Breathing involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide through respiratory organs like the nose, mouth, and lungs. It is a voluntary physical process. Cellular respiration is the involuntary chemical process where glucose and oxygen are broken down in cells to produce energy in the form of ATP. It occurs in the mitochondria of cells. Both processes are essential - breathing supplies oxygen for cellular respiration to produce energy for cellular functions.
GRADE 7 CBSE CHAPTER 10 RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMSMhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will tell you about the respiration in different kinds of organisms and the process and mechanism behind it. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ? DON'T FORGET TO CHECK OUT : THE CORONAVIRUS SERIES
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Chapter - 10, Respiration in Organisms, Science, Class 7Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 10, Respiration in Organisms, Science, Class 7
WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
ANAEROBES
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
BREATHING
BREATHING RATE
THE MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN HUMAN BEINGS
INHALATION
EXHALATION
WHY DO WE SNEEZE?
BREATHING IN COCKROACH
BREATHING IN EARTHWORMS
BREATHING UNDERWATER
BREATHING IN FISH
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
WHY PLANTS CAN DIE IF OVERWATERED?
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
GRADE 7 CBSE CHAPTER 10 RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMSMhdAfz
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will tell you about the respiration in different kinds of organisms and the process and mechanism behind it. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ? DON'T FORGET TO CHECK OUT : THE CORONAVIRUS SERIES
Chapter 10 of Science of class 1th, Very nice animated and the best powerpoint for the children, it made by me; Abhishek Bhartee, not downloaded from any other website.
It is Awesome
Chapter - 10, Respiration in Organisms, Science, Class 7Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 10, Respiration in Organisms, Science, Class 7
WHY DO WE RESPIRE?
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
ANAEROBES
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
BREATHING
BREATHING RATE
THE MECHANISM OF BREATHING IN HUMAN BEINGS
INHALATION
EXHALATION
WHY DO WE SNEEZE?
BREATHING IN COCKROACH
BREATHING IN EARTHWORMS
BREATHING UNDERWATER
BREATHING IN FISH
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
WHY PLANTS CAN DIE IF OVERWATERED?
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
All living organisms such as plants and animals require food. So food is essential for all living organisms. Plants are capable of making their food themselves but humans and animals cannot.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are essential components of food, these components are called Nutrients.
Weather, climate and adaptations of animals class-7Ravi Prakash
WEATHER (मौसम),
METEOROLOGY,
TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY- आर्द्रता,
RAIN,
PRECIPITATION & WIND,
CLOUDINESS AND WIND,
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
CLIMATE- (जलवायु),
EFFECT OF SUN IN CHANGING OF CLIMATE
CLIMATE ZONE OF INDIA
Alpine Zone,
Sub-Tropical Zone ,
Tropical Zone,
TROPICAL WET ZONE,
TROPICAL DRY ZONE,
Arid zone,
ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS,
Behavioural adaptation,
Structural adaptation,
THE POLAR REGIONS
POLAR BEARS
ADAPTATIONS OF POLAR BEAR
PENGUINS
ADAPTATIONS OF PENGUINS
POLAR BIRDS
ADAPTATIONS OF SIBERIAN CRANE
THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
ARBOREAL ANIMALS,
ADAPTATIONS OF RED EYED FROG,
ADAPTATIONS OF MONKEYS.
ADAPTATIONS OF LION TAILED MACAQUE (BEARD APE),
ADAPTATIONS OF TOUCAN,
ADAPTATIONS OF CAT & LEOPARDS,
ADAPTATIONS OF LIONS AND TIGERS,
THE ELEPHANT
ADAPTATIONS OF THE ELEPHANT
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6
ENVIRONMENT
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
ORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
NUTRITION
GROWTH
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
HABITAT AND ADAPTATION
CAMEL
FISH
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
DESERTS
MOUNTAIN REGIONS
GRASSLANDS
RAINFOREST
POLAR HABITAT
AQUATIC HABITATS
MARINE HABITAT
OCEANS
FRESHWATER HABITAT
COASTAL HABITAT
ACCLIMATISATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
All living organisms such as plants and animals require food. So food is essential for all living organisms. Plants are capable of making their food themselves but humans and animals cannot.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are essential components of food, these components are called Nutrients.
