This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
Introduction to On-farm Organic Plant Breeding provides farmers with an overview of basic genetics, farm-based experimental design, and breeding techniques appropriate for organic farms. - See more at: http://ofrf.org/blogs/new-tools-organic-farmers-teach-diy-plant-breeding#sthash.clHAu7FF.Fd4spHEW.dpuf
Organic Plant Breeding: Achievements, Opportunities, and ChallengesSeeds
Organic plant breeding programs were founded in the 1980s-1990s to develop crop varieties suited to organic systems. Research has shown that the top-yielding varieties in organic systems do not correlate to those in conventional systems, demonstrating the need for organic breeding. Some successful organic breeding programs have developed weed-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties of crops like wheat, maize, barley and tomatoes. Traits important for organic systems include weed tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, and adaptation to nutrient dynamics. Participatory breeding programs have also improved crops suited for small-scale organic farmers. Overall, organic breeding aims to develop varieties adapted to organic conditions while respecting genetic diversity and plant integrity.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Genetic Enhancement- Need for Genetic EnhancementKK CHANDEL
Journey From Wild to Domestication; Genetic Enhancement- Need for Genetic Enhancement; Genetic Enhancement in Pre Mendelian Era and 21st Century; Genetic Enhancement and Plant Breeding; Reasons For Failure in Genetic Enhancement; Sources of Genes/ Traits- Novel Genes For Quality
The concept and purpose of plant breeding in the modern environmentPaul Gooderham
The concept of plant breeding has been in use since centuries. It is practised across the world by commercial enterprises and government institutions. The increasing requirement of food security has made breeding new crops important.
This document evaluates plant breeding techniques for their compatibility with organic agriculture. It begins by explaining that seeds are the basis of agricultural production but most organic farmers know little about how their seedstocks have been produced. It then provides an overview of standard plant breeding and multiplication techniques, distinguishing those that act at the plant, cell, and DNA levels. The aim is to inform ongoing discussions around organic plant breeding by explaining each technique and assessing its suitability according to organic principles.
This document discusses a student project on plant breeding tomatoes. It will involve growing tomatoes from two varieties, Marimar and Diamante, in controlled and experimental groups. The project aims to develop a new high-yielding tomato variety or observe differences in fruit yield between the groups. The document outlines the project activities, which include preparing planting materials and soil, planting the tomato seeds, and observing and caring for the young plants. It is hoped that the project will help address issues of malnutrition, food shortage, and poverty through improving tomato yields.
Introduction to On-farm Organic Plant Breeding provides farmers with an overview of basic genetics, farm-based experimental design, and breeding techniques appropriate for organic farms. - See more at: http://ofrf.org/blogs/new-tools-organic-farmers-teach-diy-plant-breeding#sthash.clHAu7FF.Fd4spHEW.dpuf
Organic Plant Breeding: Achievements, Opportunities, and ChallengesSeeds
Organic plant breeding programs were founded in the 1980s-1990s to develop crop varieties suited to organic systems. Research has shown that the top-yielding varieties in organic systems do not correlate to those in conventional systems, demonstrating the need for organic breeding. Some successful organic breeding programs have developed weed-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties of crops like wheat, maize, barley and tomatoes. Traits important for organic systems include weed tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, and adaptation to nutrient dynamics. Participatory breeding programs have also improved crops suited for small-scale organic farmers. Overall, organic breeding aims to develop varieties adapted to organic conditions while respecting genetic diversity and plant integrity.
Plant Breeding And Transgenic Crop Comparative ApproachAmol Sable
This study reveals the concept of plant breeding and transgenic crop comparative approach, readers can find detail study about plant breeding and transgenic crops.
Genetic Enhancement- Need for Genetic EnhancementKK CHANDEL
Journey From Wild to Domestication; Genetic Enhancement- Need for Genetic Enhancement; Genetic Enhancement in Pre Mendelian Era and 21st Century; Genetic Enhancement and Plant Breeding; Reasons For Failure in Genetic Enhancement; Sources of Genes/ Traits- Novel Genes For Quality
The concept and purpose of plant breeding in the modern environmentPaul Gooderham
The concept of plant breeding has been in use since centuries. It is practised across the world by commercial enterprises and government institutions. The increasing requirement of food security has made breeding new crops important.
This document evaluates plant breeding techniques for their compatibility with organic agriculture. It begins by explaining that seeds are the basis of agricultural production but most organic farmers know little about how their seedstocks have been produced. It then provides an overview of standard plant breeding and multiplication techniques, distinguishing those that act at the plant, cell, and DNA levels. The aim is to inform ongoing discussions around organic plant breeding by explaining each technique and assessing its suitability according to organic principles.
New concepts in maintenance of plant breeding promises and prospectsZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The document discusses new concepts in plant breeding that promise to improve crops, including exploiting genes from wild plants and breaking complex traits into components to select for improved crops.
2. Recent advances in breeding technology such as wide hybridization between crops and wild relatives, molecular marker-assisted selection, and selecting for quantitative trait components are allowing plant breeders to make faster progress in improving yields and stress tolerance.
3. While genetic engineering holds promise, conventional plant breeding continues to advance and ensure contributions to agriculture through increasingly sophisticated methods.
This document discusses plant domestication and the process of domestication. It defines domestication as bringing wild plant species under human management through genetic modification to meet human needs. Key points:
- About 150 plant species are commercially grown for food globally, supplying most of our caloric needs.
- Domestication has led to 10,000-fold increase in human population in last 10,000 years by providing more reliable food sources.
- Humans selected plants for traits like high calorie output and balanced nutrition.
- Domestication involves both natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans for desirable traits.
- Traits selected during domestication include reduced seed shattering/dorm
Crop wild relative utilization in plant breedingAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) genetic resources in Pakistan and their utilization. It notes that Pakistan lies in a center of crop diversity due to its varied climate and geography. It has collected over 38,000 plant genetic resources accessions, including 361 CWR accessions. The document outlines challenges in CWR collection, characterization and utilization. It advocates for pre-breeding approaches to introduce beneficial traits from CWR into adapted varieties. Biotechnology tools can help with CWR exploration, conservation and utilization. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving CWR diversity and using pre-breeding to develop climate-resilient, nutritious crops to ensure future global food security.
Plant breeding is the art and science of improving plant varieties. The key activities of plant breeding include creating variability, selecting elite varieties, evaluating varieties in trials, identifying superior varieties, multiplying seeds, and distributing new varieties. The objectives of plant breeding are to increase yield, improve quality, add resistances to stresses, and modify other agronomic traits. Plant breeding has progressed from the pre-Mendelian era of selection and hybridization to the modern era utilizing techniques like hybridization, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
This document summarizes a credit seminar on plant genetic resource management and future strategies in fruit crops. It discusses plant genetic resources, including landraces, obsolete cultivars, modern cultivars, wild forms, wild relatives, and mutants. It describes gene pools and types of seed collection for conservation. India is highlighted as one of the most biodiverse countries with centers of origin for crop plants. The document outlines genetic resource management activities and provides statistics on genetic resource collections for various horticultural crops in India. Future needs are discussed like increasing in situ conservation and meeting demand for nutrition. Case studies demonstrate in vitro preservation and cryopreservation methods for conserving grapevine genetic resources. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity and
Pre breeding and crop improvement using cwr and lrAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces. It defines landraces as distinct populations that have developed unique characteristics through farmer selection without formal breeding. Pre-breeding is described as using unadapted genetic resources and transferring desired traits to materials more readily used by breeders. Techniques discussed for unlocking the genetic potential of landraces include wide crosses, somatic hybridization, marker-assisted breeding, and introgression libraries. The document outlines how pre-breeding can broaden the genetic base of crops and provide access to novel genes for traits like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance from secondary and tertiary gene pools. Challenges and future prospects of pre-breeding to enhance crop improvement are also
Introduction and History of Plant Breeding | Phases Evolved in Plant Breeding...RB PG College ,Agra.
