Glaucoma is a disease associated with human eyes and second conducting movement o fblindness across the globe if
eyes are not treated at preliminary stage. Glaucoma normally occurs with increased intra-ocular pressure (IOP) in eyes and gradually damagesthe vision field of eyes. The term ocular-hypertension is related to those people in whom IOP increases consistently and does not damage the optic nerve. Glaucoma has different types such as open-angle, close-angle, congenital, normal tension and etcetera. Normal tension glaucoma affects vision field and damages optic nerve as well. The term angle means the distance between iris and cornea; if this distance is large it is referred to as open-angle glaucoma and similarly if the distance between iris and cornea is short than this is called close-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is common as compared to close-angle glaucoma. Close-angle glaucoma is very painful and affects vision field of eyes quickly as compared to open-angle glaucoma. In this
paper, the state of the art CAD systems and image processing methods are studied and compared systematically in terms of their classification accuracy, methodology approach, sensitivity and specificity. The comparison results indicate that the accuracy of these CAD systems and image processing methods is not up to the mark.
Intro to Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis, with Dan Lee from Dentuit AISeth Grimes
Dan Lee from Dentuit AI presented an Intro to Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis at the Maryland AI meetup (https://www.meetup.com/Maryland-AI), May 27, 2020. Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xl8i7CGDQi0 for video.
Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft computing has been performed in our work. Moreover, we applied six traditional classifiers to detect brain tumor in the images. Then we applied CNN for brain tumor detection to include deep learning method in our work. We compared the result of the traditional one having the best accuracy (SVM) with the result of CNN. Furthermore, our work presents a generic method of tumor detection and extraction of its various features.
Intro to Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis, with Dan Lee from Dentuit AISeth Grimes
Dan Lee from Dentuit AI presented an Intro to Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis at the Maryland AI meetup (https://www.meetup.com/Maryland-AI), May 27, 2020. Visit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xl8i7CGDQi0 for video.
Performance analysis of automated brain tumor detection from MR imaging and CT scan using basic image processing techniques based on various hard and soft computing has been performed in our work. Moreover, we applied six traditional classifiers to detect brain tumor in the images. Then we applied CNN for brain tumor detection to include deep learning method in our work. We compared the result of the traditional one having the best accuracy (SVM) with the result of CNN. Furthermore, our work presents a generic method of tumor detection and extraction of its various features.
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PPT-Detection of Blood Cancer in Microscopic Images of Human Blood.pptxdevnamu
Identifying the leukemia type at an early stage is essential in determining the most appropriate treatment for the specific type of leukemia. It is necessary to perform a complete blood count in order to detect leukemia. If the patient’s blood cells count is abnormal, it is recommended that they consult with a doctor. As a result, morpho-logical bone marrow and peripheral blood slide analyses are performed to confirm leukemic cells’ presence. When a hematologist examines some cells under a light microscope, he will look for abnormalities in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cells, allowing him to classify the abnormal cells into the various types and subtypes of leukemia present in the sample. It is then up to a hematologist to sort out the abnormal cells and classify them according to the various types and subtypes of leukemia that have been diagnosed within the laboratory. According to this classi-fication, it is possible to predict the clinical behavior of the disease, and treatment should be admred to the patient following the predicted clinical behavior. A person dies when the bone marrow makes too many white blood
Adaptive K-Means Clustering Algorithm for MR Breast Image Segmentation
3D Brain Tumor Segmentation Scheme using K-mean Clustering and Connected Component Labeling Algorithms
Volume Identification and Estimation of MRI Brain Tumor
MRI Breast cancer diagnosis hybrid approach using adaptive Ant-based segmentation and Multilayer Perceptron NN classifier
Bionic eye is an Artificial electronic eye.The electronic device which replaces functionality of a part or whole of the eye.The main purpose of bionic eye is to provide vision.The implant is a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina in the eye ball.There are two basic methods of bionic eyeMARC( Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chip )ASR ( Artificial Silicon Retina system)
Glaucoma is the most leading cause of irreversible blindness with the population of Africa and Asia ranking the highest over the rate of glaucoma affected regions around the world. The defect will damage eyes irreversibly by affecting the optic cup and optic disc of an eye. The early detection of glaucoma is an unavoidable need in the medical field. The widely used technique to detect glaucoma is an invasive method that may lead to other effects on the eye. This reason led to the introduction of a non invasive method that follows image processing for the detection of glaucoma. Retinal image based detection is the best way to choose as it comes under non invasive methods of detection. Detection of glaucoma using retinal images requires various medical features of the eyes such as optic cup diameter, optic disc diameter and optic cup to disc ratio are used. Glaucoma disease detection from retinal images supports convolutional neural networks CNN . The textual features obtained from retinal images such as the optic cup to optic disc measures are used for this classification. Convolutional Neural Networks use little pre processing techniques that can be implemented relatively uncomplicated compared to other image classification techniques. The implementation of this project follows the traditional CNN architecture, applying filter layers such as Convolution layer and Pooling layer and also activation functions such as ReLu function and sigmoid function to pre process as well as to update weights respectively on the hidden layers of the CNN followed by classifying the image. Vishnubhotla Poornasree | Vijayagiri Ashritha | Venumula Deeksha Reddy | J. Srilatha ""Glaucoma Detection from Retinal Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23732.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23732/glaucoma-detection-from-retinal-images/vishnubhotla-poornasree
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
Brain Tumor Detection Using Image ProcessingSinbad Konick
The process of brain tumor detection using various filters and finding out the best possible approach. Processing the image and using other filters and find out the result.
Sign Language Recognition based on Hands symbols ClassificationTriloki Gupta
Communication is always having a great impact in every domain and how it is considered the meaning of the thoughts and expressions that attract the researchers to bridge this gap for every living being.
The objective of this project is to identify the symbolic expression through images so that the communication gap between a normal and hearing impaired person can be easily bridged.
Github Link:https://github.com/TrilokiDA/Hand_Sign_Language
Diabetes is a disease which is rapidly increasing all over the world. It occurs when pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin, or body can not sufficiently use insulin it produces. Diabetes person has increase blood glucose in the body. One of the major problem diabetic patients suffers from is the Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and blindness. Since the number of diabetes patients is continuously increasing, it increases the data as well.
Design and Implementation of Thresholding Algorithm based on MFR for Retinal ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Avvkskeve vsjsoneceyeu scgsuieks na scec snsjscsyisbs svegsijsceiebe svsjskndcdidken scegsjjebececgdcr. E ejdidnrceyjevr evhejevr .uwjegejiej.eveibe e e.ejevhej.
