The document projects India's population over the long term from 2001 to 2101 under two scenarios that differ in their assumptions about future fertility rates. Scenario A assumes fertility will decline to a replacement level of 2.1 children per woman in higher fertility states, while Scenario B assumes a decline to 1.85 children. Both scenarios project a continued decline in mortality. Scenario A results in an India population of 2 billion by 2101, while Scenario B falls just short of 2 billion with eventual population decline. The document examines the implications and challenges of each potential future population trajectory for India.
This document analyzes population trends in India using data from the 2011 census. It discusses key demography terms and examines registered births, deaths, and infant deaths from 2000 to 2009 for each state. Some main findings are that Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh have the highest population growth, births declined along the decade, and the death rate drop has exceeded the birth rate drop leading to continued growth. Factors like education, family planning programs, and immigration affect population trends in each state.
The document provides a summary of the population of India based on a presentation. It discusses that India has over 1.13 billion people and is very diverse in terms of ethnicity, language, religion and culture. It also notes that India has a young population with around 40% under 15 years old and the majority living in rural villages. Key facts presented include population growth trends over the decades, religious and linguistic breakdowns, urbanization rates, and gender ratios.
The document discusses population growth trends and policies to manage population. It describes the 5 stages of demographic transition where birth and death rates change as countries develop. Rapid population growth can strain resources and the environment, so policies aim to slow growth through birth control, limiting family size (as in China's one-child policy), and redistributing populations (as Indonesia did). Ageing populations in developed countries require policies like raising retirement ages and taxes to support more retirees relying on fewer workers. Overall population policies aim to balance resources between generations for sustainable development.
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
Pakistan has a population of over 160 million that is growing at a rate of 1.9% annually. Some key demographic statistics include:
- Life expectancy is 64 years for males and 63.8 years for females
- The population is expected to double within the next 32 years if growth continues
- Major ethnic groups are Punjabi, Pashtun, Sindhi, and Urdu speakers
- Nearly all (97%) of Pakistanis are Muslim, mostly Sunni with a large Shi'a minority
- Rapid population growth is straining resources and increasing issues like unemployment, poverty, and environmental degradation.
Census 2011 was India's 15th census and 7th post-independence. It recorded India's population as 1,210,726,932, an increase of 181.96 million from 2001. Key findings included that 17 states grew over 20% last decade, the child population was nearly stable, and literacy rates increased nationwide with the largest gains in northeastern states. It also provided detailed data on population characteristics like gender ratios, scheduled castes and tribes, and levels of employment.
Demographic trends in India show a population that is young, growing, and urbanizing. Key indicators include a total fertility rate declining from 5 children per woman in the 1980s to 2.3 today, resulting in a shift from a broad-based age pyramid to one with a bulging middle. However, India's population is projected to surpass China's and reach over 1.5 billion by 2050, bringing new challenges around rapid urbanization, education and employment opportunities for a large youth population.
The document projects India's population over the long term from 2001 to 2101 under two scenarios that differ in their assumptions about future fertility rates. Scenario A assumes fertility will decline to a replacement level of 2.1 children per woman in higher fertility states, while Scenario B assumes a decline to 1.85 children. Both scenarios project a continued decline in mortality. Scenario A results in an India population of 2 billion by 2101, while Scenario B falls just short of 2 billion with eventual population decline. The document examines the implications and challenges of each potential future population trajectory for India.
This document analyzes population trends in India using data from the 2011 census. It discusses key demography terms and examines registered births, deaths, and infant deaths from 2000 to 2009 for each state. Some main findings are that Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh have the highest population growth, births declined along the decade, and the death rate drop has exceeded the birth rate drop leading to continued growth. Factors like education, family planning programs, and immigration affect population trends in each state.
The document provides a summary of the population of India based on a presentation. It discusses that India has over 1.13 billion people and is very diverse in terms of ethnicity, language, religion and culture. It also notes that India has a young population with around 40% under 15 years old and the majority living in rural villages. Key facts presented include population growth trends over the decades, religious and linguistic breakdowns, urbanization rates, and gender ratios.
The document discusses population growth trends and policies to manage population. It describes the 5 stages of demographic transition where birth and death rates change as countries develop. Rapid population growth can strain resources and the environment, so policies aim to slow growth through birth control, limiting family size (as in China's one-child policy), and redistributing populations (as Indonesia did). Ageing populations in developed countries require policies like raising retirement ages and taxes to support more retirees relying on fewer workers. Overall population policies aim to balance resources between generations for sustainable development.
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
Pakistan has a population of over 160 million that is growing at a rate of 1.9% annually. Some key demographic statistics include:
- Life expectancy is 64 years for males and 63.8 years for females
- The population is expected to double within the next 32 years if growth continues
- Major ethnic groups are Punjabi, Pashtun, Sindhi, and Urdu speakers
- Nearly all (97%) of Pakistanis are Muslim, mostly Sunni with a large Shi'a minority
- Rapid population growth is straining resources and increasing issues like unemployment, poverty, and environmental degradation.
Census 2011 was India's 15th census and 7th post-independence. It recorded India's population as 1,210,726,932, an increase of 181.96 million from 2001. Key findings included that 17 states grew over 20% last decade, the child population was nearly stable, and literacy rates increased nationwide with the largest gains in northeastern states. It also provided detailed data on population characteristics like gender ratios, scheduled castes and tribes, and levels of employment.
Demographic trends in India show a population that is young, growing, and urbanizing. Key indicators include a total fertility rate declining from 5 children per woman in the 1980s to 2.3 today, resulting in a shift from a broad-based age pyramid to one with a bulging middle. However, India's population is projected to surpass China's and reach over 1.5 billion by 2050, bringing new challenges around rapid urbanization, education and employment opportunities for a large youth population.
India has experienced significant demographic changes over the past century. It transitioned from a stage of high birth and death rates to one of declining mortality and a fall in fertility. Key indicators show India's population grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now over 1.2 billion people. The population is youthful with a broad-based age pyramid. Sex ratios are uneven with fewer females than males, especially in the 0-6 age group. Dependency ratios remain high due to falling death rates and a large youth population but are declining as fertility falls.
The document discusses various demographic features of India's population, including its growth, composition, and density. Some key points:
- India has a very large and rapidly growing population, currently over 1.3 billion people and expected to reach 1.7 billion by 2060.
- The population is young, with over half under age 30. This places a burden with only one working person per dependent on average.
- The sex ratio is unfavorably skewed against females, with around 940 females per 1000 males in 2011. Factors like sex-selective abortion, migration, and discrimination contribute to this.