Plant breeding has progressed through five phases: domestication of wild plants, selection to exploit natural genetic variation, hybridization to create new combinations of genes, creating novel genetic variation through induced mutations and polyploidy, and currently genetic engineering. The history began with prehistoric domestication of plants and selection of varieties suited to human needs. In later phases, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology have allowed breeding of improved varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.
Characteristics Improvement in Plant BreedingDev Hingra
Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
Evolution of crop species: Genetics of domestication and diversification SimranJagirdar
Abstract
Domestication is a good model for the study of evolutionary processes because of the recent evolution of crop species, it is the key role of selection in their origin and historical data on their spread and diversification. Recent studies, such as quantitative trait locus mapping, genome-wide association studies and whole-genome resequencing studies, have identified genes that are associated with the initial domestication and subsequent diversification of crops. Together, these studies show the functions of genes that are involved in the evolution of crops that are under domestication, the types of mutations that occur during this process and the parallelism of mutations that occur in the same pathways and proteins, as well as the selective forces that are acting on these mutations and that are associated with geographical adaptation of crop species.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
Plant Domestication and selection in plant breeding SHWETA GUPTA
Plant domestication began around 10,000 years ago when humans began agriculture. Through domestication, humans brought wild plant species under human management by selecting for desirable traits. This led to changes in the physical characteristics of plants over many generations as domesticated plants became dependent on humans for propagation. The main purposes of domestication were to obtain food, clothing, shelter and medicines. The process involved natural selection, spontaneous mutations, and selective breeding to develop cultivated varieties that differed from their wild ancestors in traits like yield, germination rates, and disease resistance. Domestication made plants better suited for agriculture but also less resistant to stresses over time.
The role of ex situ crop diversity conservation in adaptation to climate changeLuigi Guarino
Keynote delivered on behalf of Cary Fowler at international conference on Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas -- 1-4 February 2010 -- Amman, Jordan. Thanks to Colin Khoury for putting this together.
This presentation discusses the history and process of plant domestication. It begins with an overview of the origins and timeline of agriculture, noting that domestication of major crops like rice, wheat and maize was completed by 4000 BC. The presentation then covers centers of domestication, key domestication traits, genes controlling traits, and modern techniques like genome sequencing, GWAS, and NGS that are helping to further understand domestication.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustai...Francois Stepman
Dr. Denis T. Kyetere
Executive Director
AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION (AATF)
30 - 31 August 2018. Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium. IPBO conference 2018: “Scientific innovation for a sustainable development of African agriculture”
Plant science into practice - Tina Barsby (NIAB)Farming Futures
The document discusses the mission and challenges facing agriculture, including feeding a growing population in a sustainable way. It outlines NIAB's work in plant science research and knowledge transfer to support the agriculture industry in meeting these challenges. This includes developing new crop varieties through plant breeding and ensuring application of research findings in practice.
The city of Cambridge is experiencing significant population growth which is straining existing infrastructure. As a result, Cambridge has developed guidance for implementing sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) on new development projects. The guidance is landscape and design-focused, tailored for Cambridge, and encourages multi-disciplinary teams. It provides clear requirements for developers and promotes good upfront design. A monitoring project of a new residential development in Cambourne showed that the implemented SuDS provided effective stormwater management by attenuating flows and volumes, improving water quality, and creating new habitats.
New concepts in maintenance of plant breeding promises and prospectsZuby Gohar Ansari
1. The document discusses new concepts in plant breeding that promise to improve crops, including exploiting genes from wild plants and breaking complex traits into components to select for improved crops.
2. Recent advances in breeding technology such as wide hybridization between crops and wild relatives, molecular marker-assisted selection, and selecting for quantitative trait components are allowing plant breeders to make faster progress in improving yields and stress tolerance.
3. While genetic engineering holds promise, conventional plant breeding continues to advance and ensure contributions to agriculture through increasingly sophisticated methods.
This document discusses plant domestication and the process of domestication. It defines domestication as bringing wild plant species under human management through genetic modification to meet human needs. Key points:
- About 150 plant species are commercially grown for food globally, supplying most of our caloric needs.
- Domestication has led to 10,000-fold increase in human population in last 10,000 years by providing more reliable food sources.
- Humans selected plants for traits like high calorie output and balanced nutrition.
- Domestication involves both natural selection by the environment and artificial selection by humans for desirable traits.
- Traits selected during domestication include reduced seed shattering/dorm
Crop wild relative utilization in plant breedingAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses crop wild relatives (CWR) genetic resources in Pakistan and their utilization. It notes that Pakistan lies in a center of crop diversity due to its varied climate and geography. It has collected over 38,000 plant genetic resources accessions, including 361 CWR accessions. The document outlines challenges in CWR collection, characterization and utilization. It advocates for pre-breeding approaches to introduce beneficial traits from CWR into adapted varieties. Biotechnology tools can help with CWR exploration, conservation and utilization. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of conserving CWR diversity and using pre-breeding to develop climate-resilient, nutritious crops to ensure future global food security.
Plant breeding is the art and science of improving plant varieties. The key activities of plant breeding include creating variability, selecting elite varieties, evaluating varieties in trials, identifying superior varieties, multiplying seeds, and distributing new varieties. The objectives of plant breeding are to increase yield, improve quality, add resistances to stresses, and modify other agronomic traits. Plant breeding has progressed from the pre-Mendelian era of selection and hybridization to the modern era utilizing techniques like hybridization, mutation breeding, and genetic engineering.
Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Latin American Congress of Chemistry on 30th September 2010, in the symposium on Biodiversity and Ecosystems: the role of the chemical sciences.
This document summarizes a credit seminar on plant genetic resource management and future strategies in fruit crops. It discusses plant genetic resources, including landraces, obsolete cultivars, modern cultivars, wild forms, wild relatives, and mutants. It describes gene pools and types of seed collection for conservation. India is highlighted as one of the most biodiverse countries with centers of origin for crop plants. The document outlines genetic resource management activities and provides statistics on genetic resource collections for various horticultural crops in India. Future needs are discussed like increasing in situ conservation and meeting demand for nutrition. Case studies demonstrate in vitro preservation and cryopreservation methods for conserving grapevine genetic resources. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of genetic diversity and
Pre breeding and crop improvement using cwr and lrAbdul GHAFOOR
This document discusses pre-breeding in field crops using indigenous landraces. It defines landraces as distinct populations that have developed unique characteristics through farmer selection without formal breeding. Pre-breeding is described as using unadapted genetic resources and transferring desired traits to materials more readily used by breeders. Techniques discussed for unlocking the genetic potential of landraces include wide crosses, somatic hybridization, marker-assisted breeding, and introgression libraries. The document outlines how pre-breeding can broaden the genetic base of crops and provide access to novel genes for traits like biotic and abiotic stress tolerance from secondary and tertiary gene pools. Challenges and future prospects of pre-breeding to enhance crop improvement are also
Introduction and History of Plant Breeding | Phases Evolved in Plant Breeding...RB PG College ,Agra.
