Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Why temperature changes with increase in altitudeDadu Mal DK
Now a days temperature is increases day by day because of the anthropogenic activities like development of the industries and deforestation, how we cope this situation which causes hilarious effect on our life so we should take measure of our environment to make it clean by using safer chemicals don't use motor vehicles and heavy engines which make make our surrounding worse and by plantation we make our plant heaven.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Seas and oceans are very huge bodies of saline waters. Their distribution and dynamics are very influential in several ways. Understanding the properties of seawater is inevitable in oceanographic studies. Seawater is one of the most fascinating and plentiful substances on the planet. The basic properties of seawater and their distribution, the interchange of properties between sea and atmosphere or land, the transmission of energy within the sea, and the geochemical laws which are governing the composition of seawater and marine sediments, are the fundamental aspects studied in the subject oceanography.
Why temperature changes with increase in altitudeDadu Mal DK
Now a days temperature is increases day by day because of the anthropogenic activities like development of the industries and deforestation, how we cope this situation which causes hilarious effect on our life so we should take measure of our environment to make it clean by using safer chemicals don't use motor vehicles and heavy engines which make make our surrounding worse and by plantation we make our plant heaven.
This Presentation covers the following topics:-
-Radiation
-Albedo
-Factors affecting albedo
-Albedo-ice feedback
-Impacts of Albedo On Environment
-Heat island effect
-Innovative ways to reduce albedo
-Insolation effects
-Black body
-Kirchhoff's perfect black bodies
Credits - Aditi Shah
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
An energy-efficient building creates comfortable living conditions inside the dwelling with the least possible amount of energy consumption maximizing efficiency in use of resources.
Geography Elective/Pure: Weather and climate notesDodge Lim
This is the notes and slides provided and compiled by teachers from reputable schools. Took me many months to compile this and share with you guys! By the way, the slides with a star usually mean that it will be significant so take note! Sharing with you now is this notes!!! Enjoy and love geography!!!
Climate is a long term condition happened in a specific place. While, weather is a short-term condition happened in a specific area and specific time. The factors affecting climate are latitude, altitude, topography, distance of bodies of water
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.Weather and Climate power point.Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Weather and Climate power point.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Vocabulary:
• Albedo- The fraction of total radiation that is
reflected by any surface.
• Isotherm- Lines that connect points that have
the same temperature.
3. Key terms:
• Factors other than latitude that exert a strong
influence on temperature include heating of land and
water, altitude geographic position, cloud cover, and
ocean currents.
• Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures
than water. Land also cools more rapidly and to
lower temperatures than water.
• Many clouds have a high albedo, and therefore
reflect a significant portion of the sunlight that
strikes them back to space.
4. Temperature:
• Temperature is one of the basic elements of
weather and climate. There are many
instruments that help you determine the
temperature and many ways to describe the
temperature.
5. Why temperatures vary:
• A temperature control is any factor that
causes temperature to vary from place to
place and from time to time.
• Seasonal temperature changes happen as the
sun’s vertical rays move toward and away
from a particular latitude during the year.
6. Land and water:
• The largest contrast of temperature is
between land and water. The temperature
variations are considerably greater over land
than over water.
• In the Northern Hemisphere, the water
accounts are 61% water and 39% land.
• In the Southern Hemisphere, the water
accounts are 81% and 19% land.
7. Geographic Position:
• The geographic setting can greatly influence
temperatures experienced at a specific
location.
8. Altitude:
• As you go up in altitude, the temperature
decreases but as you go down in altitude the
temperature will increase.
9. Cloud Cover and Albedo:
• The extent of cloud cover is a factor that influences
temperatures in the lower atmosphere. By reducing the
amount of incoming solar radiation, the maximum
temperatures on a cloud-covered day will be lower than on a
day when clouds are absent and the sky is clear.
• At night, clouds have the opposite effect. Clouds act as a
blanket by absorbing outgoing radiation emitted by Earth and
reradiating a portion of it back to the surface.
10. World Distribution of Temperature
• Near the equator is where temperatures are
hotter and near the poles is where the
temperatures are cooler.
• Latitude controls on incoming solar radiation,
which in turn heats Earth’s surface and the
atmosphere above it.
