Geothermal energy uses heat from within the Earth to provide heating and cooling. World geothermal electricity generation capacity was over 12,000 MW in 2015. The temperature below the Earth's surface increases with depth, typically around 17-30 degrees Celsius per kilometer. India has over 350 identified geothermal locations and an estimated potential of 10,000 MWe of geothermal power. Geothermal resources are used for district heating, greenhouses, fish and alligator farms, melting snow on sidewalks and roads, and electricity generation in power plants without producing emissions.

1. Heating and Cooling with
Geothermal Energy

4. Introduction
Currently, hydrothermal energy is being
commercially used for electricity generation
and for meeting thermal energy
requirements. In 2015, The world's
geothermal electricity generation capacity
was 12676 MW and another 18000 MW for
thermal applications.

5. Introduction (Contd.)
From the surface down through the crust,
the normal temperature gradient - the
increase of temperature with the increase
of depth - in the Earth's crust is 17 °C -- 30
°C per kilometre of depth

6. Temperature results like this would definitely
encourage the drilling of a larger, deeper well to
try to find a hydrothermal reservoir.

7. Introduction (Contd.)
In India, exploration and study of
geothermal fields started in 1970. The GSI
(Geological Survey of India) has identified
350 geothermal energy locations in the
country. The most promising of these is in
Puga valley of Ladakh. It has been estimated
from geological, geochemical, shallow
geophysical and shallow drilling data that
India has about 10,000 MWe of geothermal
power potential.

8. Visual Examination of
Rocks for Geothermal Site
Selection

9. First, a small- diameter "temperature gradient
hole" is drilled (some only 200' deep, some
over 4000 feet deep) with a rig to determine
the temperatures and underground rock types.

10. Bathing in hot pools like these at Hot Creek,
Mammoth Lakes, California, has been
practiced throughout history. Be careful --
people and animals have been burned badly
in unfamiliar pools.

11. Since Roman times, we have piped the hot
water into pools to better control the
temperature. These are photos of outdoor
and indoor pool and spa bathing in Japan,
the US, and Europe.

12. When the rising hot water and steam is
trapped in permeable and porous rocks under
a layer of impermeable rock, it can form a
geothermal reservoir

13. This photograph shows a vertical
geothermal well test in the Nevada
Desert.

14. This steaming ground is
in the Philippines.

15. Geothermal Heating

16. Geothermal Energy can
be spectacular!
Geysers and
volcanoes
Indicates the
earth heatPhotos of US Geological Survey

17. In several western US states, many long
greenhouses are built and heated with
geothermal water. This one is in New
Mexico.

18. Peppers, tomatoes, and flowers are
commonly grown in geothermally heated
greenhouses.

19. Geothermal water is also used to speed the
growth of fish. These are growing in a
geothermally heated hatchery at Mammoth
Lakes, California.

20. These alligators are grown in geothermally
heated water in Idaho.

21. Pipes of geothermal water can be installed
under sidewalks and roads to keep them
from icing over in winter, like this sidewalk
in Klamath Falls, Oregon.

22. Schematic View of Geothermal Power
Plant

24. Generation

25. Turbine generator outdoors at
an Imperial Valley geothermal
power plant in California.

26. Those white plumes you see at
geothermal power plants are steam
(water vapor). Geothermal plants do not
burn fuel or produce smoke.

27. Geothermal power plants are clean and
are operating successfully in sensitive
environments.

28. CONCLUSIONS
One-time investment and low maintenance cost, low
area requirement, and incentives given by the Govt. for
non-conventional energy sector is attracting many
IPPs in India. Even IPPs who are involved in solar
Photovoltaic and solar thermal power business are
frantically exploring partners to finance geothermal
projects. Since all the thermal provinces are located in
rural areas with excellent communication system,
power projects as well geothermal based industries are
going to reduce congestion in Urban areas and
improve socio-economic status of the rural public.

29. What is Biogas?
• A mixture of methane
and carbon dioxide
CH4
CO2
• Methane or ‘marsh gas’,
produced naturally in
marshy ponds

30. Bio Gas

32. Applications of Biogas

33. Applications of Biogas in an
Engine

34. Biogas – Bio Diesel Engine

35. LPG Burner Biogas Burner
Conversion of LPG Burner to
Biogas

36. LPG Burner Modified as Biogas Burner

37. Various Types of Nozzles

38. LPG Sand Nozzle Modified Sand Nozzle
LPG sand Nozzle and Modified Sand
Nozzle

39. LPG Gas Geyser

40. Conclusions