Plant breeding has progressed through five phases: domestication of wild plants, selection to exploit natural genetic variation, hybridization to create new combinations of genes, creating novel genetic variation through induced mutations and polyploidy, and currently genetic engineering. The history began with prehistoric domestication of plants and selection of varieties suited to human needs. In later phases, hybridization, mutation breeding, and biotechnology have allowed breeding of improved varieties with higher yields, disease resistance, and stress tolerance.
Characteristics Improvement in Plant BreedingDev Hingra
Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
This document provides an overview of plant genetic resources. It discusses germplasm and its conservation, the concept of gene pools, centres of origin, and gene banks. It notes that germplasm includes landraces, obsolete varieties, varieties in cultivation, breeding lines, special genetic stocks, and wild forms and relatives. Germplasm conservation can be in situ or ex situ through seed banks, field gene banks, shoot-tip banks, and more. Key concepts discussed include Vavilov's centres of origin theory and Harlan and de Wet's gene pool classification. Important gene banks in India are also listed, including the role of NBPGR as the nodal agency.
Evolution of crop species: Genetics of domestication and diversification SimranJagirdar
Abstract
Domestication is a good model for the study of evolutionary processes because of the recent evolution of crop species, it is the key role of selection in their origin and historical data on their spread and diversification. Recent studies, such as quantitative trait locus mapping, genome-wide association studies and whole-genome resequencing studies, have identified genes that are associated with the initial domestication and subsequent diversification of crops. Together, these studies show the functions of genes that are involved in the evolution of crops that are under domestication, the types of mutations that occur during this process and the parallelism of mutations that occur in the same pathways and proteins, as well as the selective forces that are acting on these mutations and that are associated with geographical adaptation of crop species.
This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.
Plant Domestication and selection in plant breeding SHWETA GUPTA
Plant domestication began around 10,000 years ago when humans began agriculture. Through domestication, humans brought wild plant species under human management by selecting for desirable traits. This led to changes in the physical characteristics of plants over many generations as domesticated plants became dependent on humans for propagation. The main purposes of domestication were to obtain food, clothing, shelter and medicines. The process involved natural selection, spontaneous mutations, and selective breeding to develop cultivated varieties that differed from their wild ancestors in traits like yield, germination rates, and disease resistance. Domestication made plants better suited for agriculture but also less resistant to stresses over time.
The role of ex situ crop diversity conservation in adaptation to climate changeLuigi Guarino
Keynote delivered on behalf of Cary Fowler at international conference on Food Security and Climate Change in Dry Areas -- 1-4 February 2010 -- Amman, Jordan. Thanks to Colin Khoury for putting this together.
This presentation discusses the history and process of plant domestication. It begins with an overview of the origins and timeline of agriculture, noting that domestication of major crops like rice, wheat and maize was completed by 4000 BC. The presentation then covers centers of domestication, key domestication traits, genes controlling traits, and modern techniques like genome sequencing, GWAS, and NGS that are helping to further understand domestication.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document summarizes research on advances in plant breeding systems. It discusses how modern tools like molecular markers, marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, and new statistical methods are being used along with technologies like RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas9, and TALENs to introduce beneficial genes and improve traits. Specific examples discussed include research on improving okra and rice varieties for traits like disease resistance and yield through techniques like tissue culture, molecular characterization, and genome editing. The document also summarizes research on inducing mutations in wheat using chemicals like EMS to generate genetic variability for breeding programs.
The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustai...Francois Stepman
Dr. Denis T. Kyetere
Executive Director
AFRICAN AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION (AATF)
30 - 31 August 2018. Gent-Zwijnaarde, Belgium. IPBO conference 2018: “Scientific innovation for a sustainable development of African agriculture”
Plant science into practice - Tina Barsby (NIAB)Farming Futures
The document discusses the mission and challenges facing agriculture, including feeding a growing population in a sustainable way. It outlines NIAB's work in plant science research and knowledge transfer to support the agriculture industry in meeting these challenges. This includes developing new crop varieties through plant breeding and ensuring application of research findings in practice.
The city of Cambridge is experiencing significant population growth which is straining existing infrastructure. As a result, Cambridge has developed guidance for implementing sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) on new development projects. The guidance is landscape and design-focused, tailored for Cambridge, and encourages multi-disciplinary teams. It provides clear requirements for developers and promotes good upfront design. A monitoring project of a new residential development in Cambourne showed that the implemented SuDS provided effective stormwater management by attenuating flows and volumes, improving water quality, and creating new habitats.
The document describes research using a MAGIC (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross) population approach to map genes controlling complex traits in wheat. The MAGIC population was developed from 8 elite UK wheat varieties and consists of over 300 lines. Phenotypic and genotypic data was collected on the population for traits like yellow rust resistance and thousand grain weight. Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for these traits, including several major effect loci for yellow rust resistance. The research aims to dissect the genetic control of important agronomic traits in wheat using this multi-parent mapping approach.
Agriculture & Farming: Are we farming the right way? - Jim Orson (NIAB TAG)Farming Futures
The document discusses several topics related to farming in the UK: 1) wheat yields have increased due to new technologies like herbicides and fungicides but still lag behind the US, 2) nitrogen inputs have environmental impacts through emissions like nitrous oxide and nitrate leaching into water supplies, and 3) current farming systems rely heavily on nitrogen for yields but need to reduce nitrogen losses to improve sustainability.
Mitosis and meiosis are both cell division processes but have key differences. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells through prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces gametes through two rounds of division and results in non-identical haploid cells through prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I and then a second round of division. The stages of meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing and genetic recombination which do not occur in mitosis. Both processes rely on spindle fibers to separate chromosomes but achieve different end products - growth of somatic cells for mitosis versus genetic diversity in offspring for meiosis.
Here are some potential implications of selective breeding for each area of concern:
1. Ecosystems - Domesticated species may become invasive if they escape and outcompete native species. Monocultures may lack resilience.
2. Genetic biodiversity - Narrowing of gene pool over time from focusing on few traits. Increased inbreeding depression. Loss of genetic variation makes populations more vulnerable.
3. Health/survival of individuals - Some breeds may experience health/welfare issues from being bred for extreme traits. Requires intervention like C-sections.
