The document discusses atmospheric energy and global temperatures. It explains that the sun's energy entering the atmosphere must be balanced by equal outputs to maintain conditions for life. When there is a surplus of energy, temperatures generally increase. Net radiation is the difference between surplus and deficit and can be used to determine if the planet is heating up or cooling down. Various mechanisms like reflection, scattering, conduction, convection, and the greenhouse effect balance incoming and outgoing radiation. Sensible and latent heat redistribute energy globally. Temperature is influenced by factors like latitude, elevation, land/water distribution, and proximity to urban areas.
Air pressure. Relationships between pressure, density, and temperature (confined vs. unconfined gases). Measuring air pressure. Isobars. The pressure gradient force. Wind. Convection cell diagram. Out of the high, into the low. Local winds (sea/land breezes, mountain/valley breezes, Chinook/Santa Ana winds).
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
Physical Geography Lecture 07 - Clouds and Transfer of Latent Heat 102616angelaorr
Global water budget. Hydrologic cycle. Residence time. Latent Heat Transfer diagram. Saturation. Factors affecting rate of evaporation. Vapor pressure. Relative Humidity. Dew point. The adiabatic process. DAR, LCL, latent heat of condensation, SAR. Stable vs Unstable air. Clouds. Fog. Dew.
Air pressure. Relationships between pressure, density, and temperature (confined vs. unconfined gases). Measuring air pressure. Isobars. The pressure gradient force. Wind. Convection cell diagram. Out of the high, into the low. Local winds (sea/land breezes, mountain/valley breezes, Chinook/Santa Ana winds).
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
Physical Geography Lecture 07 - Clouds and Transfer of Latent Heat 102616angelaorr
Global water budget. Hydrologic cycle. Residence time. Latent Heat Transfer diagram. Saturation. Factors affecting rate of evaporation. Vapor pressure. Relative Humidity. Dew point. The adiabatic process. DAR, LCL, latent heat of condensation, SAR. Stable vs Unstable air. Clouds. Fog. Dew.
Review of last week's lecture. Air's composition. Particulates. Vertical structure of the atmosphere. Conduction, ELR, ozone. Review of today's material.
Physical Geography Lecture 04 - Earth's Energy and Seasons 10.03.16angelaorr
Earth In Space. Variations in Earth's Motion. Earth's Orbit. Axial Tilt. Solstices and Equinoxes. Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation. Insolation and the Solar Constant.
Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216angelaorr
The formation of precipitation. Types of precipitation. Global and U.S. precipitation. Air masses, source regions, classification. Air masses of North America. Fronts. Warm front, cold front, stationary front, occluded front. Life-cycle of a midlatitude cyclone. Weather changes with the passage of a cold front. Midlatitude anticyclones. Lightning, thunder. Tornadoes. Hurricanes. Storm surge.
Part 1 of 3, most pilots loose the basics when they start flying due to numerous reasons. Whatever your reason, don't let not coming to this seminar be one of them. This three part series will fill in the memory gaps and show you how easy it can be to understand weather systems.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Review of last week's lecture. Air's composition. Particulates. Vertical structure of the atmosphere. Conduction, ELR, ozone. Review of today's material.
Physical Geography Lecture 04 - Earth's Energy and Seasons 10.03.16angelaorr
Earth In Space. Variations in Earth's Motion. Earth's Orbit. Axial Tilt. Solstices and Equinoxes. Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation. Insolation and the Solar Constant.
Physical Geography Lecture 08 - Precipitation, Air Masses, and Storms 110216angelaorr
The formation of precipitation. Types of precipitation. Global and U.S. precipitation. Air masses, source regions, classification. Air masses of North America. Fronts. Warm front, cold front, stationary front, occluded front. Life-cycle of a midlatitude cyclone. Weather changes with the passage of a cold front. Midlatitude anticyclones. Lightning, thunder. Tornadoes. Hurricanes. Storm surge.
Part 1 of 3, most pilots loose the basics when they start flying due to numerous reasons. Whatever your reason, don't let not coming to this seminar be one of them. This three part series will fill in the memory gaps and show you how easy it can be to understand weather systems.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Climate feedbacksWe talked briefly about the positivWilheminaRossi174
Climate �feedbacks�
We talked briefly about the positive feedback processes of climate
change in previous lectures. What is “feedback”?
Feedback is a concept that explains the interaction of the climate
system that alters changes in climate. When the rate of climate change
is amplified (either by warming or cooling), the process is called
“positive feedback”. The upper figure demonstrates the basic way that
these feedbacks operate.
On the other hand, when the rate of climate change is suppressed, then
the process is called “negative feedback” (lower figure).