- India remains predominantly rural, though urbanization is increasing as industries develop. Population density has
The document provides a summary of key population statistics from the 2011 Indian census:
- India's total population in 2011 was 1.21 billion with a decadal growth rate of 17.67%
- The rural population was 83.35 crores and urban was 37.71 crores, with equal growth of 91 million each
- Uttar Pradesh had the largest rural population of 155.3 million and Maharashtra the largest urban of 50.8 million
This document discusses social indicators like sex ratio, birth rate, and death rate in several countries. It provides key statistics for each country, such as India's 2011 sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males and Bangladesh having 100.3 males for every 100 females. Birth rates are influenced by social and economic factors, while death rates depend on access to healthcare and infrastructure. Infant mortality rates reflect a country's development level, with the US goal to reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015.
Population is often viewed as a problem for India's development, but it can also be seen as the country's greatest resource. Three key factors determine if population acts as a resource: distribution, growth, and composition. Distribution of population refers to how evenly or densely people are spread across different states and regions - some states have dense populations while others are more sparsely populated. The quality of a population, in terms of education, health, skills and overall well-being, is more important than just numbers. When governments invest in developing these human qualities, the population can be viewed as human capital or a human resource that drives development.
No, according to projections from the United Nations, India is not expected to overtake China's population until 2027. The document provided demographic data and projections showing that:
- As of 2020, India's population was estimated to be 1.326 billion while China's was estimated to be 1.439 billion
- India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030, not 2021 as the question suggests.
So in summary, while India's population is growing rapidly and will likely surpass China in the coming years, the United Nations projections cited in the document do not indicate India will reach a higher population than China until 2027, not by 2021 as stated in the question.
The document provides an overview of Census 2011 in India. Some key points:
1) Census 2011 was the 15th national census conducted in India in two phases - house listing and population enumeration. It covered over 640 districts and 7,742 towns across the country.
2) The census found India's population to be over 1.2 billion, an increase of over 181 million from the previous census in 2001.
3) Literacy rates increased from 64.83% in 2001 to 74.04% in 2011, an increase of 9.21 percentage points.
4) States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar had the highest populations, while the sex ratio improved nationally and
The document discusses the demography and population of Pakistan. It defines population as all organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Demography is defined as the study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution, and how populations change over time through births, deaths, and migration. The population of Pakistan was reported at 163.77 million in 2009 and estimated at 179 million in 2012 according to the Population Census Organization. Rapid population growth and high fertility rates are linked to higher poverty levels.
The document discusses demographic transition and demographic dividend. It begins by explaining demographic transition as the stages a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. It then defines demographic dividend as the economic growth resulting from changes in a country's population age structure, mainly when the working age population is larger than the non-working populations. The document provides details on India's current demographic dividend, including that India has one of the youngest populations globally and its working age population recently grew larger than the dependent population. Finally, it discusses the challenges of an aging global population, including rising healthcare costs and fewer working age people to support more retired individuals.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and includes changes in population size, composition, and distribution over time. There are 5 key demographic processes: fertility, mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility. India currently has a population of over 1.2 billion people that is growing at a rate of 16 million per year. This puts pressure on resources and increases the dependency ratio. Literacy rates and life expectancy have increased over time but challenges remain, such as the low sex ratio resulting from female feticide and infanticide.
This document discusses population growth in India and methods for population control. It notes that India's population has grown significantly in recent decades and now exceeds 1.2 billion people. Several factors have contributed to India's population explosion, including decreasing death rates and high birth rates driven by poverty, illiteracy, and cultural norms. The large population is straining resources and causing issues like increased pollution, food and water shortages, and unemployment. The document advocates for planned population control methods like increasing education and marriage ages and expanding family planning programs to help reduce birth rates and stabilize India's population.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations. Key events in the history of demography include Ibn Khaldun's work in the 14th century, John Graunt producing the first life table in the 17th century, and John Snow mapping cholera deaths in London in the 19th century. Major population theories include Malthus' theory of unchecked population growth outstripping resources, Marx's view that population is controlled by economic factors, and the demographic transition theory of declining birth and death rates as countries develop. India's current population is over 1.2 billion with a growth rate of 17.6% in the last decade. Key demographic indicators of India include sex ratio, age composition, and dependency ratio.
The document discusses India's population distribution, density, growth, and composition based on census data. It notes that almost half of India's population lives in just five states, and the northern plains and Kerala have high population densities due to fertile land and rainfall. India's population has grown steadily from 361 million in 1951 to over 1 billion currently, and may surpass China's population by 2045. Key drivers of growth are birth rates, which have historically exceeded death rates, though both are declining. Migration from rural to urban areas has also contributed to population changes.
Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
This document provides demographic statistics about India. It shows that as of July 2014, India had a population of over 1.2 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world. The population density is 382 people per square kilometer. The growth rate is 1.25% annually. Key facts include a birth rate of 20 births per 1000 people, a death rate of 7.4 deaths per 1000, and a life expectancy of 68.89 years. The largest states by population are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
Structure and Composition of population in IndiaSOHAILAHAMED1
The document discusses the population structure and composition of India. It explains that population structure is represented using a population pyramid and examines India's population composition in terms of sex, age, caste, language, and religion. Key points covered include India's sex ratio, age structure divided among different age groups, religious and linguistic diversity, and regional differences in population characteristics.
This document provides an overview of healthcare in Sri Lanka. It is divided into sections written by different authors. Fathima Shazna Saleem's section provides general information about Sri Lanka's government and economy. Hong Chia Hao's section discusses Sri Lanka's population statistics, noting the country has a population of 21 million with the majority being Sinhalese. Shylagan Aruran's section analyzes characteristics of Sri Lanka's population, finding the top causes of death are ischemic heart disease and self-harm. Yeap Dee Sheng's section will discuss the organization of Sri Lanka's healthcare service.
The document discusses key concepts in demography including population growth rates, fertility rates, and factors influencing population trends. It notes that world population grew slowly until 1800 but has accelerated since then. Several South Asian countries now rank among the most populous globally. Factors like education, family planning services, and changes in marriage patterns have contributed to declining fertility rates in many countries. Common metrics used to measure fertility include crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and age-specific fertility rates. India's population growth rate increased in the early 20th century as death rates fell faster than birth rates.
