The document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including its definition, signs and symptoms, causes, risk factors, stages, treatments including laser photocoagulation and intravitreal injections, and importance of glycemic and blood pressure control. It emphasizes the need for regular eye exams in people with diabetes to screen for and treat diabetic eye diseases early.
This lecture is based on medical students those are preparing for postgraduate degree namely FCPS/MS/MD/ any any subject coz hypertension is a systemic disease and by seeing the ocular fundus we can asses the general condition of blood vessels in major organ.
Disc oedema is a common entity in ophthalmology. Different causes and differential diagnosis are described in the ppt. Pathogenesis, clinical features,signs, symptoms and treatment options are described. Papilloedema should be differntiated from optic neuritis. Papilloedema has different stages in its clinical courses. Different stages has its separate appearance. Different clinical tests are done to see the progress of the disease.
This lecture is based on medical students those are preparing for postgraduate degree namely FCPS/MS/MD/ any any subject coz hypertension is a systemic disease and by seeing the ocular fundus we can asses the general condition of blood vessels in major organ.
Disc oedema is a common entity in ophthalmology. Different causes and differential diagnosis are described in the ppt. Pathogenesis, clinical features,signs, symptoms and treatment options are described. Papilloedema should be differntiated from optic neuritis. Papilloedema has different stages in its clinical courses. Different stages has its separate appearance. Different clinical tests are done to see the progress of the disease.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M2 Endocrine sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M2Endo
Screening for Diabetic Eye diseases during COVID LockoutDevin Prabhakar
Almost 50% of all diabetics have diabetic eye diseases. Hence it is very important that routine eye check up continues to be done even during lockout. The talk looks at the risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy and steps that can be taken at a physician's clinic to educate the patient on this aspect and ensure proper compliance.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Objectives
By the end of the session participants will
be able to:
• Define & classify diabetic retinopathy
• List signs and symptoms of diabetic
retinopathy
• State why signs & symptoms occur
• When referral to an ophthalmologist is
required.
• Treatment options available
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
5. When Does Retinopathy Arise
Prevalence of DR
• At diagnosis 20%
• 10 years after diagnosis 40-50%
• 20 years after diagnosis
– Type I 100%
– Type II 60%
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
6. With strict control of DM:
• Risk of developing retinopathy was
reduced by 75%
• Reduction in the rate of progression of
retinopathy in existing retinopathy 50%
• Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Research Group N Engl J Med 1993;
329:977-986.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
10. Microaneurysm
• Small protuberances on the retinal blood
vessels. The first sign of eye damage.
Microaneurysms are reversible if the blood
glucose control is improved
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
11. Hard Exudates
• Yellow spots seen in the
retinaThey are lipid
break-down products
that are left behind
after localized edema
resolves. You can kind
of think of them like the
dirt-ring that gets left
behind after the
bathwater drains out.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
12. IRMA
• Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities
(lRMA) : Dilated, tortous retinal
capillaries that act as a shunt between
arterioles and venules. frequently seen
adjacent to areas of capillary closure.
IRMA may resemble focal areas of flat
NVE . But in IRMA : intraretinal location.
absence of profuse leakage on fluorescein
angiography. failure to cross over major
retinal blood vessels. www.DivyaPrabha.in
drdevin@gmail.com
13. • A) cotton-wool
spot
• B) venous
beading
• C) intraretinal
microvascular
abnormalities;
• D) intraretinal
hemorrhages.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
14. NVD
• New Vessels: Unlike IRMA, they arise on
the retinal surface and may extend or be
pulled into the vitreous cavity.
• NVD : NV appears on or within one DD of
disc margin .
• NVE : any other location .
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
16. • Fibrous Glial
proliferation :
Accompained
growth of new
vessels. It is
proliferation
between the
posterior
vitreous gel and
the ILM. Derived
from retinal
glial cells and
drdevin@gmail.com fibrocytes.
www.DivyaPrabha.in
21. OCT
• Optical Coherence Tomography OCT
creates cross section of retina. It
demonstrates 3 basic structural changes
of the retina from diabetic macular
edema (DME), that is, retinal swelling,
cystoid edema, and serous retinal
detachment
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
23. Risk Factors for dr
• Duration of diabetes : is the most
important factor.