PPT-Detection of Blood Cancer in Microscopic Images of Human Blood.pptxdevnamu
Identifying the leukemia type at an early stage is essential in determining the most appropriate treatment for the specific type of leukemia. It is necessary to perform a complete blood count in order to detect leukemia. If the patient’s blood cells count is abnormal, it is recommended that they consult with a doctor. As a result, morpho-logical bone marrow and peripheral blood slide analyses are performed to confirm leukemic cells’ presence. When a hematologist examines some cells under a light microscope, he will look for abnormalities in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cells, allowing him to classify the abnormal cells into the various types and subtypes of leukemia present in the sample. It is then up to a hematologist to sort out the abnormal cells and classify them according to the various types and subtypes of leukemia that have been diagnosed within the laboratory. According to this classi-fication, it is possible to predict the clinical behavior of the disease, and treatment should be admred to the patient following the predicted clinical behavior. A person dies when the bone marrow makes too many white blood
Adaptive K-Means Clustering Algorithm for MR Breast Image Segmentation
3D Brain Tumor Segmentation Scheme using K-mean Clustering and Connected Component Labeling Algorithms
Volume Identification and Estimation of MRI Brain Tumor
MRI Breast cancer diagnosis hybrid approach using adaptive Ant-based segmentation and Multilayer Perceptron NN classifier
Bionic eye is an Artificial electronic eye.The electronic device which replaces functionality of a part or whole of the eye.The main purpose of bionic eye is to provide vision.The implant is a small chip that is surgically implanted behind the retina in the eye ball.There are two basic methods of bionic eyeMARC( Multiple Unit Artificial Retina Chip )ASR ( Artificial Silicon Retina system)
Glaucoma is the most leading cause of irreversible blindness with the population of Africa and Asia ranking the highest over the rate of glaucoma affected regions around the world. The defect will damage eyes irreversibly by affecting the optic cup and optic disc of an eye. The early detection of glaucoma is an unavoidable need in the medical field. The widely used technique to detect glaucoma is an invasive method that may lead to other effects on the eye. This reason led to the introduction of a non invasive method that follows image processing for the detection of glaucoma. Retinal image based detection is the best way to choose as it comes under non invasive methods of detection. Detection of glaucoma using retinal images requires various medical features of the eyes such as optic cup diameter, optic disc diameter and optic cup to disc ratio are used. Glaucoma disease detection from retinal images supports convolutional neural networks CNN . The textual features obtained from retinal images such as the optic cup to optic disc measures are used for this classification. Convolutional Neural Networks use little pre processing techniques that can be implemented relatively uncomplicated compared to other image classification techniques. The implementation of this project follows the traditional CNN architecture, applying filter layers such as Convolution layer and Pooling layer and also activation functions such as ReLu function and sigmoid function to pre process as well as to update weights respectively on the hidden layers of the CNN followed by classifying the image. Vishnubhotla Poornasree | Vijayagiri Ashritha | Venumula Deeksha Reddy | J. Srilatha ""Glaucoma Detection from Retinal Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23732.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/23732/glaucoma-detection-from-retinal-images/vishnubhotla-poornasree
Images may contain different types of noises. Removing noise from image is often the first step in image processing, and remains a challenging problem in spite of sophistication of recent research. This ppt presents an efficient image denoising scheme and their reconstruction based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Inverse Discrete Wavelet Transform (IDWT).
Brain Tumor Detection Using Image ProcessingSinbad Konick
The process of brain tumor detection using various filters and finding out the best possible approach. Processing the image and using other filters and find out the result.
Sign Language Recognition based on Hands symbols ClassificationTriloki Gupta
Communication is always having a great impact in every domain and how it is considered the meaning of the thoughts and expressions that attract the researchers to bridge this gap for every living being.
The objective of this project is to identify the symbolic expression through images so that the communication gap between a normal and hearing impaired person can be easily bridged.
Github Link:https://github.com/TrilokiDA/Hand_Sign_Language
Diabetes is a disease which is rapidly increasing all over the world. It occurs when pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin, or body can not sufficiently use insulin it produces. Diabetes person has increase blood glucose in the body. One of the major problem diabetic patients suffers from is the Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and blindness. Since the number of diabetes patients is continuously increasing, it increases the data as well.
Design and Implementation of Thresholding Algorithm based on MFR for Retinal ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
We are Offering the projects in quality and low price with free projects class and demonstration classes. Further Details visit our website TEMASOLUTION.COM
Color based image processing , tracking and automation using matlabKamal Pradhan
Image processing is a form of signal processing in which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame. The output of image processing may be either an image or, a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. This project aims at processing the real time images captured by a Webcam for motion detection and Color Recognition and system automation using MATLAB programming.
In color based image processing we work with colors instead of object. Color provides powerful information for object recognition. A simple and effective recognition scheme is to represent and match images on the basis of color histograms.
Tracking refers to detection of the path of the color once the color based processing is done the color becomes the object to be tracked this can be very helpful in security purposes.
Automation refers to an automated system is any system that does not require human intervention. In this project I’ve automated the mouse that work with our gesture and do the desired tasks.
Mask image generation for segmenting retinal fundus image features into isnt ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Overview of glaucoma from an engineering perspective for ophthalmologic technology used for diagnosis, disease management and eventually for personalized medicine.
External download link: https://www.dropbox.com/s/i7qmd5ecj8c247x/glaucoma_overview.pdf?dl=0
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Detection of Glaucoma using Optic Disk and Incremental Cup Segmentation from ...theijes
Medical researchers, detection of eye disease is very important because it may causes blindness. Glaucoma is one of the diseases that cause blindness. Standard procedure for detection glaucoma is to analysis of optic disk (OD) and cup region in retinal image. In this paper, introduce an automatic OD parameterized technique which is based on segmentation and Incremental Cup segmentation. The incremental cup segmentation method is based on anatomical evidence such as vessel bends at the cup boundary, considered relevant by glaucoma experts. Bends in a vessel are robustly detected using a region of support concept, which automatically selects the right scale for analysis. A multi-stage strategy is applied to derive a reliable subset of vessel bends called r-bends followed by a local 2-D spline fitting to derive the desired cup boundary. The results are compared with existing methods using different retinal images.
An improved dynamic-layered classification of retinal diseasesIAESIJAI
Retina is main part of the human eye and every disease shows the effect on retina. Eye diseases such as choroidal neovascularization (CNV), DRUSEN, diabetic macular edema (DME) are the main retinal diseases that damage the retina and if these damages are identified in the later stages, it is very difficult to reverse the vision for these retinal diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-nosy image testing for finding the retinal diseases. OCT mainly collects the cross-section images of retina. Deep learning (DL) is used to analyze the patterns in several complex research applications especially in the disease prediction. In DL, multiple layers give the accurate detection of abnormalities in the retinal images. In this paper, an improved dynamic-layered classification (IDLC) is introduced to classify retinal diseases based on their abnormality. Image filters are used to filter the noise present in the input images. ResNet is the pre-trained model which is used to train the features of retinal diseases. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are the DL model used to analyze the OCT image. The dataset consists of three types of OCT disease datasets from Kaggle. Evaluation results show the performance of IDLC compared with state-of-art algorithms. A better performance is obtained by using the IDLC and achieved the better accuracy.
FUZZY CLUSTERING BASED GLAUCOMA DETECTION USING THE CDR sipij
Glaucoma is a serious eye disease, overtime it will result in gradual blindness. Early detection of thedisease will help prevent against developing a more serious condition. A vertical cup-to-disc ratio which isthe ratio of the vertical diameter of the optic cup to that of the optic disc, of the fundus eye image is an important clinical indicator for glaucoma diagnosis. This paper presents an automated method for the extraction of optic disc and optic cup using Fuzzy C Means clustering technique combined with
thresholding. Using the extracted optic disc and optic cup the vertical cup-to-disc ratio was calculated.
The validity of this new method has been tested on 365 colour fundus images from two different publicly
available databases DRION, DIARATDB0 and images from an ophthalmologist. The result of the method
seems to be promising and useful for clinical work.
Development of novel BMIP algorithms for human eyes affected with glaucoma an...Premier Publishers
Glaucoma is one of the second driving eye maladies on the planet, if not treated legitimately may prompt lasting visual impairment. There are no particular side effects when the glaucoma disease is considered, especially for this type of eye disease, the effect of which is the vision loss in the human eyes. Because of measuring, the container zone increments, which will result in the vision impairment in the human eyes. Normally exceptionally prepared opthalmogists physically review eye pictures as tedious way. In this unique circumstance, we are attempting to build up some novel calculations for programmed recognition of eyes influenced with glaucoma utilizing picture preparing separating and change strategies and actualize the same on equipment utilizing micro-controller framework. The product that will be created by us could be implanted on the equipment to test the sound and undesirable fundus pictures for the recognition of glaucoma. The calculations that could be created can be actualized wrt the eye pictures in HDL language utilizing Xilinx ISE, MATLAB and MODELSIM, TI based unit or NI based pack (any one) is the equipment apparatus that is considered for execution purposes.