The document discusses sex ratios and mortality rates in India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the U.S. It notes that India's sex ratio improved from 933 to 940 females per 1000 males from 2001 to 2011 according to the Indian census, with Kerala having the highest ratio at 1084. Bangladesh's ratio is nearly equal at 100.3 males per 100 females. Japan's population is decreasing due to fewer births and an aging population. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child under age 1 and is affected by factors like access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
BTE101 assignment--Telomere and telomeraseSamiya Yesmin
This document discusses telomeres and telomerase. It begins by explaining that telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA repeats to the ends of chromosomes to replace sequences lost during cell division, thereby preventing shortening of chromosomes over time. The document then covers how telomerase works, the role of telomeres and aging, and potential anti-aging applications of telomerase research and supplements. It concludes by stating that while aging processes are still being researched, telomerase holds promise for slowing cellular aging and potentially extending lifespan.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh Lamps PHILIPS and presents common size statements for the company's financials from 2008-2012. It includes vertical and horizontal common size balance sheets and income statements. The vertical balance sheet shows percentages of items compared to total assets each year. The vertical income statement shows percentages of items compared to sales each year. The horizontal statements show each item as a percentage of the base year (2008). Averages and standard deviations are also calculated.
India has experienced significant demographic changes over the past century. It transitioned from a stage of high birth and death rates to one of declining mortality and a fall in fertility. Key indicators show India's population grew rapidly in the 20th century and is now over 1.2 billion people. The population is youthful with a broad-based age pyramid. Sex ratios are uneven with fewer females than males, especially in the 0-6 age group. Dependency ratios remain high due to falling death rates and a large youth population but are declining as fertility falls.
The document discusses various demographic features of India's population, including its growth, composition, and density. Some key points:
- India has a very large and rapidly growing population, currently over 1.3 billion people and expected to reach 1.7 billion by 2060.
- The population is young, with over half under age 30. This places a burden with only one working person per dependent on average.
- The sex ratio is unfavorably skewed against females, with around 940 females per 1000 males in 2011. Factors like sex-selective abortion, migration, and discrimination contribute to this.
- India remains predominantly rural, though urbanization is increasing as industries develop. Population density has
The document provides a summary of key population statistics from the 2011 Indian census:
- India's total population in 2011 was 1.21 billion with a decadal growth rate of 17.67%
- The rural population was 83.35 crores and urban was 37.71 crores, with equal growth of 91 million each
- Uttar Pradesh had the largest rural population of 155.3 million and Maharashtra the largest urban of 50.8 million
This document discusses social indicators like sex ratio, birth rate, and death rate in several countries. It provides key statistics for each country, such as India's 2011 sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males and Bangladesh having 100.3 males for every 100 females. Birth rates are influenced by social and economic factors, while death rates depend on access to healthcare and infrastructure. Infant mortality rates reflect a country's development level, with the US goal to reduce the under-5 mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015.
Population is often viewed as a problem for India's development, but it can also be seen as the country's greatest resource. Three key factors determine if population acts as a resource: distribution, growth, and composition. Distribution of population refers to how evenly or densely people are spread across different states and regions - some states have dense populations while others are more sparsely populated. The quality of a population, in terms of education, health, skills and overall well-being, is more important than just numbers. When governments invest in developing these human qualities, the population can be viewed as human capital or a human resource that drives development.
No, according to projections from the United Nations, India is not expected to overtake China's population until 2027. The document provided demographic data and projections showing that:
- As of 2020, India's population was estimated to be 1.326 billion while China's was estimated to be 1.439 billion
- India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030, not 2021 as the question suggests.
So in summary, while India's population is growing rapidly and will likely surpass China in the coming years, the United Nations projections cited in the document do not indicate India will reach a higher population than China until 2027, not by 2021 as stated in the question.
The document provides an overview of Census 2011 in India. Some key points:
1) Census 2011 was the 15th national census conducted in India in two phases - house listing and population enumeration. It covered over 640 districts and 7,742 towns across the country.
2) The census found India's population to be over 1.2 billion, an increase of over 181 million from the previous census in 2001.
3) Literacy rates increased from 64.83% in 2001 to 74.04% in 2011, an increase of 9.21 percentage points.
4) States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Bihar had the highest populations, while the sex ratio improved nationally and
The document discusses the demography and population of Pakistan. It defines population as all organisms that belong to the same species and live in the same area. Demography is defined as the study of human populations, including their size, composition, distribution, and how populations change over time through births, deaths, and migration. The population of Pakistan was reported at 163.77 million in 2009 and estimated at 179 million in 2012 according to the Population Census Organization. Rapid population growth and high fertility rates are linked to higher poverty levels.
The document discusses demographic transition and demographic dividend. It begins by explaining demographic transition as the stages a country goes through when transitioning from non-industrial to industrial. It then defines demographic dividend as the economic growth resulting from changes in a country's population age structure, mainly when the working age population is larger than the non-working populations. The document provides details on India's current demographic dividend, including that India has one of the youngest populations globally and its working age population recently grew larger than the dependent population. Finally, it discusses the challenges of an aging global population, including rising healthcare costs and fewer working age people to support more retired individuals.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and includes changes in population size, composition, and distribution over time. There are 5 key demographic processes: fertility, mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility. India currently has a population of over 1.2 billion people that is growing at a rate of 16 million per year. This puts pressure on resources and increases the dependency ratio. Literacy rates and life expectancy have increased over time but challenges remain, such as the low sex ratio resulting from female feticide and infanticide.
This document discusses population growth in India and methods for population control. It notes that India's population has grown significantly in recent decades and now exceeds 1.2 billion people. Several factors have contributed to India's population explosion, including decreasing death rates and high birth rates driven by poverty, illiteracy, and cultural norms. The large population is straining resources and causing issues like increased pollution, food and water shortages, and unemployment. The document advocates for planned population control methods like increasing education and marriage ages and expanding family planning programs to help reduce birth rates and stabilize India's population.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations. Key events in the history of demography include Ibn Khaldun's work in the 14th century, John Graunt producing the first life table in the 17th century, and John Snow mapping cholera deaths in London in the 19th century. Major population theories include Malthus' theory of unchecked population growth outstripping resources, Marx's view that population is controlled by economic factors, and the demographic transition theory of declining birth and death rates as countries develop. India's current population is over 1.2 billion with a growth rate of 17.6% in the last decade. Key demographic indicators of India include sex ratio, age composition, and dependency ratio.
The document discusses India's population distribution, density, growth, and composition based on census data. It notes that almost half of India's population lives in just five states, and the northern plains and Kerala have high population densities due to fertile land and rainfall. India's population has grown steadily from 361 million in 1951 to over 1 billion currently, and may surpass China's population by 2045. Key drivers of growth are birth rates, which have historically exceeded death rates, though both are declining. Migration from rural to urban areas has also contributed to population changes.
