Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is the increased size, vigor, and productivity seen in the hybrid offspring of two parent plants. It results from hybridizing genetically diverse parent plants and causes the hybrid offspring to exceed the traits of both parents. There are three main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis: the dominance hypothesis, which posits that dominant favorable alleles from both parents lead to increased vigor when combined; the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygous state of the hybrid leads to greater traits than either homozygous parent; and epistasis, where interactions between alleles at different loci contribute to heterosis. Heterosis is estimated by comparing the hybrid traits to the mid-parent value, the
This document provides information about a plant breeding course including its objectives. It begins with details about the course such as its name, credit hours, and presenter. It then discusses definitions of plant breeding and the objectives of plant breeding which include higher yields, improved quality, disease and insect resistance, and changes in maturity duration among other traits. The document lists 12 main objectives of plant breeding and provides examples for each one. It concludes with information about international agricultural research centers.
Role of mutation breding in crop improvement Sanjay Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on the role of mutation breeding in crop improvement. It discusses types of mutations, mutagens used, procedures for mutation breeding including choice of material and mutagen dose, screening and selection of mutants, achievements and major varieties developed through mutation breeding in India. Key advantages are that mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method to develop new varieties and induce novel alleles. Limitations include the low frequency of desirable mutants and difficulties identifying micro-mutations. Mutation breeding has significantly contributed to global food security by developing new crop varieties.
Mass selection is a plant breeding method used to improve self-pollinated crops. It involves planting a segregating population in large plots and harvesting the crop in bulk. Undesirable plants are eliminated in each generation to select for desirable traits. Mass selection allows for a large pool of plant genetic material to be manipulated over multiple generations. The method retains genetic variability but generally results in less improvement than pure line selection.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Bread wheat is an allohexaploid species that evolved through two hybridization events followed by chromosome doubling. The first event involved hybridization of Triticum urartu and Triticum speltoides, producing a tetraploid species. The second event involved hybridization of the tetraploid with Triticum tauschii, producing hexaploid wheat with three complete genome sets. Most evidence now suggests the tetraploid intermediate was produced from hybridization of Triticum urartu and Aegilops speltoides, not Triticum speltoides as previously thought. Hexaploid wheat then evolved on farmers' fields through hybridization of the tetraploid or domesticated em
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is the increased size, vigor, and productivity seen in the hybrid offspring of two parent plants. It results from hybridizing genetically diverse parent plants and causes the hybrid offspring to exceed the traits of both parents. There are three main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis: the dominance hypothesis, which posits that dominant favorable alleles from both parents lead to increased vigor when combined; the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygous state of the hybrid leads to greater traits than either homozygous parent; and epistasis, where interactions between alleles at different loci contribute to heterosis. Heterosis is estimated by comparing the hybrid traits to the mid-parent value, the
This document provides information about a plant breeding course including its objectives. It begins with details about the course such as its name, credit hours, and presenter. It then discusses definitions of plant breeding and the objectives of plant breeding which include higher yields, improved quality, disease and insect resistance, and changes in maturity duration among other traits. The document lists 12 main objectives of plant breeding and provides examples for each one. It concludes with information about international agricultural research centers.
Role of mutation breding in crop improvement Sanjay Kumar
This document summarizes a seminar on the role of mutation breeding in crop improvement. It discusses types of mutations, mutagens used, procedures for mutation breeding including choice of material and mutagen dose, screening and selection of mutants, achievements and major varieties developed through mutation breeding in India. Key advantages are that mutation breeding is a cheap and rapid method to develop new varieties and induce novel alleles. Limitations include the low frequency of desirable mutants and difficulties identifying micro-mutations. Mutation breeding has significantly contributed to global food security by developing new crop varieties.
Mass selection is a plant breeding method used to improve self-pollinated crops. It involves planting a segregating population in large plots and harvesting the crop in bulk. Undesirable plants are eliminated in each generation to select for desirable traits. Mass selection allows for a large pool of plant genetic material to be manipulated over multiple generations. The method retains genetic variability but generally results in less improvement than pure line selection.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Bread wheat is an allohexaploid species that evolved through two hybridization events followed by chromosome doubling. The first event involved hybridization of Triticum urartu and Triticum speltoides, producing a tetraploid species. The second event involved hybridization of the tetraploid with Triticum tauschii, producing hexaploid wheat with three complete genome sets. Most evidence now suggests the tetraploid intermediate was produced from hybridization of Triticum urartu and Aegilops speltoides, not Triticum speltoides as previously thought. Hexaploid wheat then evolved on farmers' fields through hybridization of the tetraploid or domesticated em
1. Acclimatization is the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment over multiple generations through natural selection.