A Novel Advanced Approach Using Morphological Image Processing Technique for ...CSCJournals
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and can lead to irreversible blindness. To date, DR is the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment among working adults globally. However, this blindness can be prevented if DR is detected early. Diabetes mellitus slowly affects the retina by damaging retinal blood vessels and leading to microaneurysms. The retinal images give detailed information about the health status of the visual system. Analysis of retinal image is important for an understanding of the stages of Diabetic retinopathy. Microaneurysms observed that appear in retina images, usually, the initial visible sign of DR, if detected early and properly treated can prevent DR complications, including blindness. In this research work, an advanced image modal enhancement comprises of a Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), through morphological image, processing technique with final extraction algorithm is proposed. CLAHE is responsible for the detection, and removal of the retinal optical disk. While the microaneurysm initial indicators are detected by using morphological image processing techniques. The extensive evaluation of the proposed advanced model conducted for microaneurysm detection depicts all stages of DR with an increase in the number of data set related to noise in the image. The microaneurysms noise is associated with stage of retina diseases as well as its early possible diagnosis. Evaluation is also conducted against the proposed model to measure its performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity as well as specificity in real-time. The results show the test image attained 99.7% accuracy for a real-time database that is better compared with anty colony-based method. A sensitivity of 81% with a specificity of 90% was achieved for the detection of microaneurysms for the e-optha database. The detection of several microaneurysms correlates with stages of DR that prove an analysis of detecting its different stages. As well as it reaches our goal of early detection of DR with high performance in accuracy.
Similar to Glaucoma Detection in Retinal Images Using Image Processing Techniques: A Survey (20)
Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems have been used for the searching of relevant images in various research areas. In CBIR systems features such as shape, texture and color are used. The extraction of features is the main step on which the retrieval results depend. Color features in CBIR are used as in the color histogram, color moments, conventional color correlogram and color histogram. Color space selection is used to represent the information of color of the pixels of the query image. The shape is the basic characteristic of segmented regions of an image. Different methods are introduced for better retrieval using different shape representation techniques; earlier the global shape representations were used but with time moved towards local shape representations. The local shape is more related to the expressing of result instead of the method. Local shape features may be derived from the texture properties and the color derivatives. Texture features have been used for images of documents, segmentation-based recognition,and satellite images. Texture features are used in different CBIR systems along with color, shape, geometrical structure and sift features.
The cyber attacks have become most prevalent in the past few years. During this time, attackers have discovered new vulnerabilities to carry out malicious activities on the internet. Both the clients and the servers have been victimized by the attackers. Clickjacking is one of the attacks that have been adopted by the attackers to deceive the innocuous internet users to initiate some action. Clickjacking attack exploits one of the vulnerabilities existing in the web applications. This attack uses a technique that allows cross domain attacks with the help of userinitiated clicks and performs unintended actions. This paper traces out the vulnerabilities that make a website vulnerable to clickjacking attack and proposes a solution for the same.
Performance Analysis of Audio and Video Synchronization using Spreaded Code D...Eswar Publications
The audio and video synchronization plays an important role in speech recognition and multimedia communication. The audio-video sync is a quite significant problem in live video conferencing. It is due to use of various hardware components which introduces variable delay and software environments. The objective of the synchronization is used to preserve the temporal alignment between the audio and video signals. This paper proposes the audio-video synchronization using spreading codes delay measurement technique. The performance of the proposed method made on home database and achieves 99% synchronization efficiency. The audio-visual
signature technique provides a significant reduction in audio-video sync problems and the performance analysis of audio and video synchronization in an effective way. This paper also implements an audio- video synchronizer and analyses its performance in an efficient manner by synchronization efficiency, audio-video time drift and audio-video delay parameters. The simulation result is carried out using mat lab simulation tools and simulink. It is automatically estimating and correcting the timing relationship between the audio and video signals and maintaining the Quality of Service.
Due to the availability of complicated devices in industry, models for consumers at lower cost of resources are developed. Home Automation systems have been developed by several researchers. The limitations of home automation includes complexity in architecture, higher costs of the equipment, interface inflexibility. In this paper as we have proposed, the working protocol of PIC 16F72 technology is which is secure, cost efficient, flexible that leads to the development of efficient home automation systems. The system is operational to control various home appliances like fans, Bulbs, Tube light. The following paper describes about components used and working of all components connected. The home automation system makes use of Android app entitled “Home App” which gives
flexibility and easy to use GUI.
Semantically Enchanced Personalised Adaptive E-Learning for General and Dysle...Eswar Publications
E-learning plays an important role in providing required and well formed knowledge to a learner. The medium of e- learning has achieved advancement in various fields such as adaptive e-learning systems. The need for enhancing e-learning semantically can enhance the retrieval and adaptability of the learning curriculum. This paper provides a semantically enhanced module based e-learning for computer science programme on a learnercentric perspective. The learners are categorized based on their proficiency for providing personalized learning environment for users. Learning disorders on the platform of e-learning still require lots of research. Therefore, this paper also provides a personalized assessment theoretical model for alphabet learning with learning objects for
children’s who face dyslexia.
Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of our country. Over 58 percent of the rural households depend on the agriculture sector as their means of livelihood. Agriculture is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Seeds are the soul of agriculture. This application helps in reducing the time for the researchers as well as farmers to know the seedling parameters. The application helps the farmers to know about the percentage of seedlings that will grow and it is very essential in estimating the yield of that particular crop. Manual calculation may lead to some error, to minimize that error, the developed app is used. The scientist and farmers require the app to know about the physiological seed quality parameters and to take decisions regarding their farming activities. In this article a desktop app for seed germination percentage and vigour index calculation are developed in PHP scripting language.
What happens when adaptive video streaming players compete in time-varying ba...Eswar Publications
Competition among adaptive video streaming players severely diminishes user-QoE. When players compete at a bottleneck link many do not obtain adequate resources. This imbalance eventually causes ill effects such as screen flickering and video stalling. There have been many attempts in recent years to overcome some of these problems. However, added to the competition at the bottleneck link there is also the possibility of varying network bandwidth which can make the situation even worse. This work focuses on such a situation. It evaluates current heuristic adaptive video players at a bottleneck link with time-varying bandwidth conditions. Experimental setup includes the TAPAS player and emulated network conditions. The results show PANDA outperforms FESTIVE, ELASTIC and the Conventional players.
WLI-FCM and Artificial Neural Network Based Cloud Intrusion Detection SystemEswar Publications
Security and Performance aspects of cloud computing are the major issues which have to be tended to in Cloud Computing. Intrusion is one such basic and imperative security problem for Cloud Computing. Consequently, it is essential to create an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect both inside and outside assaults with high detection precision in cloud environment. In this paper, cloud intrusion detection system at hypervisor layer is developed and assesses to detect the depraved activities in cloud computing environment. The cloud intrusion detection system uses a hybrid algorithm which is a fusion of WLI- FCM clustering algorithm and Back propagation artificial Neural Network to improve the detection accuracy of the cloud intrusion detection system. The proposed system is implemented and compared with K-means and classic FCM. The DARPA’s KDD cup dataset 1999 is used for simulation. From the detailed performance analysis, it is clear that the proposed system is able to detect the anomalies with high detection accuracy and low false alarm rate.
Spreading Trade Union Activities through Cyberspace: A Case StudyEswar Publications
This report present the outcome of an investigative research conducted to examine the modu-operandi of academic staff union of polytechnics (ASUP) YabaTech. The investigation covered the logistics and cost implication for spreading union activities among members. It was discovered that cost of management and dissemination of information to members was at high side, also logistics problem constitutes to loss of information in transit hence cut away some members from union activities. To curtail the problem identified, we proposed the
design of secure and dynamic website for spreading union activities among members and public. The proposed system was implemented using HTML5 technology, interface frameworks like Bootstrap and j query which enables the responsive feature of the application interface. The backend was designed using PHPMYSQL. It was discovered from the evaluation of the new system that cost of managing information has reduced considerably, and logistic problems identified in the old system has become a forgotten issue.
Identifying an Appropriate Model for Information Systems Integration in the O...Eswar Publications
Nowadays organizations are using information systems for optimizing processes in order to increase coordination and interoperability across the organizations. Since Oil and Gas Industry is one of the large industries in whole of the world, there is a need to compatibility of its Information Systems (IS) which consists three categories of systems: Field IS, Plant IS and Enterprise IS to create interoperability and approach the
optimizing processes as its result. In this paper we introduce the different models of information systems integration, identify the types of information systems that are using in the upstream and downstream sectors of petroleum industry, and finally based on expert’s opinions will identify a suitable model for information systems integration in this industry.
