Group presentation for The Global City, Northwestern University, MPPA program, Summer 2011.

1. Presented by: Nicole Gattuso, Fred Jackson, Travis Lovett, Jason Osborn Global cities and ecologyNew York, Los Angeles, Chicago

2. Chicago New York Los Angeles Source: US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/geo/www/maps/2010_census_nighttime_map/nighttime_map_2010.html

3. New York

4. Los Angeles

5. Chicago

6. World Population 1750-2050 Source: World Bank http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_03.pdf

7. Energy Consumption (Kwh/capita) Source: World Bank Electric Power Consumption http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_03.pdf

8. Oil Consumption(Barrels/Day) Source: Index Mundi, World Oil Consumption; http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx

9. Air Quality within Urban Environments Without air we would not be able to survive Photo: New York (from Ecoficial, 2010) http://www.ecoficial.com/epa-proposes-stronger-air-quality-standards-for-sulfur-dioxide-589/

10. Air Pollution Carbon Dioxide/Monoxide Sulfur Oxides/Diesel Fuel Nitrogen Oxides This graph provides evidence that atmospheric CO2 has increased since the Industrial Revolution. (Source: NOAA; http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/)

11. Nature can no longer manage air pollution without our help. Pollution and Global Cities

13. Low income families

14. People with existing lung problems

15. ChildrenWho is the most threatened?

17. Sore Throats

18. Coughing

19. Lung Damage

20. Cancer

21. Premature DeathsWhat are the health effects? http://hubpages.com/hub/air

22. NYC, LA, and Chicago Comparison Air Now http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.local_city&zipcode=10026&submit=Go

25. Generates around $5.1 billions in annual state and local taxes

26. Generates $21.5 billion taxes nationwide

27. Value of global trade is estimated to be $250 billion per year.The Port of Los Angeles Air Monitoring Stations in Port http://www.portoflosangeles.org/

28. 44% of all imports to the USA 90% of all trade from East Asia

30. 460,000 Adults and 160,000 Children with Asthma(http://www.stateoftheair.org/2011/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html)

32. Queens

33. Brooklyn’s Sunset Park

34. WilliamsburgNew York’s Air Photo: Bronx with Manhattan in Background By Witzen

35. In April, 2011, New York Times noted troubling levels of diesel pollution in Little Village, Lincoln Park, Ukrainian Village, Wicker Park, Pilsen, and other areas. Chicago’s Air

37. 1,125 heart attacks

38. 28,201 asthma attacks each year.Chicago’s Air

39. Clean Air Act – Created in 1970 In 1990 after the Act was in place for 20 years, it is estimated that it prevented more than 200,000 premature deaths and almost 700,000 cases of chronic bronchitis were avoided. ( United States, EPA, 2010) Decades of Progress

40. In 2009, the state of New York adopted additional clean air policies more stringent than the Clean Air Act. New York Initiatives

42. Will reduce diesel emissions by 80% (City of Los Angeles, 2011) Los Angeles Initiatives

43. Alternative Fuel Vehicles By 2012-2013, L.A. plans to covert 85% of all fleet to be powered by alternative fuel. Los Angeles Initiatives L.A.’s last diesel bus One of L.A.’s compressed natural gas buses

45. Nitrogen oxides by 45%

46. Sulfur oxides by 52%L.A. Initiatives

47. SPRAWLNew York City, Los Angeles, Chicago OBJECTIVES: What is sprawl Issues created from sprawl Combating sprawl Conclusion

48. SPRAWL Became possible in 1814 in NYC Spreading outwards of a city Specifically, it is considered the rapid expansion of a metropolitan area Leads to suburbanization Creates small communities on the outskirts of the central city Environmental Problems Over consumption of resources

49. Issues created from Sprawl Increase reliance on automobiles results in Health hazards such as: Air Pollution Motor vehicle crashes Pedestrian injuries and fatalities

50. Issues created from Sprawl cont. EFFECTS OF LAND USE Newhall Ranch: Largest housing development ever approved in Los Angeles—for 70,000 people “While the population of the seven-county Chicago metro area experienced a growth rate of 63 percent between 1950 and 2006, that rate jumps to 261 percent by removing the city of Chicago from the equation” (Zekas, 2010) Clearing of a forest for development impacts water quantity and quality