Weather, climate and adaptations of animals class-7Ravi Prakash
WEATHER (मौसम),
METEOROLOGY,
TEMPERATURE,
HUMIDITY- आर्द्रता,
RAIN,
PRECIPITATION & WIND,
CLOUDINESS AND WIND,
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE,
CLIMATE- (जलवायु),
EFFECT OF SUN IN CHANGING OF CLIMATE
CLIMATE ZONE OF INDIA
Alpine Zone,
Sub-Tropical Zone ,
Tropical Zone,
TROPICAL WET ZONE,
TROPICAL DRY ZONE,
Arid zone,
ADAPTATION OF ANIMALS,
Behavioural adaptation,
Structural adaptation,
THE POLAR REGIONS
POLAR BEARS
ADAPTATIONS OF POLAR BEAR
PENGUINS
ADAPTATIONS OF PENGUINS
POLAR BIRDS
ADAPTATIONS OF SIBERIAN CRANE
THE TROPICAL RAINFORESTS
ARBOREAL ANIMALS,
ADAPTATIONS OF RED EYED FROG,
ADAPTATIONS OF MONKEYS.
ADAPTATIONS OF LION TAILED MACAQUE (BEARD APE),
ADAPTATIONS OF TOUCAN,
ADAPTATIONS OF CAT & LEOPARDS,
ADAPTATIONS OF LIONS AND TIGERS,
THE ELEPHANT
ADAPTATIONS OF THE ELEPHANT
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 9, Living Organisms And Their Surroundings, Science, Class 6
ENVIRONMENT
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
ORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS
NUTRITION
GROWTH
RESPIRATION
EXCRETION
HABITAT AND ADAPTATION
CAMEL
FISH
TERRESTRIAL HABITAT
DESERTS
MOUNTAIN REGIONS
GRASSLANDS
RAINFOREST
POLAR HABITAT
AQUATIC HABITATS
MARINE HABITAT
OCEANS
FRESHWATER HABITAT
COASTAL HABITAT
ACCLIMATISATION
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (Entrepreneur)
Why do animals need to breathe?
Breathing is important to organisms because cells require energy (oxygen) to move, reproduce and function. Breath also expels carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of cellular processes within the bodies of animals.
Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food and this takes place inside the cells of the body.
The process of respiration involves taking in oxygen (of air) into cells, using it for releasing energy by burning food, and then eliminating the waste products (carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
Respiration is essential for life because it provides energy for carrying out all the life processes which are necessary to keep the organisms alive.
The energy produced during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine Tri- Phosphate) molecules in the cells of the body and used by the organism as when required.
KEY POINTS
Life started in an anaerobic environment in the so called ‘primodial broth’ (a mixture of organic molecules.
Subsequently, oxygen strangely enough became an crucial factor for aerobic metabolism especially in the higher life forms.
The rise of an oxygenic environment was an important event in the diversification of life.
It evoked a dramatic shift from inefficient to sophisticated oxygen dependent oxidizing ecosystems.
Anaerobic fermentation, the metabolic process that prevailed for the first about 2 billion years of the evolution of life, was a very inefficient way of extracting energy from organic molecules. Ex: A molecule of glucose, e.g., produces only two molecules of ATP (≈ 15 kCal) compared with 36 ATP molecules (≈ 263 kCal) in oxygenic respiration.
Aerobic metabolism must have developed at a critical point when the partial pressure of oxygen rose from an initial level to one adequately high to drive it passively across the cell membrane.
Respiration is a complex and highly integrated biomechanical, physiological, and behavioral processes.