Primary Climate System Feedbacks
• Radiation feedback (hotter planet radiates
more energy out to space, E=sT4)
• Snow/ice-albedo feedback
• Water Vapor feedback
• Cloud feedback (high versus low clouds)
So, climate feedbacks are a loop of cause and effect; positive (amplifier) and
negative feedbacks (stabilizer). Some feedback processes are more
complicated than others. Here are a few important feedbacks that affect our
climate system.
Temperatureà radiation feedback
Energy emitted = σT4
éTemperature
éradiation to
space
éCO2
êTemperature
The temperature of the Earth is increasing due to a rise in greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere. Thus, how will the climate feedback system change with this
temperature increase?
First, increases in temperature will alter radiation feedback because the energy
emitted from a blackbody is proportionate to its temperature to the fourth (σT4).
Feedback process: Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere – increasing
temperature – increasing associated energy radiation to space – decreasing
temperature
Thus, increasing CO2 is a negative feedback process in the long term. However,
this feedback process in the climate system is far more complex. This is not the
only feedback loop that we know of.
Snow/sea ice albedo feedback
Melting of snow/sea ice directly affects the
albedo of the Earth (less ice = decrease in albedo)
Measuring Earth’s Albedo
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php
?id=84499
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84499
Also, we have seen how
recent warming has
been impacting the
arctic sea ice (see the
following two slides)
Polar amplification!
Global temperature departures from average
during January through May 2020, compared
with a 1951-1980 average. (Berkeley Earth).
Greater climate change observed near the pole responds to changes in the
radiation balance (e.g. intensified greenhouse effect). This phenomenon is
known as “polar amplification”.
Melting sea ice in the Arctic decreases the Earth’s albedo. Changes in albedo are
likely contributing to significant temperature increases in the northern
hemisphere. The increase in surface temperature is observed mainly in the
higher latitude in the northern hemisphere, where most sea ice is, and where
there is a greater continental distribution (more continent is located in the
northern hemisph ...
Physical Geography Lecture 14 - Folding, Faulting, and Earthquakes 112816angelaorr
Diastrophism. Compression, tension, and shear stresses. Crustal fold structures. Faults. Fault zone landscapes (normal and reverse faults). Strike-slip/transform/transcurrent faults. Transform fault structures (landscapes). Earthquakes. Focus/hypocenter, epicenter. Measuring earthquakes: seismic waves, seismograph, seismogram. Quantitative vs. qualitative measurements. Quantitative: Richter scale and Moment magnitude. Qualitative: Mercalli Scale. Loma Prieta Quake, 1989. Seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. P-waves. S-waves. L-waves. R-waves. Earthquakes and their relationship to plate tectonics. Pinpointing an earthquake epicenter. Earthquake hazard map of the U.S. Earthquake hazards. Liquefaction. The Pacific Ring of Fire. Tsunamis.
Rigid Earth Theory. Plasticity. Isostacy. Alfred Wegener and Continental Drift. Wegener's lines of evidence. Harry Hess and more evidence. Power source = convection currents in the mantle. Theory of Plate Tectonics. Plate boundaries: Divergent (spreading centers), Convergent (subduction zones), Lateral (transform faults). Three types of subduction zones. Hot spots. Accreted Terranes. Cratons. Continental Shields. Topography. (maps for lab)
Physical Geography Lecture 11 - The Lithosphere 111416angelaorr
Geologic time. Dating rocks. Earth's oldest rocks. Uniformitarianism. Earth's interior structure. The elements that make up Earth's solid material. What is a mineral? (The definition, broken down.) Mineraloid. Biogenic minerals. Non-organic formation: magma, vaporites, evaporites, precipitates. What is a rock? The rock cycle. The rock cycle's power source. Convection currents in the mantle. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks--details of each.
Physical Geography Lecture 10 - Global Climates 110916angelaorr
Climate. How climate is determined. Climate is important because it provides resources for humans. Climate classification. The Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Scheme. The Major Climate Groups. Subclassifications of climate. Climate map. Climographs. Climates, climographs, examples, details: A Climates. B Climates. C Climates. D Climates. E Climates. H Climates.
Physical Geography Lecture 09 - Water Resources (Ground water and ice) 110716angelaorr
Movement and locations of water. Underground water. Soil water belt, subsurface flow. Percolation. Porosity and Permeability. Hydrologic Zones. Zone of aeration, zone of saturation, water table, effluent and influent condition. Zone of confined water, aquaclude, aquifer, artesian well. Waterless zone. Groundwater management. Groundwater management issues. Aquifer recharge, cone of depression, subsidence, groundwater contamination. The case of Venice Italy. Hydrothermal activity. Hot springs, geysers, fumaroles. Permafrost, melting permafrost. Glaciers, alpine and continental glaciers. Melting glaciers. Lakes. Destruction of the Aral Sea. Swamps and marshes. Streams.
