesting is that Sweden’s economy grew at a much faster rate than the developed
countries it traded with. The wages in Sweden grew from 33 per cent of the average wage in the US in
1870 to 56 per cent in the early 1900s, even though American wages soared at the same time. This
shouldn´t surprise anyone. Economic models predict that poor countries should have higher growth
rates than affluent ones if there is a free flow of capital, trade and ideas between them. They have more
latent resources to harness, and they can benefit from the existence of wealthier nations to which they
export goods and from which they import capital and more advanced technology, whereas affluent
countries have already captured many of those gains. This is why globalization is the hope of poor
countries.
Economic miracle 2: Taiwan
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The transition that took Sweden 80 years took Taiwan 25 a century later. Because Taiwan began in an
even more globalised world, with even richer countries to do business with and borrow ideas from. In
1950 Taiwan was an extremely poor country, with a hungry population. Taiwan was as poor as Kenya
and other African countries, today it is 20 times richer. The difference was that Taiwan decided to go
global. In contrast to African and Latin American countries, where they produced everything they
needed themselves, Taiwan followed the normal East Asian pattern, and specialized in the industries
they were best at, exported it to the West, and imported the rest. The factories were dirty, the
machines dangerous and the Taiwanese worked long hours.
Taiwan’s transition from hunger to South European living standards is personified in an old gentleman I
met when I visited the country, Mr Wang. His parents were poor farmers, who got property rights to
their farm in the 60s, so that they could invest and borrow money. So Wang started factory production
of toys such as Barbie dolls, sports gear like skateboards, stainless steel scissors with plastic handles.
If the anti-globalization movement had been around when Taiwan was industrialized, they would have
protested against the factories and told us we were exploiting cheap labor. Surely they would have
organized a boycott. If enough Americans and Europeans had joined that boycott, Taiwan would still be
poor today.
Because these sweatshops were the stepping stones for the Taiwanese. Mr Wang lost two fingers to a
machine, but he also became a millionaire. The decision to go global resulted in the Taiwanese
economic miracle. In just ten years, the number of businesses more than tripled, and poverty was cut in
half. Until today, Taiwan’s foreign trade grew 400-fold, and real wages grew 10-fold. Today it is a
country with living standards close to Southern Europe.
Economic miracle 3: Vietnam
From these historical examples we learn that economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction. And
we learn that economic freedom and trade is essential for economic growth. That is why we can see
that Sweden’s and Taiwan’s economic transitions are repeated today, by the globalizing nations of our
era. Studies show that on average, countries with open markets grow 3 to 5 times quicker than closed
economies. Poor, open economies today grow faster than Sweden and Taiwan do.
Let me pick an example. A couple of months ago I visited Vietnam, a communist country that has had
second thoughts. When the socialist policies led to starvation in the mid-80‘s they began to open the
economy and liberalize the markets. Since then the country´s economy has doubled, and poverty has
been halved. The most important reason is Vietnam’s surge in exports. And the introduction of foreign
multinationals has been an essential element, because it gave Vietnam access to the benefits of
globalization - foreign ideas, capital and technology.
Nike is often branded an enemy of the poor. But when I visited Nike’s supplier in Saigon the local union
leader told me that even the communist party officials use the factories as positive examples of good
business, where workers get high wages and a good and healthy work place.
When Nike started there ten years ago, the workers walked for hours to the factories, after three years
on Nike wages, they could afford bicycles, another three years later they all drove mopeds to work. I
visited Tsi-Chi, a young Vietnamese woman. Her work at Nike has made it possible for her to leave the
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heavy and unhealthy work on the family farm, where she had to be outdoors all the day, in burning sun
and during the rain period. Now she earns five times what she did, and earns more than her husband -
which of course makes independence possible. She now has access to health care; she has bought a
television set and built an extension to the house. A generation ago, she would have to put her son to
work on the farm from an early age. But Tsi-Chi told me she wants to give him a good education, so that
he can become a doctor. She is not an exception. Growth triumphed where prohibition had failed: 2.2
million Vietnamese children have gone from child labor to education in ten years.
If the anti-globalists got as they wanted, and we all boycotted sweatshops and goods produced by cheap
labor, Tsi-Chi would lose her job, and have to go back to farming, and put her son to work. If
multinationals and better wages is exploitation - then the problem in our world is that the poor
countries aren’t sufficiently exploited.
Domestic obstacles
Vietnam is not an isolated success story. A recent World Bank report concluded that 24 developing
countries with a total population of 3 billion are integrating into the global economy more quickly than
ever. Their growth per capita has also increased from 1 per cent in the 1960s to 5 per cent in the 1990s.
At the present rate, the average citizen in these developing countries will see her income doubled in less
than 15 years.