4. Survival of populations - Reliance on humans for care/breeding. Loss of ability to survive without human intervention if reintroduced to wild
Cell division occurs through the process of mitosis in somatic cells. Mitosis involves five phases - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is duplicated in preparation for division. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form. Metaphase sees chromosomes aligned at the center. Anaphase involves the separation of sister chromatids to opposite sides. Finally, in telophase, division is complete and two identical daughter cells have formed, each with the full complement of chromosomes. Mitosis results in the reproduction of body cells for growth and tissue repair.
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) can be engineered in several ways to alter plant traits. Some common applications include making crop plants resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to spray fields without damaging crops. Corn, soybeans, and cotton in the US are often engineered for herbicide resistance. GMOs are also used to improve crop quality, increase nutrient levels, and produce pharmaceuticals and vaccines in plants. However, the ethics and impacts of GMO technology are debated, with concerns about environmental effects, corporate control of seeds and genes, and impacts on developing countries.
Applications of genetic engineering techniques in agricultureB.Devadatha datha
This document discusses applications of genetic engineering techniques in agriculture. It begins by outlining reasons for genetically engineering plants, such as improving crops, using plants as bioreactors, and studying gene action. Various genetic engineering methods are then described, including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Applications like developing herbicide-resistant, insect-resistant, virus-resistant, and drought/cold-tolerant crops are covered. The document also discusses using genetic engineering for nutritional enhancement and production of edible vaccines. Potential risks like contamination and effects on non-target organisms are noted.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms (GEOs). It explains that GMOs are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology, which combines DNA from different sources into a new set of genes. This modified DNA is then transferred to an organism. The document outlines some potential advantages of GMOs, such as preventing disease and reducing CO2 levels, but also notes disadvantages like unknown environmental impacts and moral issues regarding manipulating nature.
Genetically modified crops and food Security..scientific factsRajdeeep sidhu
Genetically modified crops can help increase food security in several ways:
1) They can increase yields through traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, virus resistance, and drought tolerance. This helps increase food availability.
2) GM crops that are drought resistant or produce higher yields allow food to be grown in more difficult conditions, improving stability of food sources.
3) Some GM crops aim to directly enhance nutrition, such as golden rice which is engineered to produce higher amounts of vitamin A to address deficiencies.
Mitosis and meiosis are two types of cell division. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and is used for growth and repair of the body. Meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells and involves two cell divisions. The first division separates homologous chromosomes, while the second separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I.
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Genetics, plant breeding and agriculture - Tina Barsbyb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in IndiaSenthil Natesan
Fate of agricultural biotechnology hinges on how it is perceived by the policy makers and the public
We can help provide information so the stakeholders can make informed choices and pave way for enabling policies
Transforming Agri-food Systems to Achieve Healthy Diets for AllCGIAR
Challenges: Why Agri-Food Systems Need to Be Transformed
Opportunities: What Science Can Offer to Address these Challenges
The CGIAR partnership: Our Contribution to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Targets
Is there anything wrong with genetically modified crops?BHU,Varanasi
As per United Nation’s projection the global population expected to become between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050. While food production has increased accordingly, some 800 million people, primarily in the developing world, still do not have access to sufficient food. Forty thousand people die every day from malnutrition, over half being children under the age of 5. In addition to lack of food, deficiencies in micronutrients, such as vitamins and iron, leading to illness and death are widespread. To meet this challenge over the next 50 years, we must double-to-triple the production of food on, essentially, the same area of land in the face of decreasing water supplies and with respect to the environment. This will be made more difficult by the consequences of global warming, such as increased climatic variability, changing patterns of rainfall and new pests and diseases. At the same time there must be a cessation of wilderness erosion to protect biodiversity and maintain ecosystems. Since the 1970s, the world has also seen a revolution in our understanding of how organisms function at the molecular, biochemical and physiological level. An integral part of this revolution has been the development of technologies that allow the transfer of genes from one species to another using biotechnological tools and which has become an important field in the global market. Genetically modified (GM) crops involves the deliberate modification of plants and animals' genetic material using innovative recombinant DNA technology.It is believed that the application of biotechnology to agriculture—together with plant breeding and improved agricultural practice—may provide solutions to some of the challenges outlined above without jeopardizing the environment, cliamte, biodiversity and human well being . Feeding the increasing world population in a sustainable and nutritious manner is definite and commited role and at the same time assuming responsibility for fully evaluating any technology for future generations is another important task.As with many new technologies, people are keen to embrace the benefits but reluctant to accept potential risks. The manner of introduction of GM crops onto the market has led to widespread loss of public confidence, which has been exploited by non-representative groups and activists for their own political ends. Some hypothesised threats of GM crops to the environment are elevated as being more important than the security of mankind. And the future that the critics offer is bleak: hard-won knowledge is rejected in favour of ideology. They require an absolute safety guarantee for GM crops, but such a warranty cannot be given everything cannot be known about anything. There are mixed views, confusions and confidence about GM crops and their probable effect on soil-water-plant animal continuum system. Thus, a standard of absolute certainty will effectively stop the attainment of the benefits of this or any other technology.
This document discusses biodiversity and domestication of plants. It provides an overview of an international webinar on this topic presented by Pat Heslop-Harrison. The webinar covered challenges related to biodiversity loss and feeding the global population, and proposed that harnessing genetic diversity through plant breeding and management can help address these issues. Examples of crop domestication and genetic resources in plants like wheat, banana, and saffron were also presented.
World agriculture is facing its biggest challenge due to population growth and climate change. Crop diversity is critical for adapting to these challenges but many varieties have been lost. The Crop Trust works to conserve crop diversity globally to ensure food security. A new initiative called DivSeek aims to facilitate open access to genomic and phenotypic data associated with genebank collections through common data standards. This will help breeders develop climate-resilient crops and address food insecurity.
Wilhelm Gruissem - Global Plant Council: A coalition of plant and crop societ...epsoeurope
Presentation from Wilhelm Gruissem, President of the Global Plant Council, at the 7th EPSO Conference, 2 Sept 2013.
"Global Plant Council: A coalition of plant and crop societies across the globe, Global needs and contributions from plant science"
See text at http://molcyt.org/2012/11/29/superdomestication-feed-forward-breeding-and-climate-proofing-crops/ which also links the the YouTube talk using these slides
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Plant breeding and GM technology - Chris Leaverb4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
1. The document summarizes a report by the Bioenergy and Food Security Working Group on the relationships between bioenergy production and food security.
2. It finds that there is enough suitable land for both increased sustainable agriculture and biomass production for fuel/industry, and that bioenergy crops can improve soil quality and decrease food losses.
3. However, food security is a complex issue that depends on factors beyond just production like access, policy, and household resources. The report argues that bioenergy could help stimulate investment and rural development if implemented properly.
Enhancing Global Food Resources: CGIAR Strategy and its future Portfolio of P...CGIAR
Presented to the Second International Forum on Global Food Resources, 5-6 October 2016, Hokkaido University.