Uniformitarianism. Eratosthenes. Earth's size and shape. Centrifugal force. Earth's rotation and revolution. Navigation: great circles and small circles. The geographic grid. Time zones. Review
Physical Geography Lecture 01 - What Is Geography 092616angelaorr
Introduction to Physical Geography. What is Geography? 5 Fundamental spatial concepts of Geography. Geography is holistic. Subdivisions of Geography. Systems science. Earth's 4 spheres. Review.
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Frameworkangelaorr
The Mother of All Sciences: Geography As A Holistic Homeschool Framework. Presented at the Homeschool Association of California (HSC) Adventures in Homeschooling Conference, Aug. 2, 2014.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Earth’s Energy Balance
or:
What comes in must go out!
The sun is the power source that drives
many of Earth’s flow systems (storms,
waves, ocean and wind currents)
When the sun’s energy (sunlight) enters
our atmosphere, its inputs must be
balanced by equal outputs
This energy must be redistributed over the
globe to maintain the conditions of our
current lifelayer
2
3. Surplus vs. Deficit
A surplus in your checkbook is a good
thing!
A surplus of energy within Earth’s systems
generally means an increase in
temperature and changes in Earth’s
systems’ circulations
(NOT such a good thing!)
3
4. Net Radiation
Net radiation is the difference between the
radiation energy surplus and deficit
Can be measured daily, monthly, yearly, even
by century, in order to help us answer the
question, “Are we heating up or cooling
down?”
Determining net radiation begins with a
number of insolation losses in the
atmosphere…
17. Sensible Heat
Sensible heat is heat that can be felt and
measured
Moved by conduction; transferred by global
winds and ocean currents
18. Latent Heat
Latent heat cannot be sensed or directly
measured
Heat that is stored or released during the change of
state of solids, liquids, and gases
Movement occurs most often through condensation
and evaporation (Ex.: the formation of clouds or the
evaporation of ocean water)
Water in the atmosphere is the most important mover
of latent heat, which ultimately helps to balance
Earth’s energy budget
19. Review
1.What is the power source that
drives Earth’s flow systems?
2.What happens if Earth’s energy
inputs and outputs are unbalanced?
3.Describe the different ways
incoming solar radiation is balanced
by outgoing radiation (draw a
diagram, if that makes it easier to
explain).
20. 4.What is albedo? What kinds of
surfaces have a high albedo?
What surfaces have a low albedo?
5.Describe convection.
6.What is counterradiation? What
kinds of gases contribute to
counterradiation? What is the
greenhouse effect?
7.What is the difference between
sensible heat and latent heat?
21. Temperature
Temperature—a measure of the level of
sensible heat of matter; an expression of
atomic motion
Heat moves from substances of higher temp.
to substances of lower temp. until their
temperatures equalize
22. Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
Three systems of temperature
measurement in use internationally:
Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin
In order to convert from Fahrenheit
to Celsius and back, use these
formulae:
C° = 5/9 (F-32°)
F° = 9/5 C + 32°
0°K = absolute zero—the point at
which all molecular motion ceases
-273.15°C or -459.67°F
Room temperature is about 295K
Converting K to °C only requires
adding 273° (e.g. 3°C = 276K)
Especially useful when dealing with
very low temperatures, as there are
no negative numbers
23. Isotherms
Isotherms—
lines on a
map that
connect
points of
equal
temperature
24. Daily and Seasonal
Temperature Changes
Daily temperatures are influenced by
patterns of sunrise and sunset, which are
the result of seasonal changes,
themselves the result of latitude.
26. Temperature Inversions
Temperatures are generally
hotter during the day at the
surface and cooler above.
A temperature inversion
occurs when surface
temperatures are cooler than
the air above for some
vertical distance.
Once a temperature
inversion occurs, it tends to
persist until all heat has
been transferred back out to
space.
There are four common
types of temperature
inversions….
27. Subsidence Inversion
Subsidence inversions
Occur in the upper atmosphere
Result of air slowly descending due to a high
pressure cell
As the air descends, it compresses and warms, and
this warm layer sits atop cooler air below
Most common in the subtropics year-round and in the
Northern Hemisphere in winter
Do not sink lower than a few hundred meters above
sea level due to low-level turbulence
28. Radiational Inversion
Radiational inversions—the result of rapid
radiational cooling
Most common in high latitudes, especially at
night
Long wave radiation (heat) is radiated back
out to space and has left the lower portion of
the troposphere, but has not yet entirely left
the air above.
29. Advectional Inversion
Advection = “wind” (any horizontal
movement of air, usually in response to
atmospheric pressure differences)
Advectional inversions—a horizontal flow
of air displaces warmer air upward
Especiallycommon along coasts, as air
moves out of high pressure zones over the
water and into a low pressure zone over land.
31. Cold-air-drainage Inversion
Cold-air-drainage inversions—cooler air on mountain
slopes sinks into a valley below, forcing the warmer air in
the valley to rise upward
Most common in the midlatitudes, especially in winter
32.
