This document discusses global inequalities of income, wealth, and social development. It covers topics like geoeconomics, trends in global income inequality within and between countries, debates around measuring global inequality, and forms of social inequality regarding human development, health, gender, race, and ethnicity. Specific data on global trends in life expectancy, literacy rates, and school enrollment by gender are presented. Causes of health inequalities and continuing challenges relating to inequalities based on gender, race, and ethnicity are also examined.

1. GEOECONOMICS –
GLOBAL INEQUALITIES
D E S I K U S U M A N I N G T Y A S - G S P A
DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN THE
GLOBAL CONTEXT

2. CONTENT
1. Geoeconomics
2. Global inequalities of income and wealth
• General features of Global Income Inequality
• Some Outstanding areas of dispute about Global Inequality
3. Global Social Inequality
 Human Development and Global Equity
 Life Expectancy and health
 Existencial Inequalities: Gender, race and ethnicity
4. Indonesia Inequality

3. GEOECONOMICS
1. Branch of geopolitics
2. Political Aspects of Economies and resources
Geopolitical consequences
Economic consequences
3. Inequality by Robert J Holton
Difference
Social Inequality

4. Prof Robert
Holton
GLOBAL INEQUALITIES BY ROBERT J. HOLTON

6. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES OF INCOME AND WEALTH
General features of Global Income
Inequality
1. High levels Income and Wealth
Inequalities between countries and
within countries
Gini coefficient (0<Inequality>1)
2. Economic inequality is spatial
concentrated
3. Inequality has always existed
4. the scale and composition of global
inequality income and wealth has
changed over time

7. TRENDS IN HIGH AND LOW WITHIN-NATION INEQUALITY
Source: Figure 2 in Unveiling Inequality: A World-Historical Perspective
(Korzeniewicz and Moran (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009)).

8. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES OF INCOME AND WEALTH
Some Outstanding areas of dispute about Global Inequality
1. Optimistic Vs Pessimistic
2. The Milanovic Work
household disposable income is the best unit analysis for global inequality
1) Census data and national account don’t provide individual income
2) Disposable income measure total income available for consumption
3) It adds sociological point like children or elderly as income less who lives
in multiple-person household
4) It measures the domestic labor like women who is mostly excluded from
official statistic.
Cont…

9. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES OF INCOME AND WEALTH
Some Outstanding areas of dispute about Global
Inequality
2. The Milanovic Work
Three Trends in Income Inequality
1) Changes in within country inequality
2) Changing trends in economic growth and
income between rich and poor countries
3) Changing trends in economic growth and
income between China and India and rich
countries

10. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES OF INCOME AND WEALTH
Some Outstanding areas of dispute about Global Inequality
2. The Milanovic Work result
 (1) Greater inequality within nations
 (2) Greater differences between countries’ mean incomes (unconditional
divergence between 1980 and 2000)
 (3) But catching up of large and poor countries(China and India)
 Therborn (2012)

11. GLOBAL INEQUALITIES OF INCOME AND WEALTH
Some Outstanding areas of dispute about Global Inequality
3. Top down Vs Bottom Up Approach
 Bottom Up (Portfolio of The Poor by Collins, et all)
 Top down (World Bank)
4. Reliability of procedures and methods typically used in analyzing global
inequality.
Two ways
1) Purchasing Power Parity
2) Foreign currency conversion rate (FX)

12. Therborn (2006)
Inequality
Aspects:
1. Resources 
Income, Asset,
skills
2. Vital  Bodily
health, sense of
well being
3. Existential 
Freedom, respect,
right to social and
political
participants
GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

13. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Human Development and Global Equity

14. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Human Development and Global Equity

15. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Human Development and Global Equity
Source: UNDP (2013)
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-human-development-index-and-
its-components

16. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Human Development and Global
Equity
Critics to HDI:
1. The ideal indicators
2. Diminishing qualitative aspects of
development
3. Ignores within-country
inequalities
4. The high degree correlation
between the three different
dimension of development
5. The index contains little on human
right including sexual and
reproductive rights.

17. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Life Expectancy and Health-Life expectancy at birth
Source: World Health Statistics 2014, WHO
http://gamapserver.who.int/gho/interactive_charts/mbd/life_expectancy/atla
s.html

18. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Life Expectancy and Health-Mortality and Morbidity
Source: World Health Statistics 2014, WHO
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112738/1/9789240692671_eng.pdf?ua=1

19. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Life Expectancy and Health - What is the Determinant of Health? Does
Income Strongly effect the health?
1. Strong correlation (between health and income) Vs Low correlation
Strong Correlation
Preston (1975) strong correlation between Income and health levels
WHO: income growth influence less than 50% Global health improvement
Liberalist: economic growth increase income and reduce inequality
Low Correlation (Income is not a single factor)
Deaton (2006) Low Income isn’t always followed by health problem.
Economic growth isn’t automatically health improvement.
1. Some countries improved their life expectancy while experiencing little
or no growth.
2. Richer countries have recently continued to improve their health even
their growth rates have declined in recent decades
3. Countries are poor because they are sick and this impedes growth
Marmot (2005) non-communicable disease cause is more than poverty
Dawson (2005) low state capacity couldn’t make good health programs
(Political factor)

20. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Existential Inequalities – Gender
Existing Inequality data Note
Gender – Economic (wages
for comparable work)
continued lessening of the pay gap. But there is a technical problem
which may lead into under-
estimating inequality.
Gender – participation rates specific policies in areas like discrimination and in child care
affect the proportion rates
Gender - ceiling limiting
women’s access to the highest
paid job
The strongest glass ceiling isn’t always at the higher hierarchies
Gender - ceiling limiting
women’s access to the highest
paid job
Social – Gender - ceiling limiting women’s access to the highest
paid job
Gender - Political Participation Inequality is declining but still more extreme than on the other
quantifiable measures
Gender – Literacy Rates Even Global literacy rate has increase but women still become
the majority of illiterate adults.
Gender – School enrolments Reduction of gender inequality in school enrolment is faster
compare to other indicator
Gender – Women right over
sexuality and reproduction
It is difficult to measure the indicator. Published data represent
only the tip of the iceberg case
Gender – Violence against
women
Gender – Gender focus policy It has been a wider extension policy addressing the inequalities
issue

21. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Existential Inequalities – Gender
Source: Data World Bank
http://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/

22. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Existential Inequalities – Gender
Economic Inequality – income level between man and woman
Technical problem which may lead into under-estimating inequality.
 Declining male wages
 Walby (2009) smaller pay gaps arise in countries with low historic female participation, where women
only found in higher paid sector.
 Another indicators are needed to explain the gender gap in economic
Gender – Literacy Rates
 Even global literacy rate has increase but women still become the majority of illiterate adults. two-thirds
of the global adult illiterate population.
 Therborn’s Analysis: literacy is asset to increase human well-being and to tranform existential
inequalities.
http://tellmaps.com/uis/literacy/
Gender –School enrolments
 Reduction of gender inequality in school enrolment is faster compare to other indicator. Dorius and
Firebaugh (2010) argue the gender inequality gap has narrowed about 30%.
 Gender gap in school enrolments for primary and secondary education is eliminated in post-secondary
enrolment.
http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/Pages/mind-the-gap.aspx

23. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Existential Inequalities – Race and Ethnicity
 Historical sociology influence (Empire, Colonization and slavery).
 In 19th century pseudi-scientific notion Belief that racial characteristics involved a hierarchy of capacity,
intelligence and social worth
Racial and Ethnic Inequalities Indicator
1. Inequalities in income and wealth between cultural groups
2. Higher level of unemployment by race and ethnicity
3. Discrimination in access to employment, education, and housing
4. Social segregation in residential location and public space
5. Inequalities in health outcomes
6. Subjection to violence and interpersonal hostility
7. Racialized constructions of crime leading to higher levels of criminal conviction and
incarceration
8. Intersection of racial, ethnic and gender disadvantage

24. GLOBAL SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Existential Inequalities – Race and Ethnicity
1. Optimistic Vs Pessimistic
 Optimistic: Smith and Welch (1989) Couch and Daly (2002) Racial wage gap is declining significance
 Pessimistic: Western and Pettit (2005 ) narrowing of the racial wage gap is not indicator of general
decline in racial inequality. Wage differences do not measure relative differences in unemployment.
2. Ethnic penalty Vs Ethnic Premium
 Ethnic penalty: unemployment, lack access to better job
3. Educational opportunity itself can’t reduce inequality
4. Contemporary Public Policies deal with inequality
 Equal Opportunities Policies (US) Vs Anti-racist Policies (EU) / Neo Liberal Policies Vs Social
Democratic
5. Inequalities base on race and ethnicity still remain

25. CONCLUSION
 The multiple dimensions of inequality
 Greater inequality “within nations” and “between countries” in term of
incomes and wealth
 Sociological attention to inequalities :
A global life expectancy at birth has increased yet there remain huge
differences between countries. the same result for inequalities of health.
The General trend of gender inequalities has been declining. Women have
slight advantage on longevity but much more disadvantage in political
representation (Dorius and Firebaugh, 2010).
Inequalities base on race and ethnicity still remain.
 Global capitalism as “Cause” or “Key” of global inequality

26. INDONESIA INEQUALITY
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
GINI RATIO 0.364 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.413
Relative Poverty
(percentage of
population)
17.75 16.58 15.42 14.15 13.33 12.36 11.66 11.47
UNEMPLOYME
NT
10.28 9.11 8.39 7.87 7.14 6.56 6.14 6.25
LABOR FORCE 66.16 66.99 67.18 67.23 67.72 68.34 67.88 66.90
LIFE
EXPECTANCY
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/ID-4E-XN?display=graph
SCHOOL
ENROLLMENT
http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.ENRR/countries/ID-4E-XN?display=graph

27. THANK YOU