Link-and Node-Disjoint Evaluation of the Ad Hoc on Demand Multi-path Distance...Eswar Publications
This work illustrates the AOMDV routing protocol. Its ancestor, the AODV routing protocol is also described. This tutorial demonstrates how forward and reverse paths are created by the AOMDV routing protocol. Loop free paths formulation is described, together with node and link disjoint paths. Finally, the performance of the AOMDV routing protocol is investigated along link and node disjoint paths. The WSN with the AOMDV routing protocol using link disjoint paths is better than the WSN with the AOMDV routing protocol using node disjoint paths for energy consumption.
Bridging Centrality: Identifying Bridging Nodes in Transportation NetworkEswar Publications
To identify the importance of node of a network, several centralities are used. Majority of these centrality measures are dominated by components' degree due to their nature of looking at networks’ topology. We propose a centrality to identification model, bridging centrality, based on information flow and topological aspects. We apply bridging centrality on real world networks including the transportation network and show that the nodes distinguished by bridging centrality are well located on the connecting positions between highly connected regions. Bridging centrality can discriminate bridging nodes, the nodes with more information flowed through them and locations between highly connected regions, while other centrality measures cannot.
Now a days we are living in an era of Information Technology where each and every person has to become IT incumbent either intentionally or unintentionally. Technology plays a vital role in our day to day life since last few decades and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort. This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of things is such a specified and dignified domain which leads us to the real world scenarios where each object can perform some task while communicating with some other objects. The world with full of devices, sensors and other objects which will communicate and make human life far better and easier than ever. This paper provides an overview of current research work on IoT in terms of architecture, a technology used and applications. It also highlights all the issues related to technologies used for IoT, after the literature review of research work. The main purpose of this survey is to provide all the latest technologies, their corresponding
trends and details in the field of IoT in systematic manner. It will be helpful for further research.
Automatic Monitoring of Soil Moisture and Controlling of Irrigation SystemEswar Publications
In past couple of decades, there is immediate growth in field of agricultural technology. Utilization of proper method of irrigation by drip is very reasonable and proficient. A various drip irrigation methods have been proposed, but they have been found to be very luxurious and dense to use. The farmer has to maintain watch on irrigation schedule in the conventional drip irrigation system, which is different for different types of crops. In remotely monitored embedded system for irrigation purposes have become a new essential for farmer to accumulate his energy, time and money and will take place only when there will be requirement of water. In this approach, the soil test for chemical constituents, water content, and salinity and fertilizer requirement data collected by wireless and processed for better drip irrigation plan. This paper reviews different monitoring systems and proposes an automatic monitoring system model using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) which helps the farmer to improve the yield.
Multi- Level Data Security Model for Big Data on Public Cloud: A New ModelEswar Publications
With the advent of cloud computing the big data has emerged as a very crucial technology. The certain type of cloud provides the consumers with the free services like storage, computational power etc. This paper is intended to make use of infrastructure as a service where the storage service from the public cloud providers is going to leveraged by an individual or organization. The paper will emphasize the model which can be used by anyone without any cost. They can store the confidential data without any type of security issue, as the data will be altered
in such a way that it cannot be understood by the intruder if any. Not only that but the user can retrieve back the original data within no time. The proposed security model is going to effectively and efficiently provide a robust security while data is on cloud infrastructure as well as when data is getting migrated towards cloud infrastructure or vice versa.
Impact of Technology on E-Banking; Cameroon PerspectivesEswar Publications
The financial services industry is experiencing rapid changes in services delivery and channels usage, and financial companies and users of financial services are looking at new technologies as they emerge and deciding whether or not to embrace them and the new opportunities to save and manage enormous time, cost and stress.
There is no doubt about the favourable and manifold impact of technology on e-banking as pictured in this review paper, almost all banks are with the least and most access e-banking Technological equipments like ATMs and Cards. On the other Hand cheap and readily available technology has opened a favourable competition in ebanking services business with a lot of wide range competitors competing with Commercial Banks in Cameroon in providing digital financial services.
Classification Algorithms with Attribute Selection: an evaluation study using...Eswar Publications
Attribute or feature selection plays an important role in the process of data mining. In general the data set contains more number of attributes. But in the process of effective classification not all attributes are relevant.
Attribute selection is a technique used to extract the ranking of attributes. Therefore, this paper presents a comparative evaluation study of classification algorithms before and after attribute selection using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA). The evaluation study concludes that the performance metrics of the classification algorithm, improves after performing attribute selection. This will reduce the work of processing irrelevant attributes.
Mining Frequent Patterns and Associations from the Smart meters using Bayesia...Eswar Publications
In today’s world migration of people from rural areas to urban areas is quite common. Health care services are one of the most challenging aspect that is must require to the people with abnormal health. Advancements in the technologies lead to build the smart homes, which contains various sensor or smart meter devices to automate the process of other electronic device. Additionally these smart meters can be able to capture the daily activities of the patients and also monitor the health conditions of the patients by mining the frequent patterns and
association rules generated from the smart meters. In this work we proposed a model that is able to monitor the activities of the patients in home and can send the daily activities to the corresponding doctor. We can extract the frequent patterns and association rules from the log data and can predict the health conditions of the patients and can give the suggestions according to the prediction. Our work is divided in to three stages. Firstly, we used to record the daily activities of the patient using a specific time period at three regular intervals. Secondly we applied the frequent pattern growth for extracting the association rules from the log file. Finally, we applied k means clustering for the input and applied Bayesian network model to predict the health behavior of the patient and precautions will be given accordingly.
Network as a Service Model in Cloud Authentication by HMAC AlgorithmEswar Publications
Resource pooling on internet-based accessing on use as pay environmental technology and ruled in IT field is the
cloud. Present, in every organization has trusted the web, however, the information must flow but not hold the
data. Therefore, all customers have to use the cloud. While the cloud progressing info by securing-protocols. Third
party observing and certain circumstances directly stale in flow and kept of packets in the virtual private cloud.
Global security statistics in the year 2017, hacking sensitive information in cloud approximately maybe 75.35%,
and the world security analyzer said this calculation maybe reached to 100%. For this cause, this proposed
research work concentrates on Authentication-Message-Digest-Key with authentication in routing the Network as
a Service of packets in OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) implementing Cloud with GNS3 has tested them to
securing from attackers.
Microstrip patch antennas are recently used in wireless detection applications due to their low power consumption, low cost, versatility, field excitation, ease of fabrication etc. The microstrip patch antennas are also called as printed antennas which is suffer with an array elements of antenna and narrow bandwidth. To overcome the above drawbacks, Flame Retardant Material is used as the substrate. Rectangular shape of microstrip patch antenna with FR4 material as the substrate which is more suitable for the explosive detection applications. The proposed printed antenna was designed with the dimension of 60 x 60 mm2. FR-4 material has a dielectric constant value of 4.3 with thickness 1.56 mm, length and width 60 mm and 60 mm respectively. One side of the substrate contains the ground plane of dimensions 60 x60 mm2 made of copper and the other side of the substrate contains the patch which have dimensions 34 x 29 mm2 and thickness 0.03mm which is also made of copper. RMPA without slot, Vertical slot RMPA, Double horizontal slot RMPA and Centre slot RMPA structures were
designed and the performance of the antennas were analysed with various parameters such as gain, directivity, Efield, VSWR and return loss. From the performance analysis, double horizontal slot RMPA antenna provides a better result and it provides maximum gain (8.61dB) and minimum return loss (-33.918dB). Based on the E-field excitation value the SEMTEX explosive material is detected and it was simulated using CST software.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Glaucoma Detection in Retinal Images Using Image Processing Techniques: A Survey
1. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2705
Glaucoma Detection in Retinal Images Using
Image Processing Techniques: A Survey
Imran Qureshi
Department of Computer Science, COMSATS (Virtual Campus) Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad-
Pakistan
Email: imranqureshi@vcomsats.edu.pk
-------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------
Glaucoma is a disease associated with human eyes and second conducting movementofblindness across the globe if
eyes are not treated at preliminary stage. Glaucoma normally occurs with increased intra-ocular pressure (IOP)
in eyes and gradually damagesthe vision field of eyes. The term ocular-hypertension is related to those people in
whom IOP increases consistently and does not damage the optic nerve. Glaucoma has different types such as
open-angle, close-angle, congenital, normal tension and etcetera. Normal tension glaucoma affects vision field and
damages optic nerve as well. The term angle means the distance between iris and cornea; if this distance is largeit
is referred to as open-angle glaucoma and similarly if the distance between iris and cornea is short than this is
called close-angle glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is common as compared to close-angle glaucoma. Close-angle
glaucomais very painful and affects vision field of eyes quickly as compared to open-angle glaucoma. In this
paper, the state of the art CAD systems and image processing methods are studied and compared systematically in
terms of their classification accuracy, methodology approach, sensitivity and specificity. The comparison results
indicate that the accuracy of these CAD systems and image processing methods is not up to the mark.