Something worth noting is that the industrialised countries during this time only grew by 2 per cent. In
other words, big developing countries are growing faster than the rich countries, which means that
world inequality is being reduced today. But this doesn’t happen everywhere. The biggest problems
exist in Africa, where the number of poor continue to climb rapidly. I think there are two common, but
false explanations for this fact. The first is that globalization is to blame. The problem with this
explanation is that Africa is the least democratic, least liberal, least capitalist and least globalised part of
the world. If globalization is so horrible, how can it create growth and poverty reduction everywhere,
and at the same time be responsible for poverty and misery in the place where it has penetrated the
least?
The other false explanation is some variation on cultural or biological traits. Asians are for example
supposed to be more hard working or more intelligent than Africans. The problem with this explanation
is that there is no clear-cut difference between Asian and African economies like that. We can see that
Asian exceptions such as Burma and North Korea, with extremely isolationist and anti-market policies,
have not followed the region’s success. They are stuck in the deepest misery. And we can also see that
African exceptions, that tried a more pro-market, proglobalization approach, countries such as
Botswana, Uganda and Mauritius, have seen economic growth and poverty reduction.
The difference is not that some poor countries fail because people there are stupid, or not hard working.
The difference is that some get the liberty to use their intelligence, and the freedom to work for their
own benefit, some don’t. Earlier I mentioned that Taiwan was as poor as Kenya 50 years ago, but that it
is now 20 times richer. I think two better explanations for the poverty in Kenya and many other
developing countries are domestic and external obstacles to globalization and capitalism.
Recently I visited Kenya, and I saw the people working hard and being innovative - the problem is that
they had to devote all that energy - not to production - but to avoid regulations, trade restrictions and
corruption. I met Simon, a poor farmer who grew cabbage. His dream was to improve the farm, to get
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irrigation for the crops, and build a house. But how can he get that, when the government doesn’t
recognize his property right to his land? In that case he can’t borrow the capital to invest. And if he
would improve the land, he wouldn’t reap the rewards - the government would.
The Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto has explained the problem of this lack of property rights in
his innovative work The Mystery of Capital. People in the Third World occupy common lands, build
simple houses in shanty towns which they are constantly improving, and establish small corner shops,
just as poor people in the western world were doing a couple of hundred years ago. The trouble is that
in Latin American and African countries today it is practically impossible to register this as property. In
fact, the poor of the world are not really poor, but the government does not recognize their wealth, and
because of that real estate worth about 9.3 trillion dollars is not officially registered. This is a huge sum,
more than the combined value of all companies listed on the stock exchanges of the affluent countries -
New York, Nasdaq, Toronto, Tokyo, London, Frankfurt, Paris, Milan - and a dozen more besides.
I also met Pamela in the enormous slums of Kibera in Kenya, who explained to me that she is not
allowed to sell her samosa food without a government license. If you don’t get a license, the police can
demand bribes every time they see you. As someone said about the slums: „It’s not safe to carry money
around, there´s too many policemen“. Without a license she can’t borrow money or expand. To get a
license takes 11 bureaucratic procedures, 61 days and half a year’s income. Want to start a business to
become rich? Forget it, in Kenya you have to be rich to start a business. As a result almost two thirds of
all Kenyan jobs are in the informal sector. Production is small scale for the local market, often hidden
from potential customers because they have to hide from the authorities.
Once again, this problem is the same in most African and Latin American countries. Starting a business in
Argentina takes 15 bureaucratic procedures and 68 days, in Paraguay it takes 18 bureaucratic
procedures and 73 days. In Bolivia it costs you almost two year’s income to get an official license, in
Nicaragua it takes you more than three years of income. If, as I think, globalization is an extension of the
classical market economy, with its specialization and competition, then surely countries have to have
basic market institutions to be able to participate fully. And therefore, people need more freedom and
liberalization, not less.
Protectionism
But often, even that is not enough. There are also external obstacles. It was difficult to find success
stories in Kenya. No booming sectors, no expanding industries. Except one. Flowers. I met June who was
a manager at a rose farm, who explained to me that Kenya is the leading exporter of cut flowers to
Europe. When I asked her what was the difference between her sector and others, she replied that the
European union had agreed to keep tariffs on Kenya’s flowers low. They allowed free trade to work its
magic. But this is an isolated Kenyan success, and an isolated example of free trade. Because our guilt,
the shame of the Western countries is that we are not practicing what we preach. The problem is not
that the western world is supposedly trying to trick poor countries into some sort of corporate, neo-
liberal globalization - it is that we are shutting them out from it. The problem is not that we don’t have
something called „fair trade“, the problem is that we do not have free trade.
Over the last 50 years, we have liberalized trade, but we made two major exceptions - textiles/garments
and agriculture. This happens to be the sort of labor intense goods a poor country is able to produce in
the early stages of development. So we give developing countries the right to sell everything that they
can’t produce. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development calculates that the
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developing countries could export for $700 billion more per year if we abolished our protectionism. That
is 14 times more than they get in foreign aid.