The transfer of O2 occurs through a flow of tissue barriers and compartments by diffusion down a partial pressure gradient, which drops to about zero at the mitochondrial level.
Acquisition of molecular oxygen (O2) from the external fluid media (water and air) and the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the same milieu is the primary role of respiration.
The respiratory system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures.
Presentation on Organ & Mechanism of Respiration in Pisces And Amphibiansvskgondia
This is Powerpoint presentation helpful for students and teachers. It includes Defination of Respiration & Function of respiratory system. Also contains mechanism of respiration and various repiratory organs of pisces and amphibians, their structures and fuctions.
Students will able to clear their concepts easily. pictures are added from different places to enhance the learning procedure. based on ncert mainly. will help teachers too to use it as an teaching aid in classrooms. it will surely make learning easy and helpful.
These slides will help to build an understanding of the respiratory system for the ordinary levels and the A levels students.
The can also be useful for science enthusiasts at any level.
so feel free to view and download these slides. enjoy.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Lateral Ventricles.pdf very easy good diagrams comprehensive
Grade 7 Respiration in organisms.pdf
1.
2. Inhalation and Exhalation
Group discussion on changes happening in the body
during the process of breathing. Students can inflate
balloon to understand the process.
4. Breathing Cellular Respiration
Definition
Breathing involves the
process of inhaling oxygen
and exhaling carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration is the process of breaking
down of glucose to produce energy, which is
then used by cells to carry out the cellular
function.
Process Occurrence
Breathing takes place in the
lungs. Also involves the nose,
mouth and pharynx
Respiration takes place in cells
5. Type of Process
Breathing is voluntary as well as an involuntary physical process. (For
example, breathing during sleep is involuntary. Voluntary breathing is
observed when we sing, speak, swim or for relaxation techniques)
Respiration is an involuntary chemical
process.
Production of Energy
There is no production of energy in this process. Energy is produced and released in the
form of ATP.
Cellular Activity
As it occurs outside cells, it is called the extracellular process. (Occurs
between the organism and the external environment)
As it occurs inside cells, it is called the
intracellular process.
Associated Organs
Breathing occurs through respiratory organs, including the nose, lungs,
etc.
Respiration takes place in cells and
cell organelles, including mitochondria,
etc.
6. Why do we respire?
● A cell is a structural and functional unit of living organisms.
● Cells performs functions like nutrition, transport, excretion etc for which it
requires energy.
● The food has stored energy which it releases during respiration.
● During breathing we breathe in air which is rich in oxygen and breathe out air
that is rich in carbon dioxide.
● The air we breathe is transported to all parts of the body and ultimately to
each cell.
● In the cells, oxygen in the air helps in the breakdown of food.
● The process of breakdown of food in the cell with the release of energy is
called cellular respiration
8. Aerobic Respiration
● In cells, the food (glucose) is broken down into carbon
dioxide and water using oxygen.
● When the breakdown of glucose occurs with the use of
oxygen it is called aerobic respiration.
9. Anaerobic Respiration
●
●
●
Many organisms ( like yeast)can survive in the absence of
air. They are called anaerobes.
They get energy through anaerobic respiration.
In the absence of oxygen glucose break down into alcohol
and carbon dioxide. It is called anaerobic respiration
10. Anaerobic respiration in humans
●
●
●
●
●
●
Cramps occurs in muscles due to anaerobic respiration. Accumulation of
lactic acid causes muscle cramps.
Taking a hot water bath or massage improves circulation of blood, due to
which supply of oxygen to muscle cells increases.
This increase in the supply of oxygen results in the complete breakdown of
lactic acid into carbondioxide and water.
Muscles of humans also respire anaerobically, for a short period of time.
During heavy exercise, cycling, walking for many hours etc, the demand for
energy is high but the supply of oxygen produced is limited.
Anaerobic respiration takes place in muscles to fulfil the demand of energy.