Demographic transition in India and its effectsSarinkumar P S
Population expansion around the world has shown a pattern of rapid increase, again stabilization and very small increase or decline after that. This trend is conceptualized as demographic transition. In the following presentation we will look at:
1. PopulationDynamics
2. Demographictransitiontheory
3. PatternofDemographictransitionacrosstheworld
4. DemographictransitioninIndia
5. EffectsofdemographictransitioninIndia
This document provides demographic statistics about India. It shows that as of July 2014, India had a population of over 1.2 billion people, making it the second most populous country in the world. The population density is 382 people per square kilometer. The growth rate is 1.25% annually. Key facts include a birth rate of 20 births per 1000 people, a death rate of 7.4 deaths per 1000, and a life expectancy of 68.89 years. The largest states by population are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
Structure and Composition of population in IndiaSOHAILAHAMED1
The document discusses the population structure and composition of India. It explains that population structure is represented using a population pyramid and examines India's population composition in terms of sex, age, caste, language, and religion. Key points covered include India's sex ratio, age structure divided among different age groups, religious and linguistic diversity, and regional differences in population characteristics.
This document provides an overview of healthcare in Sri Lanka. It is divided into sections written by different authors. Fathima Shazna Saleem's section provides general information about Sri Lanka's government and economy. Hong Chia Hao's section discusses Sri Lanka's population statistics, noting the country has a population of 21 million with the majority being Sinhalese. Shylagan Aruran's section analyzes characteristics of Sri Lanka's population, finding the top causes of death are ischemic heart disease and self-harm. Yeap Dee Sheng's section will discuss the organization of Sri Lanka's healthcare service.
The document discusses key concepts in demography including population growth rates, fertility rates, and factors influencing population trends. It notes that world population grew slowly until 1800 but has accelerated since then. Several South Asian countries now rank among the most populous globally. Factors like education, family planning services, and changes in marriage patterns have contributed to declining fertility rates in many countries. Common metrics used to measure fertility include crude birth rate, total fertility rate, and age-specific fertility rates. India's population growth rate increased in the early 20th century as death rates fell faster than birth rates.
The document discusses sex ratios and mortality rates in India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the U.S. It notes that India's sex ratio improved from 933 to 940 females per 1000 males from 2001 to 2011 according to the Indian census, with Kerala having the highest ratio at 1084. Bangladesh's ratio is nearly equal at 100.3 males per 100 females. Japan's population is decreasing due to fewer births and an aging population. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child under age 1 and is affected by factors like access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
BTE101 assignment--Telomere and telomeraseSamiya Yesmin
This document discusses telomeres and telomerase. It begins by explaining that telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration. Telomerase is an enzyme that adds DNA repeats to the ends of chromosomes to replace sequences lost during cell division, thereby preventing shortening of chromosomes over time. The document then covers how telomerase works, the role of telomeres and aging, and potential anti-aging applications of telomerase research and supplements. It concludes by stating that while aging processes are still being researched, telomerase holds promise for slowing cellular aging and potentially extending lifespan.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh Lamps PHILIPS and presents common size statements for the company's financials from 2008-2012. It includes vertical and horizontal common size balance sheets and income statements. The vertical balance sheet shows percentages of items compared to total assets each year. The vertical income statement shows percentages of items compared to sales each year. The horizontal statements show each item as a percentage of the base year (2008). Averages and standard deviations are also calculated.
This document discusses telecommuting and its impact on work productivity. It defines telecommuting as employees working away from their office, such as from home, and explores its different types. The document outlines factors to consider in determining which jobs and employees are suitable for telecommuting. It examines the advantages for both employees and businesses, such as increased flexibility and reduced costs. Potential disadvantages are also presented, like feelings of isolation and loss of control. Finally, the costs associated with implementing telecommuting, such as technical equipment and security measures, are reviewed. Overall, the document provides an overview of telecommuting and analyses its benefits and challenges.
ENG202- term paper--S- Fashion magazineSamiya Yesmin
its my business plan/proposition for opening a fashion magazine in Bangladesh as a part of my course ENG202- Business communication term paper for Mr. Khurrum Mallik
This document contains an analysis of two pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh: Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BPL) and Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (SPL). It provides background information on when each company was founded and their growth. It also analyzes 12 financial ratios for both companies from 2010-2012 and compares their performance. SPL generally has higher ratios indicating better performance and lower risk than BPL. The document concludes that SPL is the better investment currently due to its higher market share, profitability and lower risk, though recommends both companies take actions to further improve.
BRAC's Water and Sanitation Hygiene (WASH) programSamiya Yesmin
This is a summary on Water and Sanitation Hygiene (WASH) program, carried in Bangladesh by BRAC to help achieve MDG 7: ensure environmental sustainability
This lab report summarizes 3 experiments:
1) Production of yogurt by fermenting milk with starter cultures. Less yogurt was produced using diluted milk compared to concentrated milk.
2) Attempting to culture bacteria using streak plating technique. Single colonies were not achieved due to inexperience with the technique.
3) Measuring maltose production from starch hydrolysis using amyalse enzyme. A standard curve was used to determine 1.67mM or 601.701mg of maltose was produced. Care is needed due to small test values.
This document provides an overview of Bangladesh's history covering several topics:
- The land, people, and languages of Bangladesh including the various ethnic groups and the evolution of the Bengali language.
- Native rulers and kings that governed from 400 BC to the 16th century including the Pala and Sena dynasties and the beginning of Muslim rule.
- Important archaeological sites showing ancient settlements and Buddhist monasteries.
- The British colonial period starting in 1757 and events like the famine of 1770 and permanent land settlement act of 1793.
- Resistance movements against British colonialism and landlord oppression from the 18th to 20th centuries led by figures like Titu Mir.
- The independence
Bus 203 group 4- unemployment and its consequencesSamiya Yesmin
The document discusses several factors contributing to unemployment including political unrest, globalization, technological innovations, and rapid shifts in global markets. It notes high unemployment especially among youth and long-term unemployment. Other issues mentioned are flexible contracts making firing easier, fewer people retiring, and more use of temporary/contract workers. Potential solutions proposed include retraining workers, promoting entrepreneurship, improving education to match skills with market demands, and creating flexible labor markets and benefits to keep people working.
This term paper discusses Grameen Phone's marketing strategies. It provides background on the company, including that it is a joint venture between Telenor and Grameen Telecom. The paper outlines Grameen Phone's marketing department and system, including how they analyze product lifecycles and portfolios to determine strategies like cost reduction, product alteration, or elimination. It also provides an interview conducted with Grameen Phone employees to learn about their approach to marketing products and services.
