A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing spatial data through visualization with maps and scenes. GIS integrates location data with attribute data to support applications in fields like urban planning, transportation, natural resource management, and more. Georeferencing relates the internal coordinates of maps or images to real-world geographic coordinates. Key GIS components include hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Layer stacking combines multiple raster images while maintaining spatial resolution. Topology studies properties preserved under deformations like twisting and describes common network configurations. Shapefiles store vector data including location, shape, and attributes of geographic features. Coordinate systems use numbers to uniquely define positions on a surface.

1. 1. WHAT IS GIS?
2. WHICH APPLICATION OFGIS?
3. WHAT IS GEOREFERENCING?
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework
for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the
science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It
analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information
into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes.
 GIS in Mapping
 Telecom and Network services
 Urban Planning
 Transportation Planning
 Environmental Impact Analysis
 Agricultural Applications
 Disaster Management and Mitigation
 Landslide Hazard Zonation using GIS
 Determine land use/land cover changes
 Flood damage estimation
 Natural Resources Management
 GIS Solutions in Banking Sector
 Soil Mapping
 Surveying
 GIS Applications in Geology
Georeferencingmeansthatthe internal
coordinate systemof amap or aerial photoimage
can be relatedtoa geographiccoordinate system.
The relevantcoordinate transformsare typically
storedwithinthe image file,thoughthere are many
possible mechanismsforimplementing
Georeferencing.

2. 4. WHICH COMPONENTSOFGIS?
5. WHAT IS LAYERSTACK?
6. WHAT IS TOPOLOGY?
7. WHAT IS DATA ATTRIBUTE?
Attribute data is defined as information used to create control charts. This data can be used to create
many different chart systems, includingpercent charts, charts show casing the number of affected units,
count-per-unit charts, demerit charts, and quality score charts.
Working GIs integrates five key
components: hardware,software,data,people,
and methods.Hardware is the computer on which a GIS
operates. Today, GIS software runs on a wide range
of hardware types,from centralized computer servers to
desktop computers used in stand-alone or networked
configurations.
Layer stacking is a process for combining multiple images
into a single image. In order to do that the images should
have the same extent (number of rows and number of
columns), which means you will need to resample other
bands which have different spatial resolution to the target
resolution.
Topology is the mathematical study of the properties
that are preserved through deformations, twisting and
stretching of object. Tearing, However is not allowed. A
circle is topologically Equivalent to an Ellipse and a
sphere is Equivalent to ellipsoid. There are 5 types of
topology ----
 Mesh
 Star
 Bus
 Ring
 hybrid

3. 8. HOW TO CRATE SHAPEFILFIN ARCMAP?
9. HOW TO SET COORDINATESYSTEMIN ARCMAP?
A shape fileis an Esri vector data storage
format for storing the location, shape, and
attributes of geographic features. It is stored as a
set of related files and contains one feature
class.
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that
uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to
uniquely determine the position of the points or
other geometric elements on a manifold such as
Euclidean space.
EX: INDIA Coordinate system 42 – 47◦N Degree