• In patients diagnosed as having diabetes
before the age of 30 years, the incidence
of DR :
• after 10 years is 50%
• after 30 years is 90%
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
24. RISK FACTORS for dr
• Age at diagnosis of diabetes
• Duration
• Poor control of diabetes
• Pregnancy
• Hypertension
• Nephropathy
• Hyperlipidemia
• Obesity
• Anemia
• Smoking
• Cataract surgery
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
25. Stages of Retinopathy
• No DR • No Macular Edema
• Mild NPDR • Macular Edema
• Mod NPDR Present
• Severe NPDR
• PDR
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
27. Macular edema types
• Focal ME :which has
identifiable leakage
source.
• Cystoid ME : in which
fluid accumulate in OPL
and INL to form cystoid
spaces.
• Diffuse ME : which has
multiple unidentifiable
source of leakage.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
29. CSME (ETDRS):definition
• retinal thickening 500
from fovea
• HE within 500 microns
from fovea with
thickening
• 1500 of thickening with
any part within 1 DD of
fovea
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
30. DME: Pathophysiology
• DME is the result of microvascular
changes in diabetes leading to
incompetence of vessels
• Hypoxic state stimulate VEGF causing
more CME
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
31. DME: Morbidity
• DME is the leading cause of new blindness
in the US .
• Untreated , 25-30 % of CSME double their
visual angle within 3 years
• Treated the risk drops by 50%
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
33. Treatment Modalities
LASER Photocoagulation
CSME – Focal & Grid PDR–
Pan Retinal Photocoagulation
INTRA VITREAL
anti VEGF – Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab
steroids – Triamcinolone acetonide
PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
34. Focal/grid laser
• Significant visual improvement is uncommon.
Photocoagulation reduced the risk of moderate
visual loss from diabetic macular edema by 50%,
from 24% to 12%, 3 years after initiation of
treatment.
• Laser treatment is most effective when initiated
before visual acuity is lost. Laser treatment of
diabetic macular edema should precede panretinal
photocoagulation (PRP) by at least 6 weeks because
PRP before has been known to worsen diabetic
macular edema. PRP should not be delayed in
patients with very severe nonproliferative diabetic
retinopathy or high-risk proliferative diabetic
retinopathy
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
35. Deferral of focal laser
• Hypertension or fluid retention associated with
heart failure, renal failure, pregnancy, or any
other causes that may aggravate macular edema.
• when the center of the macula is not involved,
visual acuity is excellent, and the patient
understands the risks
• Treatment of lesions close to the foveal avascular
zone may result in damage to central vision and
with time laser scars may expand and cause
further vision deterioration.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
36. Intravitreal triamcinolone
acetonide
IVTA has been shown to significantly reduce
macular edema and to improve visual
acuity, particularly. Action is maximal at 1
week, lasting 3-6 months. Patients should be
counseled about the risk (30-40%) of
increased intraocular pressure, of which
virtually all can be medically controlled.
Other adverse effects include a less than 1%
chance of retinal detachment, cataract, and
endophthalmitis
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
37. Rx Intravitreal anti-VEGF
agents
• Ocular VEGF increases retinal vascular
permeability, causes breakdown of the
blood-retina barrier, and results in retina
edema. VEGF is up-regulated in diabetic
retinopathy. Three currently available
anti-VEGF agents are pegaptanib sodium,
ranibizumab, and bevacizumab
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
39. CSME: Conclusion
• Untreated, 25-30% of patients with CSME
exhibit a doubling of the visual angle
within 3 years. Treated, the risk drops by
50%.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
40. Ocular Risk Factors Removal of
cataract
• DR may progress after cataract surgery.
Patient who have CSME, SNPDR or PDR
should undergo photocoagulation if the
media is sufficiently clear.