Keywords –CAD Systems, Fundus Image, Glaucoma, Iridocorneal Angle, Optic Disc.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: Aug 05, 2015 Date of Acceptance: Oct 13, 2015
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Glaucoma is a corporate terminus for a composite
radical of circumstances that have reformist ocular
pathology ensuing sight loss [1].Essentialangle-open
glaucoma is a reformist ophthalmic pathology regarding
nerves qualified by permanent loss of retinal ganglion
cells, decadence of their ax seed within optic nerve and
also affects field of vision [2].High amount of intra-ocular
pressure (IOP) is one of the major danger components of
glaucoma disease.Accusative of present medicament
accesses is to reduce (IOP) inside eyes to prevent
structural anthropology damage [3]. Glaucoma has several
types but the main two types are open-angle and close-
angle glaucoma because both these types have high intra-
ocular pressure inside the eyes. Open-angle glaucoma is
common as compared to angle-closure. There are no clear
symptoms for open-angle glaucoma because it develops
gradually while close-angle glaucoma is very painful and
needs immediate treatment [4].Valuation of retinal nerve
fiber layer (RNFL) heaviness and ocular field arguments
are important for the detection of glaucoma [5]. A variety
of various possibilities admitting mechanical and vessel
frameworks has been utilized for pathological process of
glaucoma [6].Glaucoma, a proceeding stimulate of
blindness strikes least wise 67 million people worldwide
[7] and it is a radical of diseases that causes permanent
impairment to the ocular nerve and ultimately vision loss.
In the recentpast, a prominent scurf orderwide affiliation
subject has been carried on to represent the factors for
glaucoma [8]. Glaucoma mainly strikes the ganglion cell
complex (GCC) which is the aggregate of three inner most
layers such as retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer
and inner plexiform layer [9]. Most of these diseases are
qualified by lifted intraocular pressure [10].Ocular area
examining is one of the significant methods for monitoring
of glaucomatous patients [11]. With the help of fourier-
domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) we can
achieve relationship among ocular function and heaviness
of macular (GCC) which is composed of three inner most
layers. Through the measurement of symptomatic value
macular (GCC) we can easily detect normal, moderate and
severer glaucoma [12]. In USA, an anestric 2.2 million
Americans who are older than 40 years are affected from
glaucoma and half of rest remain undiagnosed. US health
check an estimated $2.5 billion annually cost for
glaucoma: $1.9 billion in direct cost and $0.6 in indirect
costs [13].On the basis of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and
optic nerve, glaucoma has been studied in detail and it has
been proven that due to intraocular pressure ratio,
glaucoma can diagnose ophthalmoscopes and visual field
measurements [14]. For early diagnosis of glaucoma, there
is no such medical treatment. However due to latest
technology now it is possible to stop the progression of
glaucoma in patients [15].Usually we measure the optic
nerve head (ONH) from four sides of regions such as
inferior, superior, nasal and temporal and particularly on
nasal side ONH is less important for observing the optic
nerve damage than the rest of other regions of ONH [16].
In Caucasian and African population, primary angle-open
glaucoma is most common.Similarly angle-closure
glaucoma is most common in Asians [17]. Retinal
ganglion cells (RGCs) lie within eyes such that the large
part of axons exist outside the eyes which forms ocular
2. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
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nerve, decussating and nervus optics. Around ninety
percent of RGCs cease in the lateral geniculate nucleus
(LGN)[18].An appraisal of the value of retinal RNFL and
ONH are vital steps in glaucoma diagnosing and
monitoring. It has been intimated that too soon spying and
intervention of glaucomatous ocular pathology may dilute
the inchrous of blindness from glaucoma [19].One access
to the compartmentalization of glaucoma is open-angle
versus angle-closure forms. The versions of angle-closure
glaucoma have lifted IOP that is stimulated by primary or
secondary unhealthiness that parcel anatomical herding or
closure of the aqueous humor angle. Open-angle glaucoma
forms from the normal IOP range [20]. The diagnosis and
treatment of patients involved in glaucoma needs cost
effective, economical and automatic glaucoma mass
screening system [21]. In medical field, the subject
Computer Aided Diagnostic system (CAD) is a hot topic
of research because CAD is an important tool which helps
the health professionals in diagnosing various severe
diseases thus enabling them to make effective decisions.
CAD, in fact, integrates image processing, computer
vision, intelligent and statistical machine learning methods
to aid radiologists in the rendering ofmedical images
hence providing effective diagnostic accuracy [22].For
diagnosis of glaucoma, various CAD systems have been
proposed but these systems results are not too much
appreciated in diagnosing glaucoma at its early stage [23].
There are various approaches available for glaucoma
diagnosis among which cup-to-disc ratio (CDR)
measurement is one of the major essential psychological
arguments for early diagnosis of glaucoma [24]. Several
methods exist for achieving real time, quantitative
information regarding optic disc and RNFL but with the
help of three methods like scanning laser polarimetry,
confocal scanning laser opthalmoscopy and optical
coherence tomography (OCT) we can get better
information for description of optic disc and RNFL [25].
Forms and illness of ocular nerve are frequently affiliated
with particular modifications of the ocular disc topography
[26].Age-related macular degenerations (ARMDs) is one
of the significant retinal diseases like glaucoma and
diabetic retinopathy. It often occurs in people of above 65
years. Fundus images grant rating of ARMDs [27]. Based
on the size and shape of optic disc boundary, it is possible
to detect glaucoma. Once optic disc has been identified,
other regions of retinal images like fovea and macula can
be easily determined [28, 29, 30]. Glaucoma can be
derogated by proper treatment and early detection in
fundus images [31]. Retina is a component of eye which
acquires images and sends pictures to the brain. Diabetic
retinopathay often attacks retina and due to this factor
respective eye falls in blindness [32]. Optic disc
segmentation helps in the identification of exudates
because the colour of optic disc and lustrous exudates are
same [33]. Similarly blood vessel segementation in fundus
images is the major step in machine controlled and
intervention of diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and
glaucoma and retinal artery occlusions. This respective
disease alters the retinal structure [34, 35]. Diabetic
maculopathy is the dominant cause of blindness all over
the world like glaucoma and it is the ramifications of
diabetes [36, 37]. Due to glaucoma optic cup shape
enlarges and thus opthalmologists can easily identify
glaucoma from fundus images [38]. Computer aided
diagnosis system (CAD) is a facility to the clinicians in
precise detection of various diseases in less time [39].
Vessels extraction is a difficult job because geometry,
luminosity and reflectance characteristics change from
image to image. Therefore blood vessel segmentation has
critical role in fundus images [40].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows; Section 2
discusses various image processing methods and CAD
systems for the detection of glaucoma whereas in Section
3 conclusion and future work is given.
2. DETECTION OF GLAUCOMA USING
IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
This section presents a number of studies on detection of
glaucoma using image processing techniques and for this
purpose the following diagram is given.