11.
12. Breathing
● Breathing is taking in air rich in oxygen and giving out air rich in
carbon dioxide with the help of respiratory organs.
● The taking in of air rich in oxygen into the body is called
inhalation and giving out air rich in carbon dioxide is known as
exhalation.
● The number of times a person breathe in a minute is termed
as the breathing rate.
● A breathe means one inhalation plus one exhalation.
● On an average, an adult human being at rest breathes in and out
15-18 times in a minute (After heavy exercise up to 25 times per
minute)
13. Why do we yawn when we are sleepy or drowsy?
● One is that when we are bored or tired, we just don’t
breathe as deeply as we usually do.
● Our bodies take in less oxygen because our breathing has
slowed.
● Therefore, Yawning helps us bring more oxygen into the
blood and move more carbon dioxide out of the blood.
14. How do we breathe?
● We breathe through our nostrils into our nasal cavity.
● From the nasal cavity, the air reaches our lungs through
the wind pipe.
● Lungs are present in our chest cavity , which is
surrounded by ribs on the sides.
● A large muscular sheet called diaphragm forms the floor
of the chest cavity.
● Breathing involves the movement of the diaphragm and
the rib cage.
16. ● During inhalation, the ribs move up and outward and
diaphragm moves down.
● This movement increases space in our chest cavity and
air rushes into the lungs.
● The lungs gets filled with air.
● During exhalation, ribs move down and inward, and the
diaphragm moves up to its former position.
● This reduces the size of the chest cavity and the air is
pushed out of the lungs.
19. ● From the nostrils the air passes into the nasal cavity and
then goes down the windpipe or trachea.
● From here, the air goes through two smaller tubes called
bronchi (singular bronchus), one of which enters each
lungs.
● In lungs each bronchus divides and re divides into finer
tubes called the bronchioles.
● Each bronchiole ends in a number of air sacs, called
alveoli (singular alveolus)
● Alveoli have very thin walls and are supplied with blood
capillaries.
23. Breathing in other animals
Cockroach
● A Cockroach has small openings on the side of its body called
spiracles.
● Insects have a network of air tubes called tracheae for exchange of
gases.
● Oxygen rich air rushes through the spiracles into the tracheal tubes,
diffusing into the body tissues, and reaches every cell of the body.
● Carbon dioxide from the cells goes into the tracheal tubes and
moves out through spiracles.
● These air tubes are found only in insects and not in any other
group of animals.
25. Breathing through spiracles.
The trachea is a dense array of a network of air tubes found
in the internal system. Tracheae are known to balance the
pressure inside the system. When oxygen-rich air enters
into the body of the cockroach via spiracles into the
tracheal tubes, it diffuses into various tissues and cells of
the body. Here, oxygen is used up to liberate energy.
Likewise, carbon-dioxide rich air passes into the trachea
and moves to the outwards through the spiracles. Carbon
dioxide is given out as a result of the respiratory process.
26.
27. Earthworms
● Earthworms breathe through their skin
● The skin of the earthworm feels moist and slimy on touching.
● Gases can easily pass through them.
Frogs
Frogs have a pair of lungs like human beings, they can also breathe through their
skin, which is moist and slippery.The frog has three respiratory surfaces on its
body that it uses to exchange gas with the surroundings: the skin, in the lungs
and on the lining of the mouth.
28. Respiration in Earthworm
Have you ever touched an earthworm?
The skin of the earthworms feels moist. That is why they are called slimy
creatures. The reason behind their moist skin is that earthworm’s breathing
organ is their skin. Air can easily pass through the skin of an earthworm. The
exchange of gases usually takes place through its moist skin and capillaries.
In these regions the oxygen gas is picked up by the haemoglobin dissolved in
the blood and carbon dioxide is released out. Earthworms can also use their
skin to move water and salts by active transport.
