1. Maps, globes, sketches, plans, diagrams and aerial photographs are used to represent various features of the Earth. 2. Maps show selected features on a flat surface using symbols and colors, making them easy to interpret but some distortion occurs. 3. Globes most accurately show the spherical shape and spatial relationships of Earth's features and lines, but only a portion is visible at once. 4. Different map types, such as political, physical and thematic maps, show boundaries, terrain or climate information respectively.

2. Introduction
 There are various ways of representing the earth like :-
 Maps
 Globes
 Sketches
 Plans
 Diagrams
 They have their own advantages and disadvantages which
we will discuss in this chapter.

3. MAPS
 A Map is a drawing of the whole earth or a part of it on
a flat surface. It is a symbolic representation drawn on
paper that provides information about the earth
surface in a simple manner.
Types of Maps
Political Maps
Physical Maps
Thematic Maps

4. Definitions
 Political Maps:- show the boundaries of countries , states etc. and
also the location of capital cities and towns.
 Physical Maps:- show mountains, valleys, plains, rivers and other
surface features which can be represented by different colors.
 Thematic Maps:- show features such as climate , agriculture,
minerals etc.
 In addition to these maps, there are Topographic Maps which give
detail information about local landforms, streams, rivers, canals, roads,
buildings, railway tracks and other features of smaller areas.

7. TYPES OF MAPS BASED ON SCALE
 SMALL SCALE MAPS :- These maps show a large land area in a
small space.
 LARGE SCALE MAPS:- These maps show smaller areas of land in
bigger space.

8. 1. Maps are used for a variety
of purposes. They give
accurate information about
various places.
2.They are easy to carry.
3. They show selected
features, making it easier for
people to understand and
interpret the information.
4. They make use of different
signs, symbols to provide
distinct information and
make it more attractive.

9. Advantages & Disadvantages of Maps
They are easy to carry.
They show
selected features
and are not
congested.
They use different
signs, symbols
and colors to
provide
information
The curved surface of
the earth cannot be
represented accurately
on a flat surface.
Maps of large areas,
especially continents
have some distortion
of size, shape or
distance.
Maps provide
limited
information in a
limited amount
of space.

10. Globes:- A Globe is an object representing the spherical
shape of the earth with a map of the world printed on its
surface . It is a three-dimensional model of the earth.
It is the most accurate three-
dimensional representation of the
earth.
It shows the distribution of
continents and oceans accurately.
Lines of latitude and longitude are
marked on a globe.
Only a part of the earth can be seen
on a globe, at one glance.
All details cannot be marked on a
globe .
A globe is difficult to carry around.
Advantages Disadvantages

11. Sketches:- A Sketch is a rough drawing showing the
relative locations of a few chosen features of an area. It does
not drawn to scale and gives a rough idea of an area.

12. Plans:- A Plan is a drawing that shows the horizontal
section of a small area or a building. It is drawn to scale
and also tells us where exactly things are on the ground.

13. Aerial Photographs and satellite pictures:-
Photographs of the earth are taken from a camera mounted on an
aircraft, an unmanned drone or an artificial satellite. Such photographs
have been used widely in the preparation of accurate match.

14. Representation of geographical features
through diagrams
 Anticline and Syncline :- anticlines and synclines are a part
of a simple fold which are formed when the layers of earth’s
crust are folded by compression.
 The arches of a fold or the upfolds are known as Anticlines.
 Downfolds or the troughs of a fold are known as Synclines.

15. Block Mountains:- When cracks or faults occur
in the earth’s crust and the surface between the cracks
sinks, it leaves upstanding blocks on either sides. These
are called Block Mountains.

16. Rivers- A stream
of water which flows in
channel from high
ground to low ground
and ultimately to a lake
or a sea is called a river.
Tributary –A
stream which drains into a
larger one for instants a
river their by contributing
water to it.
Distributary
- A separate river
channel created when a
river splits but which
does not rejoin the main
channel.
Delta- The silt
carried by a river
collects and deposited
in the spaces between
the smaller rivers. This
creates a fan shaped
feature at the river
mouth, called the
Delta.
Meanders-
A loop like bend in a
river.