A geographic information system (GIS) allows users to integrate and analyze spatial data from a variety of sources through mapping and visualization. GIS provides tools to gather, store, retrieve, analyze and output geographic data. Spatial analysis techniques in GIS, such as buffering, proximity analysis and overlay analysis, enable users to model and understand relationships within and between spatial datasets to gain insights and solve problems.

1. SUBMITTED BY,
TESSA RAJU
M.Sc .Environmental Science

2. A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework
for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in
the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of
data.
 It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of
information into visualizations using maps and 3D
scenes. ​With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper
insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and
situations—helping users make smarter decisions.

3.  GEOGRAPHIC
 implies that locations of the data items are known, or can be calculated, in
terms of Geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)
 INFORMATION
 implies that the data in a GIS are organized to yield useful knowledge, often
as colored maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables, and
various on-screen responses to interactive queries.
 SYSTEM
 implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-related and linked
components with different functions. Thus, GIS have functional capabilities
for data capture, input, manipulation, transformation, visualization,
combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.

4.  Maps
 Maps are the geographic container for the data layers and analytics
you want to work with. GIS maps are easily shared and embedded in
apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere.
 Data
 GIS integrates many different kinds of data layers using spatial
location. Most data has a geographic component. GIS data includes
imagery, features, and basemaps linked to spreadsheets and tables.
 Analysis
 Spatial analysis lets you evaluate suitability and capability, estimate
and predict, interpret and understand, and much more, lending new
perspectives to your insight and decision-making.

5. Agriculture
Disaster Risk Management
Urban planning
Business Applications
Public Health and
Epidemiology

6. A Geographic Information System (GIS Software) is
designed to store, retrieve, manage, display, and analyze
all types of geographic and spatial data. GIS
software lets you produce maps and other graphic
displays of geographic information for analysis an
Geographic Information Systems store information
using spatial indices that make it possible to identify the
features located in any arbitrary region of a map. For
example, a GIS can quickly identify and map all of the
locations within a specified radius of a point, or all of
the streets that run through a territory presentation.

7.  Esri ArcGIS.
 BatchGeo.
 Google Earth Pro.
 ArcGIS Online.
 Google Maps API.
 Maptitude.
 ArcGIS Pro.
 MapInfo Pro.

8.  Roger F. Tomlinson
 Roger F. Tomlinson who first coined the term
geographic information system (GIS).
 He created the first computerized geographic
information system in the 1960s while
working for the Canadian government—a
geographic database still used today by
municipalities across Canada for land
planning.

9.  A GIS (geographic or geospatial information system) allows you to
record a base map with a geospatial referencing system such as
longitude or latitude and then to add additional layers of other
information. Importantly that information is identified using the
same geospatial referencing.
 The GIS then allows the individual layers, or themes as they are
called to be linked. Analysis of the information can then be
undertaken using the statistical and analytical tools that are provided
as part of the GIS. By providing spatial analysis of suitably coded
data it is possible to provide striking, visual representations of
data. These representations can often reveal patterns and trends that
might otherwise have gone unnoticed without the use of GIS

10.  Mapping Data
 The central function of a geographic information system is to provide
a visual representation of data. It is estimated that 80% of the data
we consider has a geospatial element of some form. GIS provides a
means for that data to be stored in a database and then represented
visually in a mapped format. Simply understanding where things are
is a first step in understanding spatial patterns and relationships.
 Proximity Analysis
 A proximity analysis is an analytical technique that is used to define
the relationship between a specific location and other locations or
points that are linked in some way. It is used by many commercial
organisations to identify sites suitable for business outlets. The
technique will consider different factors such as social and economic
demographics and the presence of competitor outlets. For an
accurate proximity analysis the various themes to be used must all
use the same referencing system otherwise accuracy may suffer.