Figure1. Detection of glaucoma via image processing
methods
2.1 Detection of NFL Defects and Texture Analysis of
NFL
With the help of detection of defects in nerve fiber layer
and texture analysis of nerve fiberlayer, glaucoma can be
easily diagnosed. Some of therecent workin this
significant domain has discussed below.
Nerve fiber layer (NFL) valuation is a significant step for
observing and handling glaucoma. NFL detection is
difficult due to deficient quality of fundus images because
ofent in images reflectance background is mellow while
contrast is less. But optical coherence tomography (OCT)
enables detection of NFL in fundus images [41, 42]. OCT
is widely used for the valuation of inner anatomy of retina
like glaucoma and outer stratum pathological disorders
[43]. Clinician normally measure NFL because level of
NFL is a significant index for the development of deisease
also shapes of NFL is important for treatment and
diagnosis of illness [44]. Yoshinori et al. [45] proposed a
technique for detection of RNFL defects automatically
from retinal fundus images. NFLD is the most important
findings in diagnosing glaucoma and reporting to
ophthalmologists. For automatically diagnosing nerve
fiber layer defects, apparently the CAD system is involved
Glaucoma
Detection
via Image
Processing
Methods
NFL Defects Detection and
Texture Analysis of NFL
Neuro Retinal Optic Cup
Detection
Computer Aided Diagnostic
Systems for Glaucoma Diagnosis
3. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
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because ophthalmologists have limited time to detect
various changes in number of different diseases such as
diabetes, hypertension and glaucoma. With the help of
CAD, we can get results in less time as well as sustain
accuracy of results. Flow chart of the proposed
methodology is given below in Figure 2.
Figure2. Flow chart of proposed methodology [45]
In the first step, blood vessels are diluted from input
original image by using morphological filtering and then
detecting optic disc using snakes which is then
transformed into rectangular array. Finally NFLD regions
are found as long vertical dark areas in the transformed
image. As mentioned above in Figure2, the transformed
image is converted into grey scale and Gaborfiltering
process is applied on the image. In the enhanced image,
candidate regions of NFLD are achieved and then false
positives are reduced from these candidate regions using
simple rulebased method. Finally transformed image is
converted back into original image. Figure 3 expresses
detection of NFLDs by debased blood vessels and finally
achieved vessels wiped out image.
Figure3. Detection of NFLDs by “diluted” blood vessels
(a) Whole Image (b) NFLD region under blood vessels
(c) Vessels erased image [45]
Novotný A et al. [46] proposed texture analysis of color
retinal images provided by digital fundus camera. The
texture analysis is performed by using local binary
patterns (LBP) and Gaussian Markov Random Fields
(GMRF)approaches which provide both textual features
and quantitative representation of RNFL textures. An
experiment provides detection of RNFL loss which is
diagnostically an important region around the
ONH.Results of experiments are compared with the
findings of professional ophthalmologists and found
promising. The proposed technique of texture analysis of
RNFL utilizes spatial interactions among contiguous
pixels in the textural image allowing description of RNFL
texture aimed to distinguish between healthy and
glaucomatous RNFL tissues.
The database contains 18 healthy and 10 glaucomatous
color retinal images and two datasets extracted from
images but these datasets are small squared images of
interest (ROIs) with size of 41×41 and 97×97 and divided
into three classes representing RNFL tissues as shown
below in Figure 4. These classes are named as A1, B1, C1
of size 41×41 and classes A2, B2, C2 of size 97×97
respectively. While classes A1 and A2 represent healthy
tissues of glaucomatous patients, classes B1 and B2
correspond to diseased tissues of glaucomatous patients
which mean RNFL losses. On the other hand, classes C1
and C2 characterize RNFL tissues of healthy patients
without glaucoma.
Figure4.a) Fundus camera image with depicted RNFL loss
b) Image regions sized 97×97 pixels divided into three
classes representing RNFL tissues [46]
The LBP was tested on classes A1, B1, C1 and GMRF
was tested on classes A2, B2, C2 respectively. Both
methods features were tested in order to distinguish
between healthy and glaucomatous tissues. With this
knowledge, an automatic RNFL loss detector was tested
on real retinal images but this process has several steps as
mentioned below in Figure 5. First, it is needed to choose
right ROI and this region is drawn automatically. Then
blood vessels structures are segmented in order to make
the RNFL texture analysis more efficient. Finally,
supervised classification procedure is performed using Ho-
Output Result
4. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2708
Kashyap classifier on region of interest classes as
mentioned in Figure 6.
Figure5. a) Automatically generated mask of diagnostic
b) Segmented blood vessels structures of the image in
Figure 4a [46]
Figure6. Results of RNFL texture two-state classification
placed temporally from the optic nerve head (ONH)
a) LBP Methodb) GRMF Method: red color indicates
RNFL loss and green color indicates healthy tissue [46]
Among the various approaches for early diagnosis of
glaucoma, texture analysis of RNFL is alosone of them.
Jan Odstrcilik et al. [47] presenteda model based method
for RNFL analysis. This method uses both GMRF and
least square error (LSE) approaches for estimation of local
RNFL texture modeling. Similarly for the classification of
healthy and glaucomatous RNFL tissues, model
parameters as well as Bayesian rule based classifier both
are used. The proposed features are tested for
classification errors and then applied for segmentation of
RNFL defects in color fundus images which have high
resolution. Finally the result achieved in classification
process is compared with OCTmeasurements which show
better correlation among RNFL changes.
2.2 NROC Detection in Glaucoma Diagnosis
Glaucoma can be diagnosed through the measurement of
CDR. Automatic calculation of optic cup boundary is
challenging. For that purpose Zhuo et al. [48] proposed
multimodality fusion approach for optic cup detection.
They presented and evaluated various segmentation and
boundary detection approaches for more accurate
estimation of neuro-retinal optic cup. The proposed
methodology is shown below in Figure 7.
Figure7. CDR detection in glaucoma analysis [48]
The above figure shows the simplified workflow of retina
image processing in glaucoma analysis. The proposed
approach is based on multimodalities including level set
segmentation, convex hull and ellipse fitting boundary
smoothing. The results achieved are better than the state of
art ARGALI system.
The measurement of angle width is an important indicator
for the identifying of constrict angle [49].Assortment of
both open and angle-closure glaucoma are significant for
diagnosing glaucoma. Retinalcamera (RetCam) is a
camera used to catch the retina images. RetCam is a new
image sensory system that catches the iridocorneal angle
of images for the assortment. However non-automatic
placing and psychoanalysis of the Ret Cam images are
imminent and time consuming. The term iridocorneal
angle occurs between iris and cornea and it is the main key
for differentiation of open and close angle glaucoma. Jun
cheng et al. [50] proposed a system for well-informed
analysis of iridocorneal angle through which they
automatically differentiate closed angle glaucoma from
open angle glaucoma. They also proposed two approaches
for classification. For diagnosis of open and closed angle
glaucoma, they worked on RetCam images taken from
Singapore eye database. Figure 8 shows thestructure of the
proposed system.
Figure8. Structure of retinalcamera image analysis system
[50]
In the proposed system, after insertingRetCam image as an
input, the first step is to detect edges of image to find
candidate ROI. Second step is true arc detection and after
settling the area of angle in the arc detection, we can state
that the achieved angle is either open or close. For more
Fusion
5. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
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authentication of close or open angle they use two
proposed approaches; one is called arc amount based
approach and the other one is called angle width based
approach. All work from locating the angle through
authentication hasbeendone in last section of the system.
Glaucoma is the key cause of blindness. Through the
measurement of CDR, we can easily diagnose glaucoma.
A.murthi et al. [51] proposed a technique through which
we can mechanically take out interested lineaments
fromdigital fundus images. Through least square fitting
algorithm, we can accurately estimate the optic boundary.
Proposed technique is the center element of ARGALI
(Automatic cup to disc Ratio measurement system for
Glaucoma Detection and Analysis) system. This respective
system assesses machine driven endangerment of
glaucoma. The algorithm strength has been compared to
ground truth and hence it has been proved that the
proposed approach meliorates the ratio of
ophthalmologists rendering on fundus images to diagnose
the glaucoma disease. All work has done using
MATLAB7.5 tool. Their proposed methodology is given
in Figure 9 below.