This document summarizes key concepts about sampling distributions, confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing. It discusses how the sampling distribution of the sample mean approaches a normal distribution as the sample size increases based on the Central Limit Theorem. It also outlines how to calculate confidence intervals for a population mean or proportion when the population standard deviation is known or unknown. The document concludes by defining the power of a statistical test and describing the p-value approach for hypothesis testing.
Cultural diffusion is the process by which culture traits or complexes spread from one society or group to another. The document discusses cultural diffusion through the example of three students - David from England, Habib from Khulna, and Shaba from Dhaka - who meet at BRAC University. On their first day, each experiences cultural shocks from the others' cultures, such as David wearing inappropriate clothes or Habib seeing girls and boys interacting. However, by joining a cultural club, they become friends and start to learn about and influence each other's cultures, demonstrating both the positive and negative impacts of cultural diffusion.
It is the financial statement analysis of the two pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh.
Sqaure Pharma. SPL
BEXIMCO Pharma BPL
for Ms. Mahtab Faruqui's FIN301 Class at BRAC University
MGT301--Good People, Good Business---term ppr presentationSamiya Yesmin
This document contains information about an interview conducted with the HR officer at Nestlé Bangladesh Ltd. It lists the names of 6 students and describes Nestlé's emphasis on ethical conduct and participatory leadership. The document outlines Nestlé's recruitment and selection process, which involves CV screening, written tests, competency interviews, and final interviews. It also discusses Nestlé's orientation program, approaches to training needs analysis, and types of training provided, which focuses on on-the-job learning supplemented by other methods. Key performance indicators for evaluating training programs are also mentioned.
MGT301 term paper - Good People, Good BusinessSamiya Yesmin
MGT301-- Human Resource Management
It is a term paper on different aspects of the human resource department of Nestlé Bangladesh Limited.
For Mr. Tanvi Newaz's MGT301 class at BRAC university
This document contains an analysis of Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Ltd. for the years 2010 and 2011. It includes:
- A horizontal analysis of the company's income statement, showing revenues increased 5% while expenses like transmission and administrative costs increased substantially, leading to a large decrease in profits.
- A vertical analysis of the company's balance sheet, showing property, plant and equipment make up around half of total assets, while long-term debt is the largest liability.
- Ratio analyses are also presented for the company and two others from the fuel and power sector: Summit Purbanchol Power Company Ltd. and Jamuna Oil Company Limited.
The document discusses several topics related to governance in Bangladesh, including its constitution, public administration, local government, and economic development. It provides an overview of the key features of the Bangladeshi constitution, including that it is written, rigid, and includes four principles of state policy. It also discusses the history of decentralization and forms of decentralization like de-concentration, delegation, and devolution. The document outlines some components of good governance like accountability, transparency, and participation, as well as indicators of development such as the Millennium Development Goals and Human Development Index.
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Can you imagine a world without human beings? Who would have utilised resources and created the social and cultural environment? The people are
important to develop the economy and society.
The people make and use resources and are
themselves resources with varying quality. Coal is but a piece of rock, until people were able to invent technology to obtain it and make it a ‘resource’. Natural events like a river flood or Tsunami becomes a ‘disaster’ only when they affect a crowded village or a town. Hence, population is the pivotal element in social studies. It is the point of referance from which all other elements are observed and from which they derive significance and meaning.
‘Resources’, ‘calamities’ and ‘disasters’ are all meaningful only in relation to human beings. Their numbers, distribution, growth and characteristics or qualities provide the basic background for understanding and appreciating all aspects of the environment.
3. Demographic Characteristics of Bangladesh.pdfLAZINAAZRIN
The document discusses the demographic characteristics and population trends of Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a very high population density, with over 160 million people living in a small land area. Some key points include:
- The population growth rate is high at around 1.7% annually, which is attributed to social factors like lack of education and economic development as well as high birth rates and child mortality.
- Literacy rates are low at 43% and the majority of the population depends on agriculture for livelihood. Population control measures aim to improve education, family planning access, and economic development.
- Population density is extremely high at over 2,800 people per square mile due to the large population concentrated in a small
India's population has grown significantly over the past century and is projected to surpass China's population by 2050. Key points:
- India's population doubled from 361 million in 1951 to 846 million in 1991 and reached over 1.2 billion in 2011.
- The population growth rate has declined but population continues to rise rapidly due to the large youth population.
- India's age structure is characterized by a broad base and tapering top on age pyramids, indicative of developing countries with high birth rates.
- Sex ratios in India have historically been unfavorable to women and declined further over time, indicating a preference for male children.
This document discusses population statistics like birth rates, death rates, sex ratios, and mortality rates in several countries. In India, the sex ratio has improved in recent decades but remains unbalanced, and states in South India have a more equal ratio. Bangladesh has slightly more males than females overall but more males in urban areas. Japan's population is decreasing as deaths now exceed births, and it has an aging population and low birth rate. The US birth rate is influenced by access to family planning and benefits of smaller families, while the infant mortality rate has decreased due to public health measures.
This document discusses social indicators like sex ratio, birth rate, and death rate in several countries. It provides key statistics for each country, such as India's 2011 sex ratio of 940 females per 1000 males and Bangladesh having 100.3 males for every 100 females. Birth rates are influenced by social and economic factors, while death rates depend on access to healthcare and infrastructure. The document outlines factors affecting birth and death rates in countries like India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the USA.
This seminar paper examines the determinants and consequences of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa and implications for achieving demographic dividends. Fertility rates in sub-Saharan Africa remain the highest in the world, with 45 of the 66 nations with the highest fertility located in the region. Key determinants of high fertility include children as old age security, low education levels, early marriage, high infant mortality, and lack of contraceptive access. High fertility leads to consequences like reduced access to education, low living standards, and high dependency ratios. For countries to optimize demographic dividends, greater investments in education, health, and family planning are needed to transition to lower, sustainable fertility rates.
India's population as of 2001 was over 1 billion people, accounting for 16.7% of the world's population. Almost half of India's population lives in just five states. Population density varies across India, with the northern plains and Kerala having high densities due to fertile land and rainfall, while other areas have moderate densities. Population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration. Important characteristics of India's population include sex ratio, literacy levels, occupation, and health. The National Population Policy aims to promote planned parenthood, reduce infant mortality, and improve access to education and healthcare.