Interestingly, frogs can also use their skin to breathe. Although frogs have a
pair of lungs to perform respiration, they often breathe through their skin also.
30. Respiration in fish
Respiration in fish takes place with the help of gills. Most fish possess gills on either
side of their head. Gills are tissues made up of feathery structures called gill filaments
providing a large surface area for exchange of gases. A large surface area is crucial
for gas exchange in aquatic organisms as water contains very little amount of
dissolved oxygen. The filaments in fish gills are organized in rows in the gill arch. Each
filament comprises lamellae, which are discs supplied with capillaries. Blood moves
in and out of the gills through these small blood vessels. Though gills in fish occupy
only a small section of their body, the extensive respiratory surface produced by the
filaments renders the whole organism with efficient gas exchange.
31. Fish take in oxygen-rich water via their mouths and pump it over their
gills. When water moves over the gill filaments, the blood within the
capillary network takes up the dissolved oxygen. Then, the circulatory
system supplies oxygen to all tissues of the body and finally to the cells
while taking up carbon dioxide that is eliminated through the gills from
the body. It exits the body of the fish once the water moves past the gills
through the openings provided in the sides of the throat or through the
operculum, a flap, usually found in bony fish, that covers and protects
the fish gills.
Several fish, such as lampreys and sharks, have multiple gill openings.
Rohu, a bony fish, has a single gill opening on either side.
32. Do plants also Respire?
● Plants respire. They take in oxygen and give out
carbon dioxide.
● In cells oxygen is used to break down glucose into
carbon dioxide and water.
● The leaves of plants have tiny pores called stomata
for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
● The root cells of plants also need oxygen to
generate energy.
● Roots take up air from the air spaces present between
34. Plants do require oxygen to respire, the process in return gives out carbon
dioxide. Unlike humans and animals, plants do not possess any specialized
structures for exchange of gases, however, they do possess stomata (found in
leaves) and lenticels (found in stems) actively involved in the gaseous
exchange. Leaves, stems and plant roots respire at a low pace compared to
humans and animals.Breathing is different from respiration. Both animals and
humans breathe, which is a step involved in respiration. Plants take part in
respiration all through their life as the plant cell needs the energy to survive,
however, plants breathe differently, through a process known as Cellular
respiration.
In this process of cellular respiration, plants generate glucose molecules
through photosynthesis by capturing energy from sunlight and converting it into
glucose. Several live experiments demonstrate the breathing of plants. All
plants respire to provide energy for their cells to be active or alive.
35. The Process of Respiration in Plants
During respiration, in different plant parts, significantly less exchange of gas takes place. Hence,
each part nourishes and fulfils its own energy requirements.
Consequently, leaves, stems and roots of plants separately exchange gases. Leaves possess
stomata – tiny pores, for gaseous exchange. The oxygen consumed via stomata is used up by cells
in the leaves to disintegrate glucose into water and carbon dioxide.
36. Respiration:
oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water + heat energy
Photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide + water+ light energy -> oxygen + glucose
37. Plants respire all the time, day and night. But photosynthesis only occurs during the
day when there is sunlight.
Depending on the amount of sunlight, plants can give out or take in oxygen and carbon
dioxide as follows1.
Dark – Only respiration takes place. Oxygen is consumed while carbon dioxide is released.
Dim sunlight – Photosynthesis rate equals respiration rate. A plant consumes all the oxygen
photosynthesis generates. It also uses all the carbon dioxide respiration creates. As a
result, no gas exchange takes place with the environment.
Bright sunlight – Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and makes oxygen faster than
respiration produces carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen. Extra oxygen is released into
the atmosphere.
38. During daytime, photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose faster than respiration
consumes it. Photosynthesis also uses carbon dioxide faster than respiration produces it.
Oxygen surplus is released into the air and unused glucose stored in the plant for later use.
This is why plants are so important to human and other animals’ survival. Without
photosynthesis, we wouldn’t have oxygen or food to stay alive.