52. Combating Sprawl “Chicago must immediately make green infrastructure a priority” (Lyderson, 2010) The solutions for sprawl rest upon the same actors—individuals, businesses and governing policies—that create sprawl Smart growth encourages more mixed-use and compact development, investments in infill development projects in inner cities

53. Combating Sprawl cont. Smart Growth in NYC- Supporting the purchase of farmland development rights and other farming preservation efforts

54. Combating Sprawl cont. Smart Growth in LA- agreement making area westward of the Newhall Ranch off-limits for development

55. Combating Sprawl cont. Smart Growth in Chicago- plans to redevelop the historic freight and commuter rail assets in southern Chicago

56. Combating Sprawl Conclusion Sprawl is an ever compounding problem in NYC, Los Angeles, and Chicago. It strains vital city resources and creates health hazards Through smart growth efforts sprawl can be limited.

57. Transportation Congestion Pricing Source: http://sustainableflatbush.org/2008/03/27/congestion-pricing-countdown/

58. Why Support Congestion Pricing

59. Public Good versus Common Good Public Good Common Resource Photo: New Delhi, AP Photo, Manish Swarup

60. Market Failure Public Good No User Fee Free Riders Common Good No User Fee Excessive Use Vs. http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/transport/transport_congestion.htm

61. Negative Externalities Digital Vision/Getty.

62. Market Solution Public Good No User Fee Free Riders Common Good User Fee More Efficient Use Vs. Photo: New Delhi, AP Photo, Manish Swarup

63. Lessons Learned by FHWA London, Singapore, and Stockholm Faster Traffic More Transit Less Congestion

64. Lessons Learned by FHWA London, Singapore, and Stockholm Greater Economic Returns Cleaner Air Less Oil

65. Do these apply to NY, LA, and Chicago? Source: Texas Transportation Institute, 2010

66. Life is Better Underground–New York has the two slowest highways in the United States and five of the worst traffic bottlenecks. The subways are a superior choice (Van Zyl, 2010). New York Photo: AP Photo/Bill Kostroun

68. Is Social Engineering

69. Doesn’t address Taxi and Truck Problems

70. MTA can’t be trusted to use the funding wisely

71. Transit is not viable

73. Funds Mass Transit

75. Vision and Top-Level Leadership

76. Linking it to broader transportation, climate change, and land use goals

77. Let the public shape the final plan

78. Do extensive public education and outreach

79. Leverage leadership from civic, business, labor, environmental and advocacy groups.

80. Design the pricing proposals to win

81. Understand who has authority

82. Understand how they might be influenced by small opposition groups

84. Good Idea - Convert existing car-pooling lanes to toll lanes Los Angeles – A Winning Proposal

85. The Second City is Number 1- Chicago was tied with Washington D.C. as the most congested region in the United State. (Texas Transportation Institute 2010). Chicago

87. Chicago – Shaped by the Public Use this shoulder as a lane and charge a Premium price.

89. Since 1940, agricultural industrialization has significantly increased our food supply to meet global population demands

90. Scientists and environmental advocates argue that fundamental shifts in agricultural food production systems are vital to sustaining future generationsRetailers, such as Wal-Mart, can drastically alter the marketplace for local produce with their purchasing power. Source: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/03/the-great-grocery-smackdown/7904/ Click the icon to the left to hear why sustainable agriculture is critical to the future development of global cities

92. Natural resources are being depleted at rates that are currently unsustainable long-term

93. Large-scale factory farms have significantly increased food production over the last generation, but natural resources have been drained significantly; lack of diversity in food sources also poses serious health risks

94. Americans currently throw out about 14% of the food they buyThe map above, provided by Food and Water watch, highlights the presence of factory farms (red indicates farm areas with extremely high animal concentrations) – Source: http://www.factoryfarmmap.org/#animal:all;location:US;year:2007 Click the icon to the right to hear about agricultural production challenges

96. By the year 2050, Columbia Professor Dickson Despommier calculated that “the world will need 1 billion more hectares of arable land by 2050 – roughly the area of Brazil – if projections are true, agricultural processes will need to transform