The document discusses sex ratios and mortality rates in India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the U.S. It notes that India's sex ratio improved from 933 to 940 females per 1000 males from 2001 to 2011 according to the Indian census, with Kerala having the highest ratio at 1084. Bangladesh's ratio is nearly equal at 100.3 males per 100 females. Japan's population is decreasing due to fewer births and an aging population. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child under age 1 and is affected by factors like access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
The document discusses sex ratios and mortality rates in India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the U.S. It notes that India's sex ratio improved from 933 to 940 females per 1000 males from 2001 to 2011 according to the Indian census, with Kerala having the highest ratio at 1084. Bangladesh's ratio is nearly equal at 100.3 males per 100 females. Japan's population is decreasing due to fewer births and an aging population. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child under age 1 and is affected by factors like access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
The document discusses sex ratios and mortality rates in India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the U.S. It notes that India's sex ratio improved from 933 to 940 females per 1000 males from 2001 to 2011 according to the Indian census, with Kerala having the highest ratio at 1084. Bangladesh's ratio is nearly equal at 100.3 males per 100 females. Japan's population is decreasing due to fewer births and an aging population. Infant mortality is defined as the death of a child under age 1 and is affected by factors like access to healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
Prospects and challanges of population management in bangladeshMd. Nazmul Alam
This document discusses population trends in Bangladesh and strategies for population management. It notes that Bangladesh has a population of over 158 million people, with high population densities concentrated in urban areas like Dhaka. To manage growth, it recommends improving access to family planning, promoting responsible parenthood, preventing early marriage, increasing education and employment opportunities for youth, and decentralizing industries and administrative centers. The overall goal is to achieve a sustainable population level through an integrated population management program.
population dynamics and its definitionssrafiaimtiaz14
This document provides an introduction to concepts related to population dynamics and demography. It defines key terms like total fertility rate, mortality rates, population growth rate, and household size. It also presents data on Pakistan's historical population growth, noting it surpassed 200 million in 2017 and is the 5th most populous country. Figures show its population is projected to reach 330 million by 2050. The document concludes with information on Pakistan's provincial populations from the 2023 census, with Punjab having the largest at over 127 million people.
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area and able to interbreed. India's population as of 2001 was over 1 billion people, unevenly distributed across the country with states like Uttar Pradesh being highly populated and others like Sikkim and Lakshadweep having much smaller populations. Population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns in a country over time.
India has experienced rapid population growth in recent decades. The population reached over 1.21 billion according to the 2011 census, making India the second most populous country. Population growth is driven by a historical high birth rate and declining death rate. This rapid growth creates challenges for development by increasing demand for resources. Efforts are needed to reduce population growth through expanding education and employment, especially for women, as well as improving public health, access to family planning services, and social security for the elderly.
This document discusses key aspects of population in India including:
- Population size, distribution, and growth rates based on census data
- Characteristics like age composition, sex ratio, literacy rates, and occupational structure
- Important processes that influence population change like birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns
- Government policies aim to promote planned parenthood, education, healthcare, and delayed marriage to influence population growth.
India has a population of over 1.2 billion people as of 2011 according to census data, making it the second most populous country in the world. While India's overall population growth rate has declined in recent decades, the population is still increasing by over 180 million each decade. Approximately 70% of Indians live in rural areas, though urbanization is rising. A concern is the declining child sex ratio, with only 914 females for every 1000 males under age 6.
Similar to GEO101- Assignment-- The impact of Bangladesh's demographic features on its economic development (20)
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Lifelines of National Economy chapter for Class 10 STUDY MATERIAL PDF
GEO101- Assignment-- The impact of Bangladesh's demographic features on its economic development
1. The impact of Bangladesh’s demographic
features, on it’s economic development
Report on the year 2007
GEO101
Sec: 01
Mrs. Moushumi Zahur
Mobasshera Jahan 11204090
Samiya Yesmin 11304043
3. INTRODUCTION:
Bangladesh is located in the northeastern part of South Asia and covers an area of 147,570 squar
Kilometers. It is almost entirely surrounded by India, except for a short southeastern frontier with
Myanmar and a southern coastline on the Bay of Bengal. It lies between latitudes 20° 34_ and
26° 38-north and longitudes 88° 01_ and 92° 41_ east, and it has a tropical climate.
The country is divided into 6 divisions, 64 districts, and 496 upazilas (sub districts) (BBS, 2001).
Muslims make up almost 90 percent of the population of Bangladesh, Hindus account for about 9
percent, and others constitute the remaining 1 percent. The national language of Bangladesh is
Bengali, which is spoken and understood by all.
Bangladesh is overpopulated and will become even more so and that this is inhibiting the
economic and social prosperity of the country keeping Bangladesh one of the poorest countries
in the world is incontestable. This has been a dominant consideration in political decisionmaking in Bangladesh and amongst international agencies. Bangladesh is indeed very poor
measured by any demographic or economic criterion. For example, the human development
index (HDI) is widely used to compare socio-demographic situation in many countries. This is a
composite of literacy rates, gross national product (GNP) per capita and life expectancy at birth
among other measures (UNDP, 2003). According to HDI, Bangladesh is ranked at position 145
out of 173.
The demographic feature of Bangladesh, including population density, male female ratio of
population, literacy rate, infant mortality rate, economic status & so on affects a great impact on
its economic development.
And here we have put together a report on the impact played on the economic development of
Bangladesh by its demographic features
3
4. POPULATION:
The country's population is almost evenly distributed throughout its 64 districts except for the
three Hill Tracts districts which are rather sparsely inhabited. Regionally, the eastern districts
have a slightly higher density than the western ones. On average, a district has a population of
about 1.8 million, a thana 230,000, a union 25,000 and a village 2,000. There are 490 thanas,
4,451 unions and 59,990 villages. The number of households is about 20 million. On average, a
household consists of 5.6 persons. The tribal people, who lead a simple life, are generally selfreliant, producing their own food and drinks and weaving their own clothes.
There are 4 metropolitan cities and 119 municipalities in the country. The level of urbanization is
low at 20%. This leaves 80% of the country's total population of about 120 million to live in the
rural areas which primarily depend on a poorly developed agriculture for livelihood. The capital
city of Dhaka has an estimated population of 8.58 million. According to 2007, the annual growth
rate of the population has come down to 1.75% with the acceptance of family planning practices
rising to 48.7%. The crude birth rate per 1000 is 25.6 and the death rate is 8.1. Life expectancy at
birth is 59.5 years. The rate of child mortality per 1000 has come down to 76.8 and that of
maternal mortality to 4.5. About 96.3% families in the country have now access to safe drinking
water. The sex ratio is 106 males for every 100 females. The density of population per square
kilometer is 800.
