This document discusses genu varum (bow legs) and provides information on its normal development, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. It notes that genu varum is normal in infants and typically resolves on its own by 18-24 months as the child begins walking. Persistent or worsening bowing after age 2 may indicate an underlying condition. Common causes include physiologic bowing, Blount's disease, rickets, and bone dysplasias. Assessment involves history, exam of limb alignment and growth, and full-length radiographs. Treatment depends on the etiology but may include stretching, bracing, or corrective osteotomy.
GENU VALGUM & VARUM
Concise presentation on,
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Assessment
Treatment
Osteotomy
Ref : Essential orthopaedics by Maheswari
Textbook of orthopedics by Ebnezar
Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures
Prepared by Binisha Sebby
Final MBBS student,
Dr SMCSI MC,
Karakonam
Osseous anatomy, Types of approaches(Position,landmarks,Incision,Superficial and Deep surgical dissection) , structures at risk, Extensile approaches with diagrams and eponymous .
GENU VALGUM & VARUM
Concise presentation on,
Etiology
Clinical Features
Clinical Assessment
Treatment
Osteotomy
Ref : Essential orthopaedics by Maheswari
Textbook of orthopedics by Ebnezar
Apley's System of Orthopaedics and Fractures
Prepared by Binisha Sebby
Final MBBS student,
Dr SMCSI MC,
Karakonam
Osseous anatomy, Types of approaches(Position,landmarks,Incision,Superficial and Deep surgical dissection) , structures at risk, Extensile approaches with diagrams and eponymous .
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
12. With normal growth, the lower limbs gradually straighten with a zero Tibio femoral angle by 18 to 24 months of age. (when the infant begins to stand and walk). Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol 1 (No 1), March 2010, Pages: 46-53
16. The greater degree of valgus in females may be due to their wider pelvis.
17. Differential diagnosis of genu varum: Physiologic Pathologic A. Blount’s disease B. Hypophosphatemic or nutritional rickets C. Posttraumatic D. Postinfectious E. Congenital deformities F. Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia G. Metaphysealchondrodysplasia H. Fibrous dysplasia I. Osteogenesisimperfecta J. Renal osteodystrophy
18.
19. May be due to persistence of severe physiologic bowlegs (the most common etiology), a pathologic condition, or a growth disorder.11 Persistent genu varum in the older child
37. Ruling out the deformity of the feet e.g. metatarsus varus or valgus which may represent torsional deformity of the limb .
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42. 36 Take radiograms when : A 3 years and older and the varusdeformity is not improving or is getting worse, The medial bowing is unilateral or asymmetric, The angulation is acute in the proximal tibialmetaphysis immediately below the knee, The possibility of a pathologic condition.
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48. Localized.
49. Progressive.
50. Not expected for age.Exaggerated physiologic deformities:
79. Principles of Evaluation and Treatment; Genu varum is physiologic until the age of 18 to 24 months, and treatment is unnecessary.
80. (2) In a child with normal stature and findings compatible with physiologic bowing, radiographic documentation is unnecessary. Photographs are less expensive and just as valuable.
81. (3) If radiographs are deemed necessary, full-length standing films of the entire lower limbs are required for the evaluation of the mechanical axis and the site of deformity. (4) Shortness of stature should signal the likelihood that a constitutionaldisorder is the cause of genu varum.
82. (5) Idiopathic tibia vara is the most common pathologic cause of bowlegs in the child. Bracing may be effective in the early stages, but this has not been established by prospective controlled clinical trials.
83. (6) Surgical correction of tibia vara can be guided by the principle that reestablishing a normal mechanical axis in the early stages will allow normal growth to occur.
84. (7) There are various types of internal and external fixation, all of which are satisfactory. (8) Treatment of genu varumsecondary to constitutional disorders must be tailored on an individual basis.