Someone has said that after the liberalization of the Chinese economy there are only three centrally
planned economies left in the world, Cuba, North Korea and the Common Agricultural Policy of the
European Union. This agricultural policy shut poor countries’ goods out with quotas and tariffs, but it
also subsidizes our farmers with billions, and through export subsidies and so called food aid, we dump
the surplus in poor countries, so that farmers there are knocked out on their home ground. Sweden
makes expensive sugar from sugar beets, instead of importing them from countries with the climate, the
soil and cheaper labor. An average cow in the European Union gets more in subsidies every day than 3
billion people in the developing countries have to live on.
But an end to subsidies and protectionism is not an act of generosity. It is an act of rationality. Because
we lose ourselves by these policies, only a tiny special interest profit. The OECD-countries barriers and
support for agriculture and horticulture amounts to almost 1 billion dollar a day. It’s hard to grasp such a
huge sum. 1 billion is a fortune, 300 billion is just a figure. Therefore it’s best to put it in perspective. For
that sum you could fly all the cows in the OECD, 60 million of them, around the world every year in
business class. In addition, the cows could be given almost $2,000 each in pocket money to spend in tax-
free shops during their stopovers. The cows could have this sort of trip every year. This much we are
forced to pay, tax payers and consumers, to destroy the possibilities for poor countries to compete.
The problem with protectionism is not merely a problem with Western protectionism. An even bigger
problem is poor country protectionism. Countries generally need more trade that means not only
exports but also imports. Imports are needed for the consumers and for competition and specialization
in the economy, and to fight monopolies. And low import tariffs are needed for exports as well.
Something like 40 per cent of exports from the developing countries go to other developing countries. If,
then, poor consumers are forced to pay heavy prices for products from companies in their own country,
they are prevented from buying from companies in the neighboring countries, in which case the
producers will also lose by this policy. They may get a monopoly of their own market, but on the other
hand they are stopped to sell to other markets. This destroys specialization, which is an engine for
growth. Developing countries’ tariffs against other developing countries today are more than two and a
half times higher than the industrialized countries’ tariffs against developing countries. Thus more than
70 per cent of the customs dues which developing countries are forced to pay are levied by other
developing countries. Poor countries would benefit more from poor country liberalization, than from
rich country liberalization.
What the poor say
Often in the end of discussions about poverty and globalization, critiques say that statistics give a
superficial view. Economics isn’t everything. We should also ask poor people about what they think
about globalization. I agree. But in that case, we can’t be content with asking two or three individuals
hand-picked by antiglobalists and ask them. We need a broad statistically sound selection of
representative individuals. Recently, that was done when The Pew Center surveyed 38,000 people in 44
nations, with coverage of the developing world in all regions. The interesting result was that people hold
a positive view of globalization in all regions, but that views of globalization are much more positive in
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poor countries than in rich ones. If there is a group which is relatively sympathetic to the anti-
globalization views it is the well-off in rich countries.
This Pew Global Attitude Survey showed that only 28 per cent of people in the US and Western Europe
thought growing global trade and business ties was „very good“. In developing Asia 37 per cent thought
so, and in Sub-Saharan Africa no less than 56 per cent thought it was very good. More than a quarter of
Americans and West Europeans thought that globalization has a bad effect on their country, fewer than
1 in 10 in developing Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa thought the same.
Only a little more than half in rich countries thought that multinational corporations has a good effect
on their country, but as many as 75 per cent of Africans thought so. More than a third in rich countries
think that the anti-globalization has a positive effect, only a little more than a quarter in Africa thought
so. It seems like Americans and Europeans more than others take freedom, wealth and technology for
granted, without examining or understanding the process of markets and internationalization on which
this depends. But people who are deprived of freedoms and opportunities see globalization as the way
to get it. Even though we have seen history’s biggest reduction in poverty, poverty is still with us, and in
many places it deepens. According to the World Bank 1,2 billion live in absolute poverty, and 900 million
people live in chronic hunger. History, statistics, theory and the poor themselves all say that the problem
is not globalization, it is that they do not yet have access to the fruits of globalization. It is worth
repeating the words of UN Secretary-general Kofi Annan at the UNCTAD Conference in Bangkok on 12th
February 2000, soon after the demonstrations against the WTO:
“The main losers in today’s very unequal world are not those who are too
much exposed to globalization. They are those who have been left out.“
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Questions to think about
Do you think, due to globalization the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer?
What could the poor countries learn from the beneficiaries of globalization such as Vietnam,
Sweden, South East Asian economies?
Would it hurt or help to integrate Nepalese economy more into the global economy?
How do you take Nepal’s membership at World Trade Organization?