Some 44.3% of the people are literate with about 5 million having passed secondary school level
and another 1.27 million being graduates. The primary school enrollment rate has risen to 86%
and the rate for secondary school enrollment to 33%. To intensify promotion of compulsory
primary education, the food-for education program has been extended to over 16,000 schools.
More and more primary schools will be brought under this program.
Bangladesh population growth rate has not declined much during the last one decade or so owing
to stagnation in fertility and mortality with the result that there has been little change in
population growth rate. In my view, it has been hovering around 1.7% to 1.6% during the
preceding decade. The estimated crude birth rate was 26/1000 population (BDHS, 2007) and
4
5. crude death rate (CDR) is estimated to be 10/1000 population. The resultant growth rate is 1.6%.
In 2007 the rate of population growth rate of Bangladesh, according to United Nations and other
agencies is still 1.65 percent. If this rate continues, Bangladesh population will double itself (i.e.
300 million) in 2050.
Table 1: Projected population of four major cities of Bangladesh in 2007 and years of doubling
the population:
Population in
Cities
2001
(in million)
Estimated
present
Estimated present
population
Growth rate (%)
Doubling of the
population (in millions)
and years
(in million)
Dhaka
8.6
11.0
5.0
22.0(14 yrs)*
Chittagong
3.4
5.0
4.5
10.0 (15.5)
Khulna
1.3
2.0
4.0
4.2 (17.5)
Rajshahi
0.7
1.0
3.0
2.0 (23.3)
Total
14.0
19.0
-
-
*Figures in parenthesis represent number of years of doubling the population.
As a part of Government’s population management strategy in urban area, Government may
attempt to reverse the current trend through planned infrastructural development in remaining
district Headquarters and selected Upazilas so as to upgrade them as the second tier modern
cities and towns in a period of ten years. These emerging cities and towns should have proper
connectivity with big cities along with all modern facilities so that rural migrants become
attracted to go there for employment, business and education and eventually for settlement. The
emerging cities and towns should have education, business, industries, spacious roads, public
transportation facilities etc. This kind of urban center economic growth in favor of peripheral
cities and towns is desirable for balanced growth of urbanization and economic development.
This scheme will create a significant employment and income opportunities for the
5
6. disadvantaged people of the underdeveloped urban areas. Hence, rural migrants will be attracted
to go there rather than coming to highly polluted mega city and port cities. As a result, current
imbalance in rural migrants’ distribution between big cities and small cities shall narrow down
and may ultimately take a reverse trend in a period of ten years from hence. It is assumed that
70.0 percent rural migrants may go to newly emerging towns and the rest 30% may come to the
big cities. This kind of shift may take time, but eventually it will happen, provided we pursue the
above policy strategy.
Demographic evolution of territory of Bangladesh(1900-2010)
Population of Bangladesh
Census date
census population adjusted population
(thousands)
(thousands)
1901
1911
31 555
1921
33 255
1931
35 602
1941
41 997
1951
41 932
1961
50 840
1974
71 479
76 398
1981
87 120
89 912
1991
106 313
111 455
2001
124 355
130 523
15 Mar 2011 (p)
6
28 928
142 319
7. FERTILITY RATE:
Following an impressive decline in fertility in the late 1970s and 1980s from 6.3 to 3.4 births per
woman, fertility in Bangladesh began to plateau, causing concern among policy makers. Multiple
sources of data show that the total fertility rate stalled at 3.3 for about ten years during the 1990s
and then resumed its decline during the early 2000s (Mitra et al., 1994; Mitra et al., 1997;
NIPORT et al., 2001; NIPORT et al, 2005; ICDDR,B, 1994; ICDDR,B, 2002). A major
objective of the 2007 BDHS is to examine fertility levels, trends, and differentials in
Bangladesh. The focus on fertility is due to its important role in determining Bangladesh’s
population growth rate and its impact on economic development. This chapter describes current
and past fertility, cumulative fertility and family size, birth intervals, age at first birth, and the
reproductive behavior of adolescents. Most of the fertility measures are based on the birth
histories collected during interviews with ever married women age 15-49. Each woman was
asked a series of questions that could be used to construct a retrospective history of all of her
births. To encourage complete reporting, the interviewer asked the respondent about the number
of sons and daughters living with her, the number living elsewhere, and the number who had
died. She was then asked for a history of all of her births, including the month and year of birth,
name, sex, and survival status of each birth. Interviewers were given extensive training in
probing techniques designed to help respondents report this information accurately.
7
8. CURRENT FERTILITY LEVELS
Age-specific and total fertility rates for Bangladesh as a whole and for urban and rural areas are
shown in Table 4.1, along with the general fertility rate and crude birth rate. According to the
2007 BDHS, the total fertility rate for women age 15-49 is 2.7. This means that a Bangladeshi
woman would have, on average, 2.7 children in her lifetime if the current age specific fertility
rates remained constant. This is 10 percent lower than the TFR of 3.0 children found by the 2004
BDHS. For the three-year period preceding the survey, the general fertility rate in Bangladesh
was 105 births per 1,000 women of reproductive age. Data show a crude birth rate of 26 births
per 1,000 populations for the same period.
Table 4.2 also presents the TFR and the mean number of children ever born to women age 40-49,
which allows a crude assessment of
trends in fertility. The former is a
measure of current fertility, while the
latter is a measure of past or
completed fertility. Although
comparing completed fertility among
women age 40-49 with the total
fertility rate can provide an indication
of fertility change, it is vulnerable to
the understatement of parity by older
women. Findings on age at marriage
and contraceptive use are also of
crucial importance in reaching a
balanced judgment about fertility trends. Unless there is evidence of increased age at marriage
and/or appreciable use of contraception, it is unlikely that fertility has declined. However, the
comparison of past and present fertility indicators, together with corresponding increases in
contraceptive use and women’s age at marriage, suggests a decline of two children per woman,
from 4.6 to 2.7 children. There has been a substantial decline in fertility in both urban and rural
areas, and in all administrative divisions. Fertility declined by two or more children in three of
Bangladesh’s six divisions: Barisal, Chittagong, and Khulna.