97. Across the country, there has been extensive growth in the interest of organic food, farmers markets, food labeling, fair trade, local cooperatives, and community supported agricultureProfessor Dickson Despommier (above) is an advocate of vertical farming methods – click the picture above to watch his October 2010 TED Talk on the subject. Click the icon to the right to hear about sustainability in practice

99. Government support for urban farms has been inconsistent, so several nonprofit organizations such as East New York Farms!, Green Guerillas, Added Value, and New York Sun Works have developed extensive networks for farming throughout the city

100. John Ameroso, an urban farm advocate, spent almost 35 years training city farmers and supporting localized farming efforts

101. Farmers markets in New York City have grown 150% from 1994 to 2006, with total sales projections of $1 billion in 2005New York Sun Works builds state-of-the-art greenhouses throughout the city (pictured above). Click the icon to the right to hear about sustainable agriculture practices in New York

103. Access to fresh/healthy food in Chicago is a major issue; to combat the issue, Walgreens announced that they will start selling fresh produce in 39 of their Chicago locations

104. Chicago’s city government has also offered vacant temporary lots in the city for farming purposes; this has had mixed success over the last few years as the average urban farmer made between $20,000 and $23,000 per yearMayor Rahm Emanuel , a political advocate for urban farming, has campaigned on the strategy of improving urban farms. Source: http://www.suntimes.com/news/cityhall/6717226-418/mayor-emanuel-promotes-urban-farms-as-oases-in-food-deserts.html Click the icon to the left to hear about the progress of sustainable agriculture initiatives in Chicago

106. Urban farming initiatives have not yet gained political momentum, but they have gotten the support of Southern California’s leading environmental advocates

107. There are currently 90 food producing farms in Los Angeles County - the city could fully sustain itself on 8.9 percent of the city’s square mileageGraphic courtesy of Farmscape - Source: http://farmscapegardens.com/blog/54 Click the icon to the left to hear about sustainable farming challenges in Los Angeles

109. Air quality issues, sprawl, transportation congestion, and lack of healthy food options have significantly inhibited the potential of global cities to use resources efficiently and effectively

110. Partnerships between scientists, politicians, and the general public will be critical to making the types of large-scale changes we will need to sustain ourselves long-termClick the icon to the left to hear our concluding thoughts on preserving the ecology of our global cities

111. REFERENCES American Lung Association. (2011). Most Polluted Cities. Retrieved 7 12, 2011, from State of the Air 2011: http://www.stateoftheair.org/2011/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html California Environmental Protection Agency. (2011, 2 28). Introduction to the Air Resources Board. Retrieved 7 16, 2011, from California Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.arb.ca.gov/html/brochure/arb.htm Clifford, Stephanie. “Wal-Mart to Buy More Local Produce.” The New York Times, October 14, 2010. Web source: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/business/15walmart.html. City of Los Angeles. (2011). City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 7 13, 2011, from Air - Greening LA: http://mayor.lacity.org/issues/environment/air/index.htm "Chicago Urban Farming: Mayor Emanuel Reverses Daley's Course, Plans Expansion Of City Agriculture” (2011, July 27). Retrieved on July 29, 2011 from The Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/27/chicago-urban-farming-may_n_911145.html EPA State Government Victoria. (2011). What is air pollution? Retrieved 8 7, 2011, from EPA Victoria: http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/air/aq4kids/pollution.asp Environmental Literacy Council. (2008). Urban Sprawl. Retrieved on July 11, 2011 from http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/409.html Farrell, P (2005). Contaminated Water Can’t Stop California Sprawl. Retrieved on August 2, 2011 from: https://www.hcn.org/issues/307/15814 Frumkin, H. (2002). Urban Sprawl and Public Health. Public Health Reports May-June 2002. Volume 117. 201-217 Federal Highway Administration. (2008, 12 3). Lessons Learned From International Experience in Congestion Pricing. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from Toll and Pricing Program: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop08047/es.htm

