This document discusses the classification and structures of plants. It describes four main categories of plants - herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers and creepers - based on their height and stem properties. It then explains the main internal structures of plants including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. It provides examples and details on the form and function of each structure.

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6. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
HERBS SHRUBS TREES
CLIMBERS AND
CREEPERS
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8. Herbs are small plants, less than a metre in height.
They have green tender stems with few branches.
Eg) tomato, mint and brinjal

9. Shrubs are medium sized plants, about 1-3 metres in
height. They have thin, hard stems with branches that
arise near the base of the stem.
Eg) rose, hibiscus and lemon plant

10. Trees are tall and generally over three metres in height.
They have thick, hard and brown stems, with branches that
arise from the upper part of the stem.
Eg) Mango, neem and coconut

16. The root system is the part
of the plant that grows below
the ground.
Root always grow towards
moisture and gravity and
grow away from light.
They do not have seeds
flowers or fruits.

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21. 1.Roots anchor the plant in the
soil and prevent it from being
blown over.
2.They absorb water and salts
from the soil.
3.They conduct water and salts
to the stem from the soil.

22. 1.Storage roots
2.Supporting roots

29. •The shoot of plant is usually the
part found above the soil.
•It consists of the stem, the leave,
the flowers and the fruits.
•The shoot of the plant grow against
gravity and towards the light.

30.  The stem carries water and dissolved mineral salts
from the roots to the leaves.
It also carries food from the leaves to the other
parts of the plant.
It supports the weight of the branches, leaves,
flowers and fruits.
It holds the leaves in a way that they get maximum
amount of sunlight for photosynthesis.
The stems of a young plants are green and prepare
food through photosynthesis.

32. Leaf , is the part of the plant, that makes food. So it is
known as food factory of the plant.
A leaf has thin, flat, broad structure called the leaf
blade or lamina.
It arises from a node on the stem or the branch.
 the distance between two nodes is called the
internode.
 leaves help the plant to trap sunlight and take in
carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
 A stalk or petiole connects the lamina to the leaf
base.

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34.  Leaves are generally green in
color due to presence of
chlorophyll.
 They are found in various sizes.
 They are found in various
shapes.
Some have smooth edges and
others have jagged edges.

35. •The petiole continues into the lamina to form the
midrib which branches into a network of veins.
•The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called the
Venation.
•The veins transport water and minerals to the leaf
and take away the food made by the leaves.

36. TYPES OF LEAVES
SIMPLE LEAVES
COMPOUND LEAVES

39. A compound leaf is one in
which the lamina is divided
into several small segments
or leaflets, each attached to
the same petiole.

41. A single leaf grows
from each point. Such
an arrangement is
known as alternate
arrangement.
Eg) Mango, sunflower,
mustard.

42. In opposite type of
arrangement, two
leaves grow opposite
to each other from the
same node.
Eg) guava, tulsi

43. In whorled type
of arrangement,
three or more
leaves grow from
the same node.
Eg) oleander

49. The main function of leaf is
preparing food for the plant.
However, the leaves of some of
some plants are modified to
carry out special functions such
as storage of food, providing
support or protection and
trapping of insects.

50.  In pea and sweet pea plants, the leaves
are modified into long, slender, coiled
structures called tendrils, that help plants to
climb a support.
In some plants, leaves are modified into
spines to protect the plant from grazing
animals and loss of water through
transpiration.
In some insectivorous plants, the leaves are
modified into pitcher or bladder like
structures to trap, hold and digest insects

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52. Delicate and highly specialized
part of the shoot
Reproductive part of a plant.
Most flowers are colorful,
scented and attractive.
A flower usually blooms for a
short time before it develops into
a fruit.
The fruit contains seeds, which
grow into new plants when
planted in the soil.

55. 1.CALYX
2.COROLLA
3.STAMEN
4.CARPEL/ PISTIL

56. The outermost whorl of the flower or
the calyx contains small leaf – like green
colored structures called sepals. The
calyx protects the flower when it is a
bud.

57. The corolla is made up of
petals which are usually
bright- colored and
scented.
The attractive petals and
the scent help to attract
insets, which in turn
pollinate flowers.

58.  the stamen is the male
part of the flower.
It is made up of a stalk
called a filament with a
yellow or orange knob called
anther.
When pressed, the anthers
release small pollen grains.

59.  It is the female part of a
flower, which consists of stigma,
style and ovary.
 the ovary holds one or more
egg cells or ovules.
 the stigma, which is at the tip
of the style, receives the
pollens.
The style connects the ovary
and the stigma.

60. The flower is attached to the
stem by a stalk or pedicel.
 The upper part of the
pedicel is usually swollen and
the different whorls arise
from this. The swollen part is
called the thalamus.

63.  After successful pollination, the ovule develops
into an embryo, or a baby plant.
A tough covering forms and encloses the
embryo. This tough covering with the embryo
inside is known as the seed.
The seed contains some stored food, which is
later used up during germination.
The ovary of the flower swells up to form a fruit,
which are the seed bearing structures of a plant.
Seeds later develop into new plants.