• If the cataract preclude retina evaluation
and treatment, prompt postoperative
retinal evaluation and treatment should
considered
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
42. Follow up of dr
• Annually Normal
• Every 9 months Mild NPDR
• Every 6 months Moderate NPDR
• Every 6 months CSME
• Every 4 months Sever NPDR
• Every 2- 4 months CSME
• Every 2-3 months PDR
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
44. Panretinal photocoagulation
• The benefit of early panretinal photocoagulation
at the severe nonproliferative or worse stage of
retinopathy is greater in patients with type 2
diabetes than in those with type 1.
• Other factors, such as poor compliance with
follow-up, impending cataract extraction or
pregnancy, and status of fellow eye will help in
determining the timing of the panretinal
photocoagulation.
• It is preferable to perform the focal
photocoagulation first, prior to panretinal
photocoagulation to prevent laser-induced
exacerbation of the macular edema
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
46. DCCT 1993
• 1441 subjects with IDDM followed for 6.5
years. Randomized into strict and
conventional treatment. Strict control
group had average hbA1c 7.2%
Conventional 8.8%
• Strict control resulted in reduction of
retinopathy by 76%
• Reduced risk of progression by 54%
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
47. Glycemic Control
• Total lifetime exposure to glycemia
was the principal determinant of the risk
of retinopathy
• There is no level ofglycemic control
below which a reduction in risk does not
occur. Improved control always reduced
risk of retinopathy retinmopathy
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
48. Role of BP
• Hypertension is an independsant risk
factor for DR and its progression.
• UKPDS 1998:
– Tighter control of BP resulted in 34%
reduction in progression of DR.
– 47% reduced risk of loss 3 lines VA
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
49. Role of cholesterol
• WESDR 19914: Higher serum cholesterol
increased risk of HE in type I
• ETDRS 1996: Higher serum lipids
increased risk of HE and loss of VA
• Elevated lipids may increase the
morbidity of diabetic macular edema.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
50. Pregnancy : DR
DR accelerate during pregnancy and
improve postpartum. Do not hesitate
to treat with laser when indicated.
FFA should be avoided in all but the
most difficult cases of macular
edema.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
51. Quiz #1 True of False
• People with diabetes are more likely than
people without diabetes to develop
certain eye diseases
True
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
52. #2 True or False
• Diabetes eye diseases has early warning
signs
• FALSE
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53. #3 True or False
• People with diabetes should have yearly
eye examinations
• TRUE
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54. #4 True or False
• Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes
in the blood vessels in the eye.
• TRUE. In some people, blood vessels in
the retina may swell and leak fluid. In
other people, abnormal new blood
vessels grow on the surface of the
retina.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
55. #5 True or False
• People with diabetes are at low risk for
developing glaucoma.
• FALSE
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
56. #6 True or False
• Laser surgery can be used to halt the
progression of diabetes retinopathy
• TRUE. In laser surgery, laser light is used
to shrink the abnormal vessels or seal
leaking blood vessels. Laser surgery has
been proven to reduce the 5 year risk of
vision loss from advanced retinopathy by
more than 90%
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
57. #7 True or False
• People with diabetes should have regular
eye examination through dilated pupils.
• TRUE
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
58. #8 True or False
• Cataract are common among people with
diabetes.
• TRUE
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
59. #9 True or False
• People who have good control of their
diabetes are not at high risk for diabetic
eye disease.
• FALSE. Even with good control of blood
glucose, there is still a risk of developing
diabetic eye disease. However studies
have shown that careful management of
blood sugar levels slows the onset and
progression of diabetic retinopathy.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
60. #10 True or False
• The risk of blindness from diabetic eye
disease can be reduced.
• TRUE. With early detection and timely
treatment, the risk of blindness from
diabetic eye disease can be reduced.
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
61. “We choose our joys and
sorrows long before we experience
them.”
― Kahlil Gibran
www.facebook.com/DevinPrabhakar
drdevin@gmail.com www.DivyaPrabha.in
Editor's Notes
OCT is not currently required to establish a diagnosis and is not prescribed by current practice guideline; however, OCT has gained widespread acceptance as an additional modality to help identify and evaluate macular pathology. Quantitative measurement of macular thickness and subjective analysis of the foveal architecture allow a precise and reproducible way to monitor macular edema.