By Peter Gardiner, CGIAR System Management Office, France
This document discusses several global environmental issues and concerns for the 21st century, including climate change, natural resource depletion, ozone depletion, and loss of biodiversity. It then summarizes the role of agricultural biotechnology in addressing issues of sustainability, crop productivity, and food security. The document outlines how biotechnology can be used to develop stress-tolerant and higher-yielding crop varieties, as well as transfer useful traits from wild plants. However, it notes biotechnology must be properly regulated and accompanied by risk assessment. The document provides examples of how biotechnology has been applied in agriculture, including Bt technology to engineer pest-resistant crops like cotton. It concludes that biotechnology has the potential to increase food production but that both
Economic upliftment through biotechnologymalinibindra
Bioengineering uses engineering principles and techniques to solve problems in biology and medicine. It has expanded beyond prosthetics and medical devices to include engineering at the molecular and cellular level with applications in energy, environment, and healthcare. Emerging biotechnologies include genetic modification, diagnostics, biopolymer chemistry, and environmental technologies. Conventional plant breeding and mutation breeding have improved crops for hundreds of years but cannot meet current global demands, so genetic engineering is being used to develop pest-resistant, drought-tolerant, and nutritionally enhanced crops.
The document provides an overview of breeding organic vegetables, including basic seed-saving techniques. It discusses that self-pollinating crops like beans and tomatoes only need isolation distances of around 20 feet for seed production, while outcrossing crops like brassicas and cucurbits require much greater isolation of at least 1/4 mile to prevent cross-pollination between varieties. The document also notes that for seed production of outcrossing crops, growers can allow only one variety to flower if the edible portion is not the ripe fruit.
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SEED INDUSTRY-TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS
-Dr. Arvind Kapur
CEO, Vegetable Seed Division, RASI Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
The document discusses the history of famines and public plant breeding efforts to address food shortages. It notes that the Irish Potato Famine triggered efforts to find new crop genes, and a 1943 conference resolved to achieve freedom from hunger. Major 20th century famines killed millions. The Green Revolution increased wheat and rice yields through new semi-dwarf varieties, but concerns about its environmental impacts led to the concept of an "Evergreen Revolution" integrating natural resource management. Achieving this will require harmonizing organic farming with new genetics to address challenges like climate change.
Dr. Ehsan Dulloo discusses conservation strategies to respond to the global loss of plant genetic resources at the 29th International Horticulture Congress, including ex situ conservation, in situ conservation, cryopreservation, seed banks and the importance of crop wild relatives.
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/
Similar to B4FA 2012 Uganda: Genetics, plant breeding and agriculture - Tina Barsby (20)
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Science Journalism in Tanzania - Joseph Kithamab4fa
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2012 Tanzania: Genes - Out of the Lab into the News - Sharon Schmickleb4fa
This document provides examples of different types of articles about genetics research and crop science. It includes sample press releases, journal articles, and news stories that have been translated for a general audience. The document encourages thinking about how to craft compelling stories about this research for different target audiences like farmers, policymakers, and consumers. It also shares an example of Russian plant scientists who sacrificed themselves during a famine to save valuable seed collections at their research institute. The overall message is about effectively communicating science to non-expert audiences.
Effective interviewing requires preparation with clear questions to get clear answers. Interviewers should ask sources to translate scientific concepts into everyday language and drill down for more explanation if something is not understood. Interviewers also need to understand the source's reason for granting the interview, quote them accurately, double check facts, and maintain a good relationship as the source may be needed again in the future.
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Seed trade environment in Ghana - Daniel Otungeb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Agricultural biotechnology and the regulatory environment - ...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
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Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Cassava mosaic disease resistance - Paul Asareb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Bt cotton production in Ghana - Emmanuel Chambab4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: F1 hybrid seeds and plants - Claudia Canalesb4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.sti4d.com/b4fa for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Status of maruca-resistant cowpea project in Ghana - IDK Ato...b4fa
Presentation at the March 2013 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Accra, Ghana.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Genetic Engineering - Chris Leaverb4fa
Introduction to genetic engineering technologies and principles at B4FA 2013 Accra media fellowship workshop
For more information please see www.b4fa.org
B4FA 2013 Ghana: Introduction to Genetics - Prof Eric Yirenkyi Danquahb4fa
This document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including:
- Genetics is the study of heredity and variation, focusing on genes which provide instructions for making proteins.
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B4FA 2013 Ghana: History of agriculture - Bernie Jonesb4fa
This document provides a history of plant domestication and agriculture. It notes that around 10,000 years ago, early farmers began deliberately selecting crops with desirable traits through a process of natural selection and breeding. Over thousands of years, farmers domesticated crops like wheat, barley, potatoes, goats, sheep, rye, chickens and more in different regions. The document discusses how traditional plant breeding techniques have altered crops over millennia through selection, mutation, and crossing, well before modern genetic engineering. It also addresses the migration and colonization of indigenous African crops versus current staple crops.
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This document provides an overview of seed systems and regulation in Tanzania. It discusses the roles of various stakeholders in the formal and informal seed sectors, including national research institutes, universities, seed companies, farmers' groups, and NGOs. It outlines Tanzania's seed classification system and regulatory framework, including the Seed Act of 2003 and legislation protecting plant breeders' rights. Challenges in the seed industry include underfunding of research, weak extension services, low seed quality, and lack of awareness about improved varieties. Strengthening seed systems is important for increasing agricultural productivity and food security in Tanzania.
Presentation at the November 2012 dialogue workshop of the Biosciences for Farming in Africa media fellowship programme in Arusha, Tanzania.
Please see www.b4fa.org for more information
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
4. Matthew 7:18-7:20 A good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a
corrupt tree bring forth good fruit. Every tree that bringeth not forth good
fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire. Wherefore by their fruits ye
shall know them.
5.
6. Agriculture is at the Center of Many of Society’s
Most Important Debates
• Global food security
•Enhanced productivity
•Increased yield
•Sustainable production
• Water availability
•Drought-tolerant crops
• Biofuels
•Yield technologies to help meet
demand for both food and fuel
• Global warming
•CO2 footprint
•Fertilizer use
Exciting time for Agriculture & Plant Breeding
7. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
Meeting the challenges
Food security: From “How to Feed the World in 2050” (FAO World Food
Summit document, Nov 2009)
• By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34 % higher than
today
• In order to feed this larger, more urban and richer population, food
production (net of food used for biofuels) must increase by 70 %
Environmental Challenges: (Climate Change 2007: Synthesis report,
IPCC)
• Climate change/agriculture’s global warming contribution
- Agriculture and forestry account for 31% of global anthropogenic
greenhouse gas emissions
• Declining resources: Water, nutrients, natural habitats, biodiversity
- Agriculture is responsible for 70% of freshwater withdrawal
(United Nations Environment Programme)
8. Meeting the Demands of a Growing Global Market
GROWING WORLD POPULATION (B)
9
RISING CEREAL DEMAND (MMT)
3000
8
2500
7
6
2000
5
1500
4
3
1000
2
500
1
1981
1999
2015
TRANSITION NATIONS
•
•
•
2030
1981
DEVELOPED NATIONS
1999
2015
2030
DEVELOPING NATIONS
World population continues to increase
Per capita food consumption continues to rise
Consumers continue to demand improved taste, convenience, and nutrition
“To feed the eight billion people expected by 2025, the world will have to double food production…”
CSIS - Seven Revolutions
Source: FAO, WHO
11. a solar energy source for manufacturing
sunlight
yesterday
today and tomorrow
plant biomass
fossil reserves
oil...refineries
CHEMICALS
biorenewables
bio...refineries
MATERIALS
FUELS
12. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
‘Better seeds…better crops’
• Food crisis after WW1
• NIAB established by charitable
donations for ‘the improvement of
crops with higher genetic quality’
• Barriers to plant breeding, and to
access for growers to improved
varieties, were recognised barriers to
enhanced food production
13. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
1931 Farmers leaflet
1932 Farmers leaflet
The First Farmers Leaflets
15. Feeding future populations means doubling the productivity of neglected but
nutritious crops such as yams and green bananas
16. • How’s my country doing? Is there an
Agriculture strategy?