8
9. FERTILITY TRENDS:
Trends in fertility in Bangladesh since the early 1970s can be examined by observing a time
series of estimates produced from demographic surveys fielded over the last three decades,
beginning with the 1975 Bangladesh Fertility Survey (BFS). Data from the 2007 BDHS and
previous surveys show that following a nearly decade-long plateau in fertility from 1993 to 2000,
fertility in Bangladesh has resumed its decline. The estimates shown in Table 4.3.1 describe the
ongoing fertility transition in Bangladesh. Fertility has declined
sharply, from 6.3 births per woman in 1971-75 to 2.7 births per woman in 2004-2006 (Table
4.3.1 and Figure 4.3). There was an initial rapid decline in fertility of nearly two children per
women up to the early 1990s. Fertility then platitude at around 3.3 births per woman for most of
the 1990s. This was followed by another noteworthy decline in fertility during the current
decade. The 2007 BDHS data, along with earlier rounds of the survey beginning in 1993,
indicate that the decline in fertility hascontinued during the last three years, reaching 2.7 births
per woman. Since 2001, a marked decline in fertility has been observed in Khulna, Chittagong,
and Sylhet divisions. The decline in fertility in the last two decades occurred mostly among older
women.
9
10. INFANT & CHILD MORTALITY RATE:
Infant and child mortality rates reflect a country’s level of socioeconomic development and
quality of life. They are used for monitoring and evaluating population and health programs and
policies. The rates are also important for monitoring progress towards the United Nations
Millennium Development Goal to reduce child mortality by two-thirds by the year 2015. This
chapter provides information on mortality of children under age five. Specifically, it presents
information on levels, trends, and differentials in neonatal, post neonatal, infant, and child
mortality. Information on prenatal mortality and patterns of fertility associated with high
mortality is also provided. Mortality estimates are disaggregated by socioeconomic
characteristics, such as urban-rural residence, division, mother’s education, and household
wealth, as well as by selected demographic characteristics in order to identify segments of the
population requiring special attention. The data for mortality estimates were collected in the birth
history section of the Women’s questionnaire. The 2007 BDHS asked all ever-married women
age 15-49 to provide a complete history of their live births, including the sex, month, and year of
each birth, survival status, and age at the time of the survey or age at death. Age at death was
recorded in days for children dying in the first month of life, in months for children dying before
their second birthday, and in years for children dying at later ages. In this chapter, the following
direct estimates of infant and child mortality1 were used:
Neonatal mortality: the probability of dying within the first month of life;
Post neonatal mortality: the difference between infant and neonatal mortality;
Infant mortality: the probability of dying before the first birthday;
Child mortality: the probability of dying between the first and fifth birthday;
Under-five mortality: the probability of dying between birth and the fifth birthday.
All rates are expressed per 1,000 live births except for child mortality, which is expressed per
1,000 children surviving to their first birthday (12 months of age).
Male children experience higher neonatal mortality than female children. In contrast, rates that
do not include the first month of life, such as post neonatal mortality, are similar for male and
female children. The pattern of gender differentials in neonatal mortality is expected because
neonatal mortality (which reflects largely congenital conditions) tends to be higher for boys than
girls. BDHS surveys conducted before 2004 reported both higher post neonatal and child
mortality for females than for males—a pattern that has been observed in other countries of
10
11. South Asia where strong son preference is thought to result in relative nutritional and medical
neglect of female children (Das Gupta, 1987; Basu, 1989). The 2007 BDHS confirms the
findings from the 2004 BDHS that there is no longer a notable difference in the post neonatal
and under five mortality rates of male and female children.
LITERACY TREND:
With increasing the population and slowing fertility rate, major changes in age structure is seen.
The table below shows 2007’s estimated age structure.
Age structure:
0-14 years:
34.6% (male 24,957,997/female 23,533,894)
15-64 years:
61.4% (male 47,862,774/female 45,917,674)
65-over:
4% (male 2,731,578/female 2,361,435)
This change causes and over all change in available work force population that contributes to the
country’s economic growth, which we can see in the graph below is again on the rise.
This happened due to the increases in life expectancy and a rapid decline in fertility, leading to a
substantial reduction in the youth dependency ratio, thereby helping to boost growth rates of
income per capita.
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12. People with high incomes naturally tend to place a high implicit value on their time. Given that
child rearing is time intensive; it is not surprising that they also tend to have fewer children.
Hence the emphasis on education has increased. Literacy rate has increased to such a level that
Bangladesh now holds the 151st position in the world literate list with a 53% of literate
population. This is a great news as increased literacy has increased the economic development of
the country by increasing its red white and gold collared labour force.
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 47.9%
male: 54%
female: 41.4%
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13. KEY-
As we can see from the graph below, by the year 2007, major increase is seen in the number of
students seeking an education.
This suggests that income growth tends to promote fertility decline. This is a positive effect of
good health status, as measured by life expectancy, on economic growth, this finding reflects the
greater incentives long-lived people have to save for old age, increased returns to investments in
human capital associated with having longer horizons over which to recoup those returns, higher
productivity, and lower rates of absenteeism.
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14. IMPACT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
Since 1990 Bangladesh has seen major improvements on a number of development indicators,
including rates of economic growth, poverty reduction, population regulation, infant mortality,
and literacy. It has been less successful in tackling wealth and income inequalities, infrastructure
problems, energy supplies, and the broader management of economic development. Its economic
progress over the past 15 to 20 years has led the World Bank, in a recently released up-beat
report (2007), to state that Bangladesh could become a middle income country (per capita gross
national income of US$875) by 2016. To do this it is suggested that it needs to deepen its
industrial base, become more integrated into global markets and priorities urban economic
development as a key driver of growth. The report states that a sustained growth rate of 7.5
percent is required to make this transition. Initial responses by Bangladeshi economists and
media commentators have been mixed, with some criticizing the report for its focus on absolute
poverty rather than relative poverty and its failure to address rising income and wealth
inequalities.
Bangladesh has been very successful in improving the social standing of its population. For
example, it has achieved some of the Millennium Goals but remains at low level internationally.
The 2006 United Nations Human Development Index (a measure of life expectancy, education,
and income) ranked Bangladesh 137 out of 177 countries, behind both Pakistan and India.
However, some of the more impressive social statistics are the following:
• Life expectancy grown from 50 in 1971 to 64 in 2007
• Population growth rates have halved
• Child mortality reduced by 70 percent but gender gap remains
• Improvements in maternal nutrition but uneven and gap widening
• Decline in child malnutrition but still high
• Literacy has more than doubled
• Gender gap in schooling up to secondary declining but still big gaps between rich and poor
• Improved disaster preparedness
• Greater visibility of women in public space and non-traditional jobs
An important role has been played here by the partnership between Government and
NGOs working to provide better services at the grass roots level.
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