This document presents information on geothermal power generation and its potential in Pakistan. It discusses locations of geothermal springs in Pakistan and how geothermal energy can be used directly or indirectly for power generation. The document then describes the key components of a working model of a geothermal power plant developed by students, including a steam generation assembly, temperature sensors, turbine generator, and other equipment. It provides diagrams of the system and calculations of power output. Finally, it concludes that Pakistan has significant untapped geothermal resources that could potentially be developed for power generation.

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M. Faizan Mughal, Umair Khaliq, Tasswar Hussain, Arshad Mehmood
Contact: umairkhaliq24@gmail.com
Supervisor: Mukhtar Ahmed
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
WAH CANTT
JULY 2013
GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION
Final Year Project

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Introduction
Renewable Energy Vs. Non-Renewable Energy [1]

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GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid
earth.
Geothermal production of energy is 3rd highest among renewable energies. It is behind hydro
and biomass, but before solar and wind.
Layers of Earth [2,3]

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Geothermal in Pakistan
 According to Alternative Energy Board of Pakistan, a global seismic
belt passes through Pakistan and the country has a long geological
history of geotectonic events.
Two-third of
Pakistan lies
on fault lines

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6

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LOCATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL SPRINGS
IN PAKISTAN
LOCATIONS TEMPERATURES
Himalayan Collision Zone Turboto das (Gilgit area)
Darkot pas (Gilgit area)
Garam Chashma
Tatta pani
Mashkin
Sassi
ranges up to 910 oC
ranges up to 910 oC
850 oC to 2520 oC
51 to 970 oC
860 oC
400 oC
Chagai Volcanic Arc Chicken dik spring
Koh-e-Sultan springs 25-320 oC
Indus Basin Margin
(Karachi and Dadu areas)
Mangopir area
Salt range area
480 oC
25-32 oC
Locations of Geothermal Resources in Pakistan [4]

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GEOTHERMAL USAGE
1 : Direct Use
 Geothermal heat is used directly rather than for power
generation
 For example space heating ,greenhouse heating, Bathing
and swimming, Geothermal heat pumps
 Extract heat from low temperature geothermal
resources
 < 150 oC or 300 oF.
 Applications sited near source (<10 km)

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GEOTHERMAL usage
2 : indirect use
 Dry Steam Power Plants
 Flash Steam Power Plants
 Single flash
 Double flash
 Binary Cycle Power Plants
 Combined Cycle Power Plants (Flash and Binary)

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KEY FEATURES
 There is no pollution
 This mean of power generation is Emission free
 Infinite source of heat energy
 It is inexpensive and prices of electricity will be Stable
 Base load energy supplies low-cost energy at constant rate in order to meet
the region’s continuous energy demand.

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OBJECTIVE
 Working model of geothermal power generation
 Power production to tackle the power energy crises
 Get rid of use of fossil fuel
 Great geothermal source potential in Pakistan
 No practical work and productive plant yet

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STEAM GENERATING ASSEMBLY
SOLENOID
VALVE
SOLENOID
VALVE
PRESSURE
GAUGE
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
TURBINE GENERATOR
POWER
SUPPLY
LOAD
DIGITAL VOLT &
CURRENT METER
EXTERNAL
WATER TANK
WATER
PUMP
TEMPERATURE
METER
EXHAUST FANS
WATER LEVEL
CONTROLLER
STEAM VALVE
CONTROLLER
PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Algorithmic diagram
TURBINE GENERATOR
VALVE
CONTROLLER
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
STEAM GENERATING ASSEMBLY
WATER PUMP &
EXTERNAL
RESERVOIR
WATER LEVEL
CONTROOLER &
SENSOR
SOLENOID
VALVE
SOLENOID
VALVE
If temperature is = > 85 ⁰ C
on
on
If water level is less than the
predefined level

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Physical Diagram

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• Steam generating assembly is assembled by the combination of following
• equipments
o Pressure cooker
o Burnerpipe
o Frame
o Copper Pipe
Steam generating assembly

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FRAME
 Material = iron
 Shape= angle iron
 Size = l*w* h= 4*3*3 (in feet)

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PIPE
 Material copper
 Size 5/16 inch
 Copper has high melting point (1023⁰C) and it does not get oxidized
 Purpose
 Steam and water flow

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Temperature Sensors
• Thermocouples (K-type)
•Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs)

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pressure gauge
 Operating voltage
 220 v
 Control flow of water and
steam
 Scale
 15psi (pounds per
square inch)
~1 bar
It shows the temperature of
pressure cooker in
degree centigrade.
SOLENOID VALVE thermometer