– Availability
– Affordability
– Safety
– Choice
– Quality …
17. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
•DuPont Food security index (there
are others)
•http://foodsecurity.eiu.com
Availability
Affordability
Safety and Quality
19. Growth rates due to early years of the
Green Revolution (1961-1980)
3.5
3
2.5
2
Other inputs
Cultivars
1.5
1
0.5
0
Latin America
Asia
Middle East
Africa
20. Growth rates due to late years of the
Green Revolution (1981-2000)
2.5
2
1.5
Other inputs
Cultivars
1
0.5
0
-0.5
Latin America
Asia
Middle East
Africa
21.
22. Wheat
Genetic history: plant breeding.
Dwarfing genes
reduced the
weight of straw,
changing the
distribution of
resources and
Dwarfing genes
resulting in:
allow increased:
•Higher grain
•Nitrogen fertiliser
yields.
levels.
In addition,
Which increased
pleiotropic effects
susceptibility to
of the dwarfing
disease. But plants
gene include
were protected by
more developed:
newly grains per
ear.
•Fungicide
23. •
•
•
•
What do plant breeders do?
How do they ‘introduce dwarfing genes’?
Where do these new genes come from?
Other questions?
25. Participatory maize breeding in Africa
• Prioritize most important stresses
under farmers’ conditions
• Manage trials on experiment
station and evaluate large numbers
of cultivars,
• Select the best, and …
• Involve farmers
– Mother trials in center of farming
community grown under best-bet
input conditions
– Farmer-representative input
conditions
– Farmer-managed baby trials
• Partnership with extension, NGOs,
rural schools, and farmer
associations
The Mother / Baby trial design
Collaborative, on-farm evaluation of maize cultivars
Performance under
farmers’ conditions
and farmers’
acceptance
26. Holistic Research
“No matter how excellent the
research done in one scientific
discipline is, its application in
isolation will have little positive
effect on crop production. What
is needed are venturesome
scientists who can work across
disciplines to produce
appropriate technologies and
who have the courage to make
their case with political leaders
to bring these advances to
fruition. ”
Norman E. Borlaug
27. •Father of the Green revolution:
Norman Borlaug.
•Where did he find the dwarf geneDiversity! Japanese
accession..Gene Banks
•How did he make possible to grow
dwarf wheat in a variety of
environments?
28. Fundamental role of Diversity &
Selection
Reference: Michael Balter (2007) Seeking Agriculture’s Ancient Roots, Science 316, 1830-1835
30. Sources of novel variation
•
•
•
•
International germplasm
Landrace, or traditional varieties
Wild relatives
Progenitor species
31.
32.
33.
34. Maize has more molecular diversity than
humans and apes combined
1.34%
0.09%
1.42%
Silent Diversity (Zhao PNAS 2000; Tenallion et al, PNAS 2001)
35. • Organisation and importance of Diversity
• Selection is a powerful tool but need to
understand & know what to select for.
36. Courtesy Tobert Rocheford and
Catherine Bermudez Kandianis
Keith Weller
Keith Weller
Scott Bauer
Doug Wilson
37. ‘all life depends on sunlight
and a green leaf’
biology is the science of the
natural world & critical to the
future of agriculture.
38.
39. Plant Breeding: Mining
Diversity
•
•
SHW back-crossing by CIMMYT
Identified reduced group of
94 for back-crossing to Xi19 &
Paragon by diversity analysis
•
Develop UK adapted synthetic
backcross derived lines
(SHW-D) approx. 6,000 lines
•
SHW back-crossing by NIAB
Genotypic and phenotypic
assessment of 440 CIMMYT
primary SHW
Assess agronomic
characteristics of SHW-D
including pest & disease
resistance, yield components,
drought tolerance and
nitrogen use efficiency
41. Drought in Africa between now and 2090
Red, Orange =
More prone to
drought
Blue =
Wetter and less
prone to
drought
Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK
42. Evaluation of drought
tolerance
High spike photosynthesis
Stem reserves
High preanthesis biomass
Cellular traits: osmotic adjustment, heat tolerance, etc.
Leaf traits: wax, rolling,
thickness, etc.
Early ground cover
Long coleoptile
Large seed
Water relations:
stomatal conductance,
etc.
46. Genes (Every organism carries inside
itself what are known as genes)
• DNA is divided into
sections called
genes.
• Each gene codes
for a protein
• Each protein has a
function
47. DNA - the code for life
• The DNA code consists
of just 4 building
blocks:
– A, C, T and G.
A C T G
...GCCTTACG…
....ACTGCCTGGAAC….
….TGACGGACCTTG….
Source: Microsoft Encarta
• Whether we are
bacteria, fungi
earthworms, mushrooms
or humans our DNA has
the same building
blocks, just in a
different order.
Source: Microsoft Encarta
49. • A new characteristic is the result of a gene
mutation
• Genes can be amplified and ‘seen’ as
molecular markers.
• Breeders are choosing genes or
combinations of genes which give the
characters the farmer needs
50.
51. Vavilov 1887-1943
•Soviet botanist & geneticist
•Discovered and identified
centres of origin of cultivated
plants
•Criticised the nonMendelian concepts of
Lysenko
•Arrested in 1940, died of
malnutrition in prison in
1943.
52. Many plant species have
been domesticated
around the world
All of the principal crops we
rely on today come from
domesticated species
53. Domestication: the first plant
breeders
The practice of artificial selection has been practiced by
farmers for thousands of years and has transformed
wild plants into the crops we depend on today through
this process of domestication
54. Crop origins and diversification: multiple births
Science 316, 1830-1835
ESEB Congress, Uppsala,
Sweden, August 2007
58. Heredity
•Heredity is the
passing of traits
to offspring
(from its parent
or ancestors).
Offspring resemble their parents more than they
resemble unrelated individuals (why is this so?)
61. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
•Agriculture depends on plant
breeding, choosing the best, crossing
the best with the best and hoping for
the best…
•With a little guidance from genetics!
•And the blessing of good soil and
rainfall.
65. USA: Historic Maize Yields
6
5
Yield
(tonnes/ha)
4
3
2
1
0
1875
To put your footer here go to View > Header and Footer
1925
1975
65
66. Hybrid vrs Open pollinated maize
On the left, a
local landrace
variety
On the right a
new, hybrid
maize variety
developed by
CIMMYT
with PASS
funding.