Figure9. Steps of CDR measurement using CAD [51]
The above system has several steps for retinal fundus
image processing. The objective is to encounter better root
for ocular disc spying and for that purpose they
demonstrated and assess the approach for more precise
appraisal of neuro retinal optic cup detection specifically
founded on labeling, convex hull and ellipse fitting
methods.
2.3 Computer Aided Diagnostic (CAD) Systems for
Glaucoma Diagnosis
This section discusses literature of various computer based
systems for glaucoma diagnosis. Although through CAD
different diseases can be diagnosed effectively in terms of
time and complexity.
Glaucoma diagnosis and prediction can be done with the
help of artificial intelligence (AI). It has been proved that
through the use of various methods of AI, glaucoma
diagnosis and prediction is more effective than using
standard diagnostic procedures for prediction and surgical
treatment of glaucoma. Stuart et al. [52] proposed a system
used for diagnostic and prediction of glaucoma
represented below in Figure 10.
Patient Information
Glaucoma Parameters
Differentialtion
Final Decision
Figure10. Fuzzy glaucoma diagnosis and prediction
system (FGDPS) [52]
In the above proposed approach, patient data is input into
the nerve fiber analyzer which is a testing deviceand then
given to fuzzy diagnostic system which contains fuzzy
rules with the values of different glaucoma parameters as a
result of which patients are differentiated into normal,
suspect and glaucoma subjects. They used fuzzy logic
along with various reviewed methods and difficulties
which are being faced in the diagnosis of glaucoma.
Validation has been done on clinical data collected from
different types of glaucoma patients, glaucoma suspect
patients and normal subjects. They claim that the above
system will decrease the number of tests required for
glaucoma diagnosis hence decreasing the costs associated
with glaucoma diagnosis. The proposed system only needs
specific data for glaucoma diagnosis without using any
unnecessary data.
Automatic analysis of three dimensional data is significant
research area in medical imaging and diagnostic
researchers called computer sided diagnostic (CAD)
[53].For early detection of glaucoma disease, glaucoma
screening is an efficient way. Xiao yang et al. [54]
proposed computer based contribution regarding glaucoma
screening system in which three main properties are
focused that are necessary for early detection of glaucoma
disease i.e.,optic nerve defects detection, visual field
examination and expert system rules are combined to
increase the sensitivity and specificity of the developed
system. The architecture of the proposed screening system
is given in Figure 11 below.
NFAnalysis
FD System
AC of
Treatment
6. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2710
Fundus Image
IOP
RESULT
Figure11. Glaucoma screening architecture [54]
The proposed system consists of three main key phases:
fundus image processing, visual field examination and
assistant diagnostic module. As mentioned in the above
figure, fundus images are input into the fundus image
processing and visual field is examined. With the help of
these two modules, glaucoma and glaucoma suspect are
found out. IOP is used for accuracy of glaucoma and
glaucoma suspect. Assistant diagnostic module contains an
“IF-THEN” fuzzy rule which gives primary diagnosis. For
collection of data there is a data base in the glaucoma
screening system. The proposed system is cost effective
and suitable for detecting early stage glaucoma especially
for large scale screening.
U.Rajendra et al. [55] presents a novel method for
automated diagnosis of early stage glaucoma. They used
both texture and higher order spectra (HOS) features
extracted from digital fundus images which are more
important for clinically diagnosis of glaucoma. Digital
fundus images were collected from kasturba medical
college situated in ManipalIndia. All images are well
contrasted (quality) and verified from senior and
experienced doctors.They used four well known
supervised classifiers i.e., support vector machine,
sequential minimal optimization, naive Bayesian and
random forest. The proposed glaucoma detection system is
given below in Figure 12.
Figure12.Proposed glaucoma detection system [55]
In the proposed amethod, normal eyes are examined in the
first stage and ocular hypertension in the second stage.
Early stage glaucoma is considered at stage 3 and founded
glaucoma at stage 4.Similarly advanced glaucoma is
considered at stage 5 and finally terminal glaucoma at
stage 6. Features of ranking and normalization are used for
the improvement of results. They claimed that proposed
contribution is clinically significant and used for accurate
detection of glaucoma.
In clinical practice point of view, observations regarding
ONH, CDR and neural rim configuration are significant
for early detection of glaucoma.Chih-Yin Ho et al.
[56]developed an automatic detection system which
contains two major stages; in the first stage various fundus
images analysis are performed whereas in the second stage
abnormalities status of retinal blood vessels are
determined from various aspects like inferior, temporal,
nasal and superior. Similarly images in painting and active
contour model techniques have been used for accurate
identification of cup and disc regions. For demonstration
of the proposed system, various digital fundus images
were applied. Flow chart of the proposed system is shown
in Figure 13 below.
Figure13. System flow chart of the proposed glaucoma
detection system [56]
FI Processing
VF Examination
AD
ModuleDatabase
Normal and
Glaucoma
Images
Preprocessing
Feature
Extraction
Feature
Ranking and
Normalization
Supervised
Classification
Normal or
Glaucoma
Vessel Detection
Cup to Disk Ratio
Analysis
ISNT Rule Analysis
Vessel Inpainting
Extraction of Optic Disk
7. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2711
The proposed system is developed with the help of five
modules as mentioned in the above figure. In this system,
CDR, neuro-retinal rim configuration and vessel
distribution have been used and measured as important
features. These features are achieved and implemented
automatically with the help of sequential modules.
Glaucoma has been diagnosed by the medical specialists
using special equipment’s such as OCT and HRT. In
health care, fundus imaging is a modality which is widely
used for diagnosing of glaucoma. J.Liu et al. [57]
presentedan automatic fundus image glaucoma diagnosis
system based on CDR measurement. They also used mass
glaucoma screening program and thus the proposed system
has the ability to demonstrate potential for automatic
objective glaucoma diagnosis and screening. They have
implemented both ARGALI and AGLAIAalgorithms for
diagnosis of glaucoma. From the experimental data it has
been proved that ARGALI is more efficient for small
amount of data while AGLAIA for large amount of data.
In this paper, AGLAIA system is analyzed using ROC
(receiver operating characteristic) curve on RVGSS
(retinal vasculature glaucoma subtype study) clinical data
which consists of both glaucoma and non-glaucoma cases.
Their next step is to deploy fully automatic glaucoma
detection system from fundus images.
In medical field, images are used for the detection of
important diseases. Similarly in retinopathy, properties of
fundus images are extracted with the help of computer
aided diagnostic systems for the rating of various severer
retinal diseases like, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma etc.
These features can be blood vessels, macula, optic disc
and cup etc [58, 59]. These diseases modify internal
structure of eye like diabetic retinopathy makes newly
blood vessels, hypertension dilutes arteries and vessel
blockage produces vessel longer [60, 61, 62].Glaucoma is
a major illness associated with ocular nerve which is
stimulated by the increment of IOP with in the eyes.
Glaucoma detection using OCT and HRT is too expensive.
Glaucoma attacks on optic disc by increasing the cup
size.Jagadish et al. [63] demonstrated a new method for
identification of glaucoma using digital fundus images.
They extracted various significant lineaments which are
used in the diagnosis of glaucoma such as CDR,
proportion of space among middle ocular disc and
ocularnerve header to diameter of the visual disc and the
proportion of area of blood vessels in both inferior-
superior and nasal-temporal sides. These lineaments are
corroborated in the aspect of normal and glaucoma images
using NN classifier. Figure 14 below represents the
proposed methodology.
Input Image (Normal or Glaucoma)
Normal or Glaucoma
Figure14. Proposed system for the detection of glaucoma
[63]
In the proposed system, normal and glaucoma fundus
images are input to the system to extract the features. After
this the classifier is applied on these extracted features to
finally get the outputthrough which the glaucoma is
diagnosed.