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TURBINE
 Cross flow
 No. of blades 24 blades
 Blade size l*w=11cm* 1cm

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generator
 DC 12 Volt
 RPM measured by using RPM meter
 Voltage RPM
 2 v 497 rpm
 4 v 1200 rpm
 8 v 2410 rpm
 12 v 3420 rpm

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EXHAUST FANS
 Operating voltage 12 volt dc
 7.8 watt
 Operating voltage
 220 volt ac
 22 watt
WATER PUMP

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WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER
 Check water level of steam
generating assembly
 Control water pump and solenoid
valve

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Water Level Controller

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POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
 Power circuit takes 220v ac and step down to 24 volts which are further
rectified and filtered by capacitor.
 7812 IC is used to get 12v for exhaust fans.
 7805 IC is used to get 5v for volt and ammeter.
 Direct 220v ac is supplied to other circuitry.

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Power Supply CIRCUIT
7812 7805
11
2 2
33
220
Vac
2200μF
20 pF
12
Vac

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Steam Valve Controller
TEMPERATURE METER
C
POWER SUPPLY
220 Vac
SOLENOID VALVE
(STEAM FLOW)
94kohm
47kohm
520ohm
12 Vdc
RELAY
12 Vdc /220 Vac
TEMPERATURE
SENSORS

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Project Wiring Diagram
220 Vac
DC POWER SUPPLY
STEAM VALVE
STEAM VALVE
CONTROLLER
+5V
+12V
WATER VALVE
WATER VALVE
CONTROLLER WATER PUMP
EXHAUST FAN
GND
TEMPERATURE
METER
VOLT AND
AMMETER

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PROJECT CALCULATION
 At 7.5 psi pressure of steam ,
Generator produces 3.6 volt
 RPM at 4 volt: 1200rpm

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CONCLUSION
 It can be seen that a number of thermal springs exist in Pakistan. Studies of
these springs are far from complete.
 It is suggested that detailed geochemical and radiometric studies should be
carried out. After the data is collected of these springs is ascertained some of
them can be developed as power generation plants as in China, France, USA
and Iceland.

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references
 What is Geothermal Energy?
Mary H. Dickson and Mario Fanelli, Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse , Pisa, Italy
 [1] http://clilenergies.wikispaces.com/1.+Energy+and+sources+of+energy
 [2] http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys2900/homepages/Marianne.Hogan/inside.html
 [3]
http://www.kentlaw.edu/faculty/fbosselman/classes/Spring2003/studentpresentations/Geoth
ermalRobinson.ppt
 [4] Investigation of Major Geothermal Fields of Pakistan Using Isotope and Chemical
Techniques
Manzoor Ahmad, Muhammad Rafiq, Naveed Iqbal, Waheed Akram, M. Azam Tasneem,
Mubarik Ali
Radiation and Isotope Application Division, PINSTECH, P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005
Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005

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references
 [5] An Overview of Geothermal Resources of Pakistan
Malik Sikander Bakht
Geological Survey of Pakistan
84, H-8/1, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000
Kyushu - Tohoku, Japan, May 28 - June 10, 2000
 [6] Geothermal Resources of Pakistan and Methods For Early Stage Exploration
Mohammad Naseer Mughal
Geological Survey of Pakistan, A.K. Directorate 65.B. Upper Chatter, Muzaffarabad AK,
Pakistan
Geothermal Training Programme, Orkuslofnun, Grensasvegur 9, IS-108 Reykjavik, Iceland
 [7] The Economical, Environmental and Technological
Evaluation of Using Geothermal Energy
Mohammed Awwad Ali Al-Dabbas
European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN 1450-216X Vol.38 No.4 (2009), pp 626-642
© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009

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references
 [8] Geothermal Power Plant Projects in Central America: Technical and Financial Feasibility
Assessment Model
Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and
Computer Science, School of Engineering and Natural Sciences
University of Iceland, Reykjavík, 2012
 [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocouple
 [10]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer
 [11] http://janderson99.hubpages.com/hub/Excellent-Prospects-for-Geothermal-Power-in-
Australia-America-and-Worldwide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor
http://www.personal.psu.edu/ked2/EE210/Temperature%20Measurement%20using%20sensors%20and%20signal%20conditioning.p
pt
http://oscar.iitb.ac.in/OSCARPP/Mechanical%20Engineering/UploadedStoryboards/SME030 1P0434Steam%20Turbine.ppt
https://sites.google.com/site/ee535test/pavan-naga
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser

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