11.  BUFFERING
 A technique called buffering is commonly used with proximity analysis to
indicate the sphere of influence of a given point. Buffering involves
creating a zone around a given point, line, or polygon (area) of a specified
distance. Buffering is useful for creating a zone around a given geographic
feature for further analysis using the overlay method. For example, a
1000′ buffer could be generated around a school to then use overlay
analysis to find out how many libraries are within 1000′ of that school.
 . Find Nearest
 A technique that can be used to measure the distances between a point and
the edge of a specific element that has been defined as a polygon using
vector points. Nearest neighbour algorithms have been the subject of
intense research since the 1980s and new approaches were defined by
academics such as Benezecri and Juan in 1982. The algorithm defined
focuses on identifying points that are either maximal, minimal or median
members of the data set.

12. The vast majority of information present in the
world has some form of spatial element connected
with it. A geographic information system (GIS)
enables the management, analysis and presentation
of geographical details from a variety of sources.

13. Geographic Analysis
Traditionally Geography has been the scientific study of cause and effect
relationships in our world and from those studies to understand how we
protect, develop and manage the resources and opportunities that world
provides.
The manual steps in the process have included can best be summarized as;
Propose the question – the first stage in the traditional process that would normally
start by creating a location based perspective
Locate the data – frequently this meant performing large quantities of field
research as few standard sets of data existed. In many cases, complex calculation
would be required to provide the detailed insight required to answer the question
Prove the data is fit for purpose – a complex statistical process that involves
analysing the structure of data to ensure it is fit for purpose
Use the data to answer the question – undertake analysis to answer the question
Publish results – report findings through tables, charts, reports, and of course,
maps

14.  Spatial analysis is a type of geographical analysis which seeks to
explain patterns of human behavior and its spatial expression in
terms of mathematics and geometry, that is, locational analysis.
Examples include nearest neighbor analysis and Thiessen polygons.
Many of the models are grounded in micro-economics and predict
the spatial patterns which should occur, in, for example, the growth
of networks and urban systems, given a number of preconditions
such as the isotropic plain, movement minimization, and profit
maximization. It is based on the tenet that economic man is
responsible for the development of the landscape, and is therefore
subject to the usual criticisms of that concept, such as the lack of free
will.
 New methodologies of spatial analysis include geocomputation and
spatial statistical theory.

15.  Spatial analysis as a subject term is not used in the online catalog.
Instead, spatial analysis (statistics) is used. The term "statistics" is used to
qualify or narrow the scope of the term. From the online catalog, you will find a
over 70 resources that have to do with spatial analysis (statistics). Some of
these volumes are more technical in nature and concentrate more on the
mathematics involved in Spatial Analysis.
 The true power of GIS lies in the ability to perform analysis. Spatial analysis is
a process in which you model problems geographically, derive results by
computer processing, and then explore and examine those results. This type of
analysis has proven to be highly effective for evaluating the geographic
suitability of certain locations for specific purposes, estimating and predicting
outcomes, interpreting and understanding change, detecting important patterns
hidden in your information, and much more.
 The big idea here is that you can begin applying spatial analysis right away even
if you are new to GIS. The ultimate goal is to learn how to solve problems
spatially. Several fundamental spatial analysis workflows form the heart of
spatial analysis: spatial data exploration, modeling with GIS tools, and spatial
problem solving.

16.  In GIS each dataset is managed as a layer and can be graphically
combined using analytical operators (called overlay analysis).
 By combining layers using operators and displays, GIS enables
you to work with these layers to explore critically important
questions and find answers to those questions.
In addition to location and attribute information, spatial
data inherently contains geometric and topological
properties.
 Geometric properties include position and
measurements, such as length, direction, area, and
volume.
Topological properties represent spatial relationships
such as connectivity, inclusion, and adjacency.
Using these spatial properties, you can ask even more
types of questions of your data to gain deeper insights.

17.  Where’s the most suitable place for a housing development?
 A handful of seemingly unrelated factors—land cover, relative slope,
distance to existing roads and streams
 soil composition—can each be modeled as layers, and then analyzed
together using weighted overlay

18.  https://youtu.be/Dcqt30cn2x4

19. THANK YOU