2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
3. Examples of acclimatization include humans developing more red blood cells at high altitudes and plants surviving freezing temperatures if the temperature drops gradually over time rather than suddenly.
22. Polyploidy in plant breeding in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It occurs naturally in plants through processes like autopolyploidy, where multiple chromosome sets are from the same species, and allopolyploidy, where chromosome sets are from different species. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased size, vigor and fertility restoration in some cases. It has played an important role in crop evolution, with many important crops being polyploid like potato, banana and coffee. Polyploidy can be artificially induced using techniques like colchicine treatment which inhibits chromosome separation. This has applications in crop improvement through creating new varieties and restoring fertility in interspecific crosses.
Inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression, which refers to a reduction in fitness and fertility. The degree of inbreeding depression varies between species. Some species, like alfalfa and carrot, show high inbreeding depression and a large proportion of inbred plants do not survive or have reduced fertility. Other species, like onions and sunflowers, show low inbreeding depression with only small effects on survival and fertility. This difference in response is due to whether a species has evolved to be heterozygous or homozygous. Cross-pollinated species tend to be highly heterozygous and show inbreeding depression, while self-pollinated species are naturally homozygous and do not exhibit inbreeding depression.
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreedingDev Hingra
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
This document discusses pureline selection, which is a plant breeding method where a single, homozygous and self-pollinated plant is selected and its progeny evaluated. In pureline selection, a large number of plants from a self-pollinated crop are individually selected and harvested, and the best individual plant progeny is released as a pureline variety. All plants within a pureline have an identical genotype. The document outlines the characteristics, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection as a plant breeding technique.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Backcross breeding is a method used to transfer one or few desirable traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent with otherwise good qualities. It involves crossing a hybrid plant with one of its parents and selecting progeny that resemble the recurrent parent for further backcrossing. This helps recover most of the recurrent parent's genome while introducing the desired trait. Marker-assisted backcrossing can improve efficiency by selecting against donor genome regions outside the target locus and choosing rare recombinants near the target gene. The objective is to develop an improved variety like the recurrent parent but with the trait from the donor parent.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
This document provides information about the components of genetic variation, including phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. It discusses different types of genetic variation caused by genes, including monogenic and polygenic variation. The key components of genetic variation are additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Additive variance is fixable and results from differences between homozygotes. Dominance variance is due to heterozygote deviations and is not fixable. Epistatic variance results from gene interactions and can be fixable or non-fixable depending on the type of interaction. The document explains each type of genetic variance in detail.
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and the level can be affected by environmental factors.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
Selection with progeny testing is a plant breeding method used in cross-pollinated crops where initial selection is based on phenotype but final selection is based on evaluating progeny. Two key methods are ear-to-row selection and selfed progeny testing. Ear-to-row selection involves growing progeny rows from individually harvested ears to identify superior families, while selfed progeny testing uses self-fertilization over multiple generations to expose recessive alleles and increase additive genetic variation before selection. Both aim to more accurately select genotypes through progeny evaluation but require more time and generations than mass selection.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
This document discusses polyploidy breeding techniques. It begins by defining different types of chromosome numbers. It then lists factors that determine suitability of crops for polyploid breeding, including whether they are vegetatively propagated or have low chromosome numbers. The main steps of polyploid breeding are described: induction of polyploids, detection of different polyploid types, and handling of polyploids. Specific techniques are provided for producing haploids and diploidizing them. Applications of triploid, tetraploid, allopolyploid and aneuploid breeding are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants, including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility (CHA). It describes how each type of male sterility works and how it can be used for hybrid seed production. Specifically, CMS uses cytoplasmic genes to induce sterility and requires maintainer and restorer lines, while GMS uses nuclear genes and can be environmentally sensitive. The document also covers transgenic systems like Barnase/Barstar and provides examples of major crops where male sterility systems have been applied.
Roshan Chandurkar Aims & Objectives of Plant BreedingRoshanChandurkar
Plant breeding aims to improve crop characteristics to make them more desirable and economically viable. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant breeding has achieved significant improvements such as higher yields through hybrid varieties and dwarf genes in crops like wheat and rice, improved nutritional quality in food crops, and resistance to diseases and drought in many major field crops. The future scope of plant breeding includes using biotechnology and genetic engineering to further enhance crop performance and develop resistance to stresses.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
1. Acclimatization is the process by which plants adapt to changes in their environment over multiple generations through natural selection.
2. It requires genetic variability in introduced plant materials and occurs more readily in cross-pollinated species and annual crops.
3. Examples of acclimatization include humans developing more red blood cells at high altitudes and plants surviving freezing temperatures if the temperature drops gradually over time rather than suddenly.
22. Polyploidy in plant breeding in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
Polyploidy refers to organisms that have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It occurs naturally in plants through processes like autopolyploidy, where multiple chromosome sets are from the same species, and allopolyploidy, where chromosome sets are from different species. Polyploidy provides benefits like increased size, vigor and fertility restoration in some cases. It has played an important role in crop evolution, with many important crops being polyploid like potato, banana and coffee. Polyploidy can be artificially induced using techniques like colchicine treatment which inhibits chromosome separation. This has applications in crop improvement through creating new varieties and restoring fertility in interspecific crosses.
Inbreeding can lead to inbreeding depression, which refers to a reduction in fitness and fertility. The degree of inbreeding depression varies between species. Some species, like alfalfa and carrot, show high inbreeding depression and a large proportion of inbred plants do not survive or have reduced fertility. Other species, like onions and sunflowers, show low inbreeding depression with only small effects on survival and fertility. This difference in response is due to whether a species has evolved to be heterozygous or homozygous. Cross-pollinated species tend to be highly heterozygous and show inbreeding depression, while self-pollinated species are naturally homozygous and do not exhibit inbreeding depression.
Genetical and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreedingDev Hingra
This document discusses the genetic and physiological basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document discusses two main theories for the genetic basis of heterosis - the dominance hypothesis, which states that heterosis is due to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles by dominant alleles, and the overdominance hypothesis, where the heterozygote is superior to either homozygote. Physiologically, heterosis is manifested through increased embryo weight, higher early seedling growth rates, and greater nutrient absorption in hybrids. Inbreeding depression is the opposite of heterosis and results from mating closely related individuals and the
This document discusses pureline selection, which is a plant breeding method where a single, homozygous and self-pollinated plant is selected and its progeny evaluated. In pureline selection, a large number of plants from a self-pollinated crop are individually selected and harvested, and the best individual plant progeny is released as a pureline variety. All plants within a pureline have an identical genotype. The document outlines the characteristics, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages of pureline selection as a plant breeding technique.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
Mutation breeding involves deliberately inducing mutations in plant varieties to generate genetic diversity for crop improvement. The document discusses the history, techniques, and achievements of mutation breeding. It describes how mutations can be induced using physical or chemical mutagens and the procedures for handling segregating populations. Mutation breeding has been used to develop improved varieties with traits like increased yield, abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and quality. India has released many successful mutant crop varieties, especially in rice and chickpeas, through research centers like IARI. While mutation breeding can lead to quick gains, it also has limitations like unpredictability and costs of screening large populations.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Plant breeding methods of vegetatively propagated crops Roksana Aftab Ruhi
Vegetatively propagated crops are bred by intentionally crossing of closely or distantly related individual to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable traits. Breeding of vegetative crops have successfully improved quality, yield, tolerance of crops to environmental pressure. Breeding helps in producing crops that are resistant to viruses, fungi and bacteria and helps in longer storage period for the harvested crop.
Backcross breeding is a method used to transfer one or few desirable traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent with otherwise good qualities. It involves crossing a hybrid plant with one of its parents and selecting progeny that resemble the recurrent parent for further backcrossing. This helps recover most of the recurrent parent's genome while introducing the desired trait. Marker-assisted backcrossing can improve efficiency by selecting against donor genome regions outside the target locus and choosing rare recombinants near the target gene. The objective is to develop an improved variety like the recurrent parent but with the trait from the donor parent.
Apomixis in flowering plants is defined as the asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding the processes of meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development.
This document provides information about the components of genetic variation, including phenotypic, genotypic, and environmental variation. It discusses different types of genetic variation caused by genes, including monogenic and polygenic variation. The key components of genetic variation are additive, dominance, and epistatic variance. Additive variance is fixable and results from differences between homozygotes. Dominance variance is due to heterozygote deviations and is not fixable. Epistatic variance results from gene interactions and can be fixable or non-fixable depending on the type of interaction. The document explains each type of genetic variance in detail.
Mutation breeding is a technique used to induce desirable mutations in crops to develop new varieties. It has been used successfully to create varieties with traits like higher yield, disease resistance, drought tolerance, and altered plant architecture. Desirable mutations are induced using physical mutagens like radiation or chemical mutagens and selected over multiple generations. Notable achievements include releasing over 2,000 new mutant varieties worldwide, with improvements in traits like yield, plant height, maturity, and seed size in various crops. While most mutations are undesirable, mutation breeding is an effective way to introduce new variation for crop improvement.
Apomixis is a type of asexual reproduction in which seeds are formed without fertilization. There are two main types - gametophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell gives rise to an embryo sac, and sporophytic apomixis, where an unreduced cell develops directly into an embryo. Apomixis was first discovered in citrus seeds in 1719 and allows for the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent. While apomixis has advantages for plant breeding like fixing desirable traits, it is also genetically complex and the level can be affected by environmental factors.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
Selection with progeny testing is a plant breeding method used in cross-pollinated crops where initial selection is based on phenotype but final selection is based on evaluating progeny. Two key methods are ear-to-row selection and selfed progeny testing. Ear-to-row selection involves growing progeny rows from individually harvested ears to identify superior families, while selfed progeny testing uses self-fertilization over multiple generations to expose recessive alleles and increase additive genetic variation before selection. Both aim to more accurately select genotypes through progeny evaluation but require more time and generations than mass selection.
Mutation breeding is a tool for crop improvement that induces mutations using physical or chemical mutagens. Over 3,200 mutant varieties have been released globally in over 70 plant species. Key milestones included the first induced mutations in plants in 1927 and development of the first induced mutant variety in 1936. Procedures involve choosing plant material, applying mutagens like radiation or chemicals, handling mutated plants, and screening generations to select desirable traits. Successful examples include developing semi-dwarf, disease resistant, early maturing, and stress tolerant rice, wheat, barley, peanut, and chickpea varieties. Mutation breeding has made major contributions to global food production.
This document discusses polyploidy breeding techniques. It begins by defining different types of chromosome numbers. It then lists factors that determine suitability of crops for polyploid breeding, including whether they are vegetatively propagated or have low chromosome numbers. The main steps of polyploid breeding are described: induction of polyploids, detection of different polyploid types, and handling of polyploids. Specific techniques are provided for producing haploids and diploidizing them. Applications of triploid, tetraploid, allopolyploid and aneuploid breeding are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of male sterility in plants, including genetic male sterility (GMS), cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), and chemically-induced male sterility (CHA). It describes how each type of male sterility works and how it can be used for hybrid seed production. Specifically, CMS uses cytoplasmic genes to induce sterility and requires maintainer and restorer lines, while GMS uses nuclear genes and can be environmentally sensitive. The document also covers transgenic systems like Barnase/Barstar and provides examples of major crops where male sterility systems have been applied.
Roshan Chandurkar Aims & Objectives of Plant BreedingRoshanChandurkar
Plant breeding aims to improve crop characteristics to make them more desirable and economically viable. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Plant breeding has achieved significant improvements such as higher yields through hybrid varieties and dwarf genes in crops like wheat and rice, improved nutritional quality in food crops, and resistance to diseases and drought in many major field crops. The future scope of plant breeding includes using biotechnology and genetic engineering to further enhance crop performance and develop resistance to stresses.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits that are economically and agronomically desirable for human benefit. The main objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, developing resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, altering maturity duration, and improving other agronomic characteristics. As cultivable land decreases, plant breeding is crucial to meet food demands by enhancing crop productivity through developing high-yielding varieties and stabilizing yields under varying environmental conditions. While plant breeding has led to major improvements, it also carries some risks such as reduced genetic diversity, narrow genetic bases of varieties, and increased susceptibility to minor issues.
Plant breeding aims to genetically improve crop plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance through techniques like selection and hybridization. The objectives of plant breeding include developing varieties with higher yield, improved quality, resistance to diseases and insects, early maturity, and other desirable agronomic traits. Plant breeding techniques depend on the mode of reproduction of the crop - whether it is self-pollinated, cross-pollinated, or asexually propagated. Rice is one of the world's most important crops and a major focus of plant breeding efforts to develop high-yielding varieties that contributed to the Green Revolution in Asia.
Plant breeding potential and opportunities .pptxAgnivesh Yadav
The document discusses plant breeding, including its goals, methods, opportunities and recent research areas. Plant breeding aims to genetically improve plants for traits like higher yield, improved quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, and wider adaptability. Recent areas of focus include biofortification to increase nutrient levels, developing resistance to diseases and insects, and exploiting heterosis. Future opportunities lie in improving water and nutrient use efficiency, weed competitiveness and storage duration. Advances in breeding will be crucial to address global challenges to food security under changing environmental conditions.
Plant breeding is the science of improving plant varieties to benefit humans. It has developed improved crops that yield more food and fiber to feed a growing global population. Plant breeders have also created varieties that are better adapted to different environments and production systems. Looking ahead, plant breeding continues to be important for developing new crops with desired traits, such as drought tolerance or enhanced nutrition, to further address global challenges.
Plant Breeding Full PPT (secA)This is course material for plant breeding..pdftadilodessie614
This document provides an overview of plant breeding, including its history, goals, and basic steps. It discusses what plant breeding is, why it is done, and its aims to improve traits like yield, disease resistance, and nutrition. The document outlines the conventional and unconventional approaches to plant breeding, and the typical steps of setting objectives, collecting genetic resources, selecting desirable plants, and evaluating them. The history and ongoing development of plant breeding techniques are also reviewed.
Seed technology involves the development, production, processing, storage, and distribution of high quality seeds. It aims to rapidly multiply and supply new crop varieties to farmers in a timely manner while maintaining genetic purity, high germination rates, and reasonable prices. Factors like natural crossing, mechanical mixtures, mutations, and diseases can lead to the deterioration of crop varieties during seed production if not properly controlled. Key aspects of seed technology include isolating seed fields, rouging off-type plants, multi-generation seed classes (nucleus, breeder, foundation), and seed certification to ensure genetic purity and quality are maintained throughout the multiplication process. The goals of seed technology are to increase agricultural production and food security by disseminating improved seeds
Plant breeding aims to improve the genetic makeup of crop plants by developing improved varieties. The objectives of plant breeding include increasing yield, improving quality, and developing resistance to diseases and tolerance to drought and frost. Some important achievements of plant breeding include the development of semi-dwarf wheat and rice varieties. The modern age of plant breeding began after Mendel's work was rediscovered, applying principles of genetics and cytogenetics. Plant breeding techniques help meet the increasing global demand for food.
This document summarizes Kumar Aksh's project on improving food resources. It discusses several topics related to sustainable and organic agriculture including crop seasons, cropping patterns like mixed cropping and intercropping, nutrient management through manure and fertilizers, animal husbandry, poultry, fish, and bee keeping. The document emphasizes utilizing natural resources effectively to meet changing human needs while maintaining environmental quality and conserving resources.
Biotechnology is any technology that uses living organisms or their components to make or modify products. It includes techniques such as genetic engineering, tissue culture, molecular markers, and gene cloning. Biotechnology has applications in agriculture, medicine, industry and the environment. It can be used to develop crops with improved traits like disease resistance, increase food production to meet growing demand, produce industrial enzymes and biodegradable plastics, and help clean the environment through bioremediation. Biotechnology will be important for sustainably increasing food production to feed the growing population in the Philippines.
Transgenic plants are plants that have had their genomes modified through genetic engineering by adding or removing genes. Genetic engineering can make plants resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, or environmental stresses. Some applications of transgenic plants include producing insect-resistant crops using Bt genes, virus-resistant crops, increasing crop yields, improving nutrition by adding essential amino acids, and using plants to produce industrial compounds. Commercially grown transgenic crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and insect-resistant corn and cotton.
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on plant biotechnology