33. Daily Temperature Lags
Insolation levels rise as the sun rises, reach a
maximum at noon, then decrease and end at
sunset
The coldest time of day is actually after the sun
has risen
The hottest time of day is a few hours after noon
The hottest time of day (maximum daily
temperature) varies based on such factors as
cloudiness, windiness, proximity to a large body
of water, and even storms.
34. Seasonal Temperature Lags
In summer, monthly insolation is highest
In winter, monthly insolation is lowest
In between, during the equinoxes, insolation levels are in
the middle
Highest monthly temperatures tend to be one month
after the summer solstice
Lowest monthly temperatures also follow one month
after the winter solstice
Although radiation levels are similar for both the fall
(autumnal) and spring (vernal) equinoxes, temperatures
are considerably warmer following the summer months
than following winter. The temperatures of the equinoxes
are not the same because each reflects the
temperatures of previous seasonal conditions.
35. Factors influencing differences in
temperature
Latitude
Elevation/Altitude
Cloud Cover and Albedo
Proximity to a Water Body
Differential
heating of land and water
Ocean currents
Proximity to an urban area
49. Global Temperature Patterns: Mini Quiz!
Which will be colder? Highland areas (areas of higher elevation)
or lowland areas in the same region?
Highlands are colder than surrounding lowlands.
Does temperature increase or decrease with latitude (as you get
closer to the poles)?
It decreases.
True or False? Seasonal isotherm shifts are more dramatic over
land areas than over oceans.
True
Which influences temperatures on the edges of continents: warm
or cold ocean currents?
Both warm and cold currents affect temperatures on nearby
land
Equatorial locations receive a roughly even amount of insolation
all year round. How does that affect their temperature patterns?
They tend to have more even temperature patterns
50. Review
1.What is the difference between heat and
temperature?
2.True or False? Heat flows from the hot
object toward the cold object until both
objects are the same temperature.
3.Lines on a map that connect points of
equal temperature are called...
4.Draw two graphs: one showing a normal
atmospheric temperature condition and
one showing a temperature inversion.
5.Describe the 4 temperature inversions.
51. 6.The hottest time of day is just after
noon and the coldest time is just after
sunrise. Why?
7.Name the 5 factors influencing the
temperature of any location.
8.Why does being near a body of water
make a location warmer in winter and
cooler in summer than locations further
inland? (Remember the properties of
land vs. water!)
9.What is an urban heat island?
52. What is the difference between
Weather and Climate?
• Weather • Climate
53. What is the difference between
Weather and Climate?
• Weather • Climate
Short-term
atmospheric
conditions
(A storm or warm front)
54. What is the difference between
Weather and Climate?
• Weather • Climate
Short-term
atmospheric
conditions
(A storm or warm front)
55. What is the difference between
Weather and Climate?
• Weather • Climate
Short-term An average of
atmospheric weather conditions
conditions over a long period of
(A storm or warm front) time
(minimum of 30 yrs.)
56. What is the difference between
Weather and Climate?
• Weather • Climate
Short-term An average of
atmospheric weather conditions
conditions over a long period of
(A storm or warm front) time
(minimum of 30 yrs.)
57. “Choosing shorts or long underwear on a
particular day is about weather; the ratio
of shorts to long underwear in the drawer
is about climate."
--Charles Wohlforth, The whale and the supercomputer:
On the northern front of climate change, p. 150
Climate is what entices you to go
there on vacation…weather is what
drives you to come home.
58. The 4 Basic Elements of
Weather and Climate
Temperature
Moisture Content (Precipitation)
Atmospheric Pressure
Wind (strength, direction, constancy)
59. The 7 Controls of
Weather and Climate
Latitude
Distribution of land and water
General circulation of the
atmosphere
General circulation of the oceans
Elevation
Topographic barriers
Storms
69. Global Warming: An Informed Opinion
• An Inconvenient Truth
• IPCC—Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• NRDC—Natural Resources Defense Council
• EPA, NOAA, NESDIS—National Environmental
Satellite, Data and Information Service, etc.
vs.
• CEI—Competitive Enterprises Institute
(GlobalWarming.org)
• Global corporations—esp. carbon-based energy
74. Review
1.What is the difference between
weather and climate?
2.What are the 4 basic elements of
weather and climate that we
measure? Which 2 are easiest to
track?
3.Name the 7 controls of weather and
climate.
4.What does “IPCC” stand for? What
does it do?
75. Homework this week:
Work on study guides (Ex. credit!)
Draw and label the hypothetical radiation
balance diagram
Read through class notes
Highlight anything you don’t understand.
Try to find the answer in the chapters.
Ask for help if you still don’t get it
Review the class slides
Watch a Khan Academy video