112. REFERENCES CONT. Goldstein, E. (2003). Suburban Sprawl, City Troubles. Gotham Gazette. Retrieved on July 8, 2011 from: http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/environment/20030616/7/425 Illinois Tollway. (2010, November). Chicago Regional Congestion Pricing Study. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from Illinois Tollway : http://www.illinoistollway.com/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/TW_CONTENT_REPOSITORY/TW_CR_TRAFFIC_CONST/PROJECTS_BY_ROADWAY_CR/FINAL%20REPORT%20CHICAGO%20REGIONAL%20CONGESTION%20PRICING%20STUDY%20NOV%202.PDF Illinois Toll Highway Authority. (2011). 2010 Traffic Data Report for the Illinois Tollway System. Downers Grove, Illinois: Illinois Toll Highway Authority Kleinman, M. T. (2000). The Health Effects of Air Pollution on Children. Retrieved 8 7, 2011, from South Coast Air Quality Management District: http://www.aqmd.gov/forstudents/health_effects_on_children.html Lamb, J. O. (2007, March). New York City's Air is Anything But Clean. Retrieved 8 7, 2011, from The Brooklyn Rail: http://www.brooklynrail.org/2007/03/local/new-york-citys-air-is-anything-but-clean Levenston, M. (2010, July). "Regional Food System for Los Angeles - supports urban agriculture." Retrieved on July 29, 2011 from City Farmer: http://www.cityfarmer.info/2010/09/11/report-regional-food-system-for-los-angeles-supports-urban-agriculture/ Lydersen, K. (2011, April 21). Black Carbon Testing Finds High Levels. Retrieved 8 , 2011, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/22/us/22cnccarbon.html?_r=1&ref=airpollution Lyderson, K. (2010). Sprawl, Climate change, carp control hinder Chicago sewer solution. Retrieved on August 2, 2011 from: http://greatlakesecho.org/2010/12/08/sprawl-climate-change-carp-control-hinder-chicago-sewage-overflows/

113. REFERENCES CONT. Mankiw, N. G. (2008). Principles of Microeconomics. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning NASA. (2011). Global Climate Change Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved 8 8, 2011, from NASA: http://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ National Geographic. (2011). National Geographic Education. Retrieved 7 12, 2011, from Encyclopedia Air Pollution: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/air-pollution/#page=1 New York City’s Water Supply Systems Map. (2007) NYCEnvironmental Protection. Retrieved On July 10, 2011 from: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/drinking_water/wsmaps_wide.shtml New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. (2009, February). Environmental DEC. Retrieved 8 7, 2011, from New York State Adopts Clean Air Rules to Limit Pollution: http://www.dec.ny.gov/environmentdec/50877.html Purdum, T. (2004). Los Angeles Sprawl Bumps Angry Neighbor. Retrieved on August 3, 2011 from: http://www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20000214monday.html Rybczynski, Witold. "The Green Case for Cities." The Atlantic, October 2009. Web source: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/10/the-green-case-for-cities/7661/. Sassen, S. (2006). Cities in a World Economy. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Smith-Peterson, T. (2006). THE SPIGOT. Trains (66(9)), pp. 34-41.

114. REFERENCES CONT. Texas Transportation Institute. (2010, December). 2010 Urban Mobility Report. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from Texas Transportation Institute: http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility_report_2010.pdf The Port of Los Angeles. (2011). Port of Los Angeles 2011 Sustainability Report. Los Angeles: The Port of Los Angeles. The World Bank. (n.d.). World Population Growth. Retrieved August 6, 2011, from The World Bank: http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_03.pdf Tuto2u. (2011). Transportation Economics Congestion and Market Failure. Retrieved August 9, 2011, from Tutor2u: http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/transport/transport_congestion.htm U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. (2011). Policy Information. Retrived on July 10, 2011 from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/charts/07.cfm United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Los Angeles Area Environmental Enforcement Collaborative. Retrieved 7 12, 2011, from EPA Pacific Southwest, Region 9: http://www.epa.gov/region9/ej/enforcement.html United States EPA. (2010, 9 14). 40th Anniversary of the Clean Air Act. Retrieved 8 7, 2011, from U.S. EPA : http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/40th.html Van Zyl, J. (2011). The World's Most Congested Cities. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from MSN Autos: http://autos.ca.msn.com/editors-picks/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=29239351