As we know that glaucoma is an ocular neuropathy which
makes exuberant IOP and growth in size of exacavation
(cup) in the optic disc. With the time the distortion of
blood vessels within papilla and increment in cup size
damages optic nerve and if untreated then dominant loss
occurs and patient suffers from blindness. Glaucoma takes
place in the optic disc of the retina [64, 65, 66, 67].Zhuo et
al. [68] proposed another method for diagnosis of
glaucoma using measurement of CDR. For automatic
calculation of CDR, optic cup and optic disc are needed to
be segmented. Generally estimating the boundary of optic
cup is too challenging because of interweavement of blood
vessels around the optic disc. In this paper, they proved
that estimation accuracy of the boundary can be improved
through convex hull based neuro-retinal optic cup ellipse
optimization algorithm. From experimental point of view,
70 clinical patients’ data set is collected from Singapore
Eye Research Institute and the proposed algorithm has
been implemented on this data set. Results proved that the
new proposed algorithm outperformed ARGALI system.
They have an intention to implement this new algorithm
on a large amount of clinicalpatient’s data set from
Australia and Singapore. Proposed methodology of CDR
calculation is given below in Figure 15.
Feature Extraction
CD Ratio
Distance between OD Centre & Optic
Nerve Head
ISNT ratio
Classification
8. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 07 Issue: 02 Pages: 2705-2718 (2015) ISSN: 0975-0290
2712
Figure15. CDR calculation in glaucoma diagnosis [68]
Clinically, optic disc and cup boundaries are estimated
through the measurement of CDR. Figure16 expresses the
work flow of computer aided glaucoma diagnosis through
CDR measurement. Various stages are involved in this
system including ROI detection, Disc and Cup
segmentation, Disc and Cup boundary smoothing and
finally CDR calculation.
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a type of
glaucoma that occurs at the initial stage of this disease.
POAG exist worldwide and clinically it is easy to
diagnose.Lijun et al. [69] presented POAG discriminate
model which uses support vector machine (SVM)
classifier. Two main conventional statistical classification
approaches such as Bayes angle discriminated model and
Logistic regression have been compared with SVM for
POAG diagnosis. They proved that SVM classifier is more
reliable and performed better than the conventional
statistical approaches.
Shortly, first the data of POAG patients are collected and
then transformed and reduced into ROI data from images.
Secondly, various parameters and risk factors are analyzed
as a result of which discrimination angle and POAG
assistant diagnosis model are achieved through SVM and
compared with the two above mentioned statistical
approaches.
In open-angle glaucoma and closure-angle glaucoma, the
angle means the distance between iris and cornea.
Classification type of glaucoma is more important in
diagnosis of glaucoma. Manual grading of iridocorneal
angle is subjective and too much time consuming. Jun
Cheng et al. [70]presented focal epilepsy for automatic
grading of iridocorneal angle. Focal region and focal edges
are found out throughthe location of iris surface. Through
machine learning, they built association between focal
edges and angle grades. Proposed method has been
evaluated and thus it has been proved that this method
correctly classified 87.3% open-angle and 88.4% closed-
angle glaucoma. The architecture of angle image analysis
system is given in Figure 16 below.
Figure16. Architecture of the angle image analysis system
[70]
The proposed system locates iris surface after which the
edges specifically on cornea side of the iris side are used.
Apart of differentiation among closure-angle glaucoma
and open-angle glaucoma, they used grade 1 or grade 0 for
closure-angle glaucoma. In the above figure, automatic
grading of angle image system architecture has been
discussed. It contains several steps like angle-image,
quadrant determination, extraction of focal edge and
grading.Clinically we have different images with different
angles such as inferior, nasal, superior and temporal so it
is important to determine automatically quadrant of
images. Generally focal edge points out the edges which
are related to objects or structures but here focal edge
particularly refers the edges which are associated with
structures of angles. Similarly grading refers to
ophthalmologists who examine various structures and then
convert these structures into grades.
The below table 1 shows various image processing
approaches for the detection of glaucoma in digital fundus
images along with approaches has described in this
respective table1 in aspect of four parameters such as
sensitivity, classification accuracy, accuracy and
specificity. The purpose of expressing these approaches in
table form is that for easily analysis by the
ophthalmologists and adaptation of the best approach for
diagnosis of glaucoma.
ROI Detection
Disc Segmentation
Disc Boundary Smoothing
Cup Segmentation
Cup Boundary Smoothing
Calculate CD Ratio
Retina Image
Angle
Image
Quadrant
Determinat
ion
Focal
Edge
Grading
9. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
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2713
Table 1: Comparison of different image processing
techniques for detection of glaucoma
SNo Method Database Image
Size
Classification
Accuracy %
Sensitivity
%
Accuracy
%
Specificity
%
1 Detection of RNFL
Defects Using
Gabor Filtering
[45]
52 fundus
images
768 x
576
pixels
Not reported Not
reported
71 % 71 %
2 Texture Analysis
of Nerve Fiber
Layer in Images
[46]
28 fundus
images
3504 x
2336
pixels
2.85 % (class A-B)
0.55 % (class B-C)
10.88 % (class A-C)
Not
reported
Not
reported
Not
reported
3 Nerve Fiber Layer
via Markov
Random Fields
Texture Modelling
[47]
28 fundus
images
3504 x
2336
pixels
0.55 % (class C-B)
3.05 % (class A-B)
11.7 % (class A-C)
9.88 % (class C-B-A)
Not
reported
Not
reported
Not
reported
4 Neuro Retinal
Optic Cup
Detection [48]
71 fundus
images
Not
reported
Not reported 97.2 % 97.2 % 97.2 %
5 Close Angle
Glaucoma
Detection in
RetCam Images
[50]
1866
fundus
images
Not
reported
Not reported 86.7 %
97.8 %
Not
reported
83.3 %
92.6 %
6 Enhancement of
Optic cup to Disc
Ratio Detection
[51]
Few
fundus
images
Not
reported
Not reported Not
reported
97.5 % Not
reported
7 A Computer based
Diagnosis System
for Early
Glaucoma
Screening [54]
128 fundus
images
Not
reported
Not reported 96.2 % Not
reported
96. 6 %
8 Automated
Diagnosis of
Glaucoma Using
Texture and
Higher Order
Spectra Features
[55]
60 fundus
images
560 x
720
pixels
91 % Not
reported
91 % 91 %
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2714
3. Conclusion and Future Work
Glaucoma is the optic nerve disease which causes
blindness if it remains untreated. Glaucoma detection is
the most important research topic of medical field
nowadays. Different medical devices have come into
existence forthe detection and diagnosis of glaucoma but
their use is very much expensive. A large number of
people across the world are infected of this serious eye
disease. In this survey paper, various image processing
techniques as well as different computerbased systems
involved particularly in the detection and diagnosis of
glaucoma are discussed in detail. The main purpose of this
paper is to highlight the severity of glaucoma across the
globe as well as covering the research work done so far on
this disease. This paper also expresses minor effort
regarding detection of glaucoma disease.
The future directions regarding detection of glaucoma can
be evaluation of various algorithms discussed in this paper
by implementing and testing them on large amount of
data. Similarly various arguments like neuro-retinal rim
area, width and vertical cup to disc ratio can be calculated
which indicate the development of glaucoma. Similarly
intensity of glaucoma can be determined by using 3D
reconstruction. Similarly the execution of optic cup
segmentation approaches can be enhanced by using vessel
observing and vessel in painting also machine learning
approaches will be employed for finding of worthy
arguments in many patterns like threshold level set and
edge detection. More efforts are required for improvement
of classification method ratio. There is a system required
which accomplishes high execution by promoting large
number of data for making class and blending various
detection approaches for the diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Biographies and Photographs
Mr. Imran Qureshi is serving as a
teacher in Computer Science
department of COMSATS
Institute of information
Technology, Islamabad Campus.
He has completed his MS (CS)
from COMSATS Institute of
Information Technology, Wah
Campus in 2014. He has
completed his BCS (Hons) from
Islamia College University of
Peshawar in 2011. He has
published four research articles
in well reputed journals. His areas of interests are image
processing, computer vision, pattern recognition, machine
learning, artificial intelligence and neural networks.