67. Concepts of Hybrid Production - Hybrid Vigour (Heterosis)
Hybrid Vigour is the superiority of progeny (offspring) (F1)
over the mean of its two parents (P)
heterozygous
heterosis
inbreeding depression
homozygous
selfing
68. History of Hybrids in Sorghum
5000
United States
4500
3500
3000
2500
2000
Inbred Varieties
1500
Hybrid Cultivars
1000
500
Year
1997
1993
1989
1985
1981
1977
1973
1969
1965
1961
1957
1953
1949
1945
1941
1937
1933
0
1929
Yield (kg/ha)
4000
69. Hybrid Seed Production
– Getting the cross
• Hybrids are produced by hand emasculation
in corn.
• In wheat, chemicals are used to sterilize the
pollen.
• Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is used for
hybrid seed production in sorghum and
pearl millet.
70. Training of Seed Growers in Hybrid Production
Crossing A and B lines
Heat sterilization of pollen using polythene bag
Identifying the different parts of the sorghum plant
71.
72. Gregor Johann Mendel,
(b. 22 July 1822; d. 6 January 1884)
Moravia, Austro-Hungarian Empire
Brno (Czech Rep.)
Experimemts, 1856-1870
Originator of the concept of the gene
(autosomal inheritance)
Birthplace of Modern Genetic Analysis
Augustinian monastry garden, St. Thomas,
Brünn, Austria
73. Mendel’s Laws
• Law of equal segregation (First Law)
The two members of a gene pair
segregate from each other into the
gametes; so that half the gametes carry
one member of the pair and the other
half of the gametes carry the other
member of the pair.
• Law of Independent Assortment (Second Law)
- different gene pairs assort
independently during gamete
formation
74. Reasons for choosing to study garden pea
• Can be grown in a small area
• Produce lots of offspring
• Easily identifiable traits
• Can be artificially crosspollinated
75. A pea flower with the keel cut and opened
to expose the reproductive parts
77. Genes (The genes are codes or messages. They carry
information. The information they carry is used to tell
the organism what chemicals it needs to make in order
to survive, grow or reproduce )
• Genes make us who
we are
• We receive our
genes from our
parents
• The same is true for
all animals, plants
and microbes
80. Summary and conclusions of Mendel’s experiments
•After crossing pure parental strains, the
F1 produced 100% of one character.
•After self-pollinating the F1, both
characters showed up in a 3:1 ratio.
•Because the same types of ratio kept
coming up, Mendel believed that there
must be some mathematical formula or
explanation for the observed data
•The first assumption made by Mendel
was that there must be a ”pair of factors”
that controls the trait in pea plant. This
“pair of factors” idea helped him
formulate his principles
83. Mendel’s Laws
• Law of equal segregation (First Law)
The two members of a gene pair
segregate from each other into the
gametes; so that half the gametes carry
one member of the pair and the other
half of the gametes carry the other
member of the pair.
• Law of Independent Assortment (Second Law)
different gene pairs assort
independently during gamete
formation
86. Serendipity: Natural Hybridisation
Many modern crop species are the result of ancient (or
recent) hybridisation events.
Oilseed Rape
Cotton
Wheat
Maize
87. Wheat a classic allo-hexaploid
Science Vol 316, 1862-1866
ESEB Congress, Uppsala,
Sweden, August 2007
91. ‘Doubly Green Revolution’
Sir Gordon Conway
• The aim
•repeat the success of the Green
Revolution
•on a global scale to include Africa
•in many diverse localities
• and be
•equitable
•sustainable
•and environmentally friendly
94. “The Three Pillars of Yield”
BREEDING
AGRONOMICS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Strategically breed plants
to create new, more robust
seeds that perform better –
and longer – in the field.
Use precision ag, planting density,
plant health protection, and
conservation tillage to make acres
more productive.
Supplement breeding
advancements by adding
special beneficial genes
to the plant.
ALL THREE ARE CRITICAL IN DELIVERING YIELD TODAY – AND TOMORROW
95. The Importance of Genetics
Products
Germplasm Development
Traditional &
Molecular Breeding
Genetics
Genetic diversity
Analytical Screens
Biochemistry
Variety Development
Yield Trials
Product Testing
Molecular Genetics
Market Identification
by Trait, Crop,
species
Transgenic Plant
Development
Cell Culture
Molecular Biology
Genetics
Gene Discovery
Plant Biology
Genomics
• 24 ABI 377 Automated sequencers
• 20,000 Lane per week capacity
97. The Life sciences revolution
Unlocking the genetic potential
of the biosphere
Exciting time
Molecular biology
Computer science
Plant
Breeding
Mathematics
Sustainable food
production
99. Democratisation of genomics
Roche 454: Metagenomics,
amplicon sequencing, BAC
sequencing
Illumina: HiScanSQ for genomes, transcriptomes or GBS / MiSeq for
amplicons, small genomes, focused GBS and pilot experiments
Ion Torrent: PGM for metagenomics, small genomes, BACS / Proton (due Sep ‘12!) for genomes, transcriptomes
100. Genes provide the foundation of new products for
farmers
Genes
Protein
yield?
tolerance to drought?
flowering time?
Trait
biomass utility?
improved agronomy?
tolerance to cold?
Product
101. In Era of Gene-Based Breeding, Amount of Data Explodes, Accelerating
Ability to Realize Step-Change Improvements
Traits
GENOMES/YEAR
Genome for
every yield plot
Reference
genomes for
each crop
•Heterosis
•Phenotypic & metabolic
plasticity
•Perenniality
Genomes
targeted for
specific traits
(disease)
•Evolution breeding
systems
•Ecological
competitive ability
•Intra & intergenotypic
Competition
PREDICTION POWER ACCELERATING
• Gene prediction knowledge will grow exponentially
• Unlocks the opportunity for gene-based breeding
•Nutrient
mobilisation
Crop & Root
ideotypes
Water utilisation
102. Pau Euralis
Ag Chem & Seed Industry May 2000
July 1996
100% Equity
August 1996
100% Equity
Interstate
Payco Payco
Interstate
GarstSeed Co.
Seed
Garst
Mendel Biotech
AstraZeneca
PLC
The Netherlands
August 1996
100% Equity
June 1997
$78 M 100% Equit y
United Kingdom
Mogen International NV
Paradigm Genetics
ExSeedGenetics LLC
December 1997
July 1998
$1.4 Best
( )
April 1996
$30 M 50% Equity
November 1996
$50 M 5% Equit y
May 1997
$242 M 45% Equit y
Total cost $322 Million
Plant Breeding
International
Cambridge, .
Ltd.
Ltd
July 1998
$525 M 100% Equity
Monsanto/
Pharmacia
United Kingdom
June 1998
First Line Seeds, .
Ltd.
Ltd
Canada
Novartis AG
November 1998
50% Equit y
August 1998
100% Equity
Agritrading
Italy
(Syngenta
AG)
Wilson Seeds, Inc.
1998
100% Equity
July 1999
100% Equity
December 1998
40% Equit y
Brazil
Asgrow Seed
Company LLC
DeKalb Genetics
Corporation
France
July 1997
Affymetrix
CuraGen
Koipesol
/Agrosem
/Agra
Spain
November 1996
$240 M 100% Equity
Custom Farm Seed
July 1999
20% Equit y
U.S. Cooperative
System:
Croplan
Genetics, FFR,
March 1996
$1.2 B 40% Equit y
May 1998
$2.5 B 100% Equity
Total cost $3.7 Billion
Jacob Hartz
Seed Co., Inc.
Monsoy
France
July 1999
80% Equit y
Switzerland
November 1997
JV wit h FT
Sementes
Corn States Hybrid Service, Inc.
Sarl.
Corn States International .
Sarl
Eridania
Beghin
-Say
Land O’ Lakes
November 1998
50% Equit y
January 1997
$1.02 B 100% Equit y
Holden’s
Foundation
Seeds
April 1998
100% Equity
Sturdy Grow Hybrids, Inc.
1983
100% Equity
Cereon
Syngenta AG
Diversa Corp.
GrowMark
, etc.
May 1998
$100 M 50% Equit y
Joint Venture
Cargill’s International
Seed Division
$150 M 100% Equity
April 1996
Calgene,
,
Calgene Inc.
20% Equit y
The Netherlands
France
Zimmerman
Hybrids, Inc.
May 1998
$100 M 50% Equit y
Joint Venture
Other Companies
Advanta BV
Advanta BV
Cargill Inc.
,
Renessen
Agracetus Inc.
,
Cooperatives
August 1996
50% Equit y
August 1996
HybriTechSeed
HybriTechSeed
Int’l., Inc. 100% Equity
1982
November 1997
$150 M 100% Equity
Joint Ventures
50%
RoyalVanderHave Equit y
The Netherlands
France
Brazil
Seed Companies
The Netherlands
100% Equity
Cargill Hybrid Seeds
North America
HybriTech
Europe SA
February 1996
90% Equit y
SA
Sementes Agroceres
Life Science Companies
Cooperatie CosunUA
UA
France
February 1996
10% Equit y
AgriPro Seed
Wheat Division
Italy
Maisadour
Semences
SA
OGS
Pioneer Hi-Bred
International, Inc.
Maxygen
April 1998
100% Equity
BASF
March 1999
100% Equity
HybrinovaSA
HybrinovaSA
Lynx
Dois Marcos
October 1999
100% Equity
August 1997
50% Equit y
Brazil
Lexicon
Incyte
Nidera Semillas
ScheringAG
India
February 1999
100% Equity
Sementes Ribeiral Ltda
.
Sementes Fartura Ltda
Mitla Pesquisa Agricola Ltda
Brazil
December 1999
24% Equit y
Germany
Aventis CropScience
December 1999
76% Equit y
March 1998
50% Equit y
1996
95% Equit y
Germany
Canada
Agritope/Agrinomics
RhoBio
France
Diversa
15% Equit y
Canada
France
France
Protein Technologies
Brazil
1997
25% Equit y
Morgan Seeds
Argentina
Nickerson
Seeds
United Kingdom
March 1994
100% Equity
99%
Equity
France
October 1990
100% Equity
October 1993
80% Equit y
September 1996
$34.6 M
100% Equity
Akin Seed Co.
Groupe
Limagrain
Dinamilho
Carol
Productos Agricolas Ltda
International
1997 55% Equit y
July 1994
85% Equit y
KingAgroInc.
Pau Euralis
March 1998
50% Equit y
Biogemma
Callahan Seeds
June 1994
100% Equity
Lynx
December 1997
$1.5 B 100% Equity
Mais Angevin
France
Biotechnica
International, Inc./
LG Seeds
April 1998
$32 M
100% Equity
Verneuil
Holding SA
France
December 1996
$9.4 M 18.75%
Equity
March 1999
$15 M
25% Equit y
France
France
Plantec Biotechnologie
Great Lakes
Hybrids, Inc.
83.6%
Illinois Foundation Seed, Inc. Equit y
AgrEvo
July 1999
100% Equity
1993 80% Equit y
Advanced
AgriTraits
March 1999
16.4% Equit y
August 1997
50% Equit y
March 1999
12% Equit y
KWS Saat
Exelixis
Pending
Up to 25% Equit y
August 1996
75% Equit y- $550M
ProagroGroup
Aventis SA
Argentina
Germany
Plant Genetic Systems
International (PGS)
E.I. DuPont de
Nemours & Co.
Optimum Quality
Grains, LLC
Dow
Agrosciences
October 1998
$322 M 100% Equity
Diversa
Diversa)
Mycogen
Corporation
September 1998
100% Equity
Paradigm
Incyte
LION
Exelixis
Bayer
February 1996
$72 M
100% Equity
Hibridos Colorado Ltda
deMilho
FT Biogeneticsde Milho Ltda
United AgriseedsInc.
,
Brazil
Large Scale Biology (BioSource)
106. IGER’s hunt for Asian elephant grass
http://www.iger.bbsrc.ac.uk/News/9march2007miscanthus.htm
China
Taiwan
Japan
107. Crossing
• Hybridisation Strategy
• 2n M. sinensis x 2n M.
sinensis from wide
geographical origins
• 4n M. sacchariflorus x
2n M. sinensis to
produce 3n M. x
giganteus types
114. Waxy & Starch Synthase – Tetra-ARMs
400 bp
300 bp
200 bp
100 bp
Negative Control
Riso 16
YMK + Tipple
YMK
Tipple
Tipple
Tipple
Tipple x YMK F1
Tipple x YMK F1
Tipple x YMK F1
Tipple x YMK F1
Tipple x YMK F1
Tipple x YMK F1
•Tetra-ARMs PCR applied to both these genes.
•Example below is a gel of the waxy amplicons
external fragment
(PCR positive control)
wild type amplicon
mutant specific amplicon
115.
116. Ghana’s
Success
Story
Sources: Development Outreach,
October, 08;Coulombe & Wodon,
World Bank; Irish Hunger Report
• MDG 1 achieved
• Malnourished - 5.8m in
1993 to 2.7 m in 2003.
• Declines in %
underweight children
and mortality
• Strong agricultural
growth since 80s
• 25% increase due to
area expansion
• Maize yield up by 36%,
cassava by 50%
• New maize, yam, rice
and cassava varieties
• A pest resistant cassava.
• Strong growth in
smallholder cocoa &
pineapples
• Market liberalisation
• New rural infrastructure
117. All this is threatened by
Climate Change
• Higher
temperatures
• Greater & more
intense rainfall
• Greater droughts
• River bank erosion
• Rising sea levels
• More intense
cyclones
• Salt water
incursions
119. Next steps ?
Proteomics
Genomics
Analytical Technology
Transgenic Traits
Molecular Engineering
(Higher Sustainable Yields)
Germplasm Improvement
Breeding: major technology platform for
food, water & energy security
Winter Nurseries
Computer Technology
Plot Mechanisation
Quantitative Genetics
Statistics
Pedigree Breeding
Hybridisation
Open Pollinated Selection
Time
New Opportunities for Agriculture
Plant Breeders use any
combination of these technologies
to develop enhanced products for
customers, and continue to
explore technologies to enhance
this process
120. Dr Tina Barsby
Plant Science into Practice
•Developing an industry-wide resource, showcasing new
technology and innovation in plant genetic development
for the agriculture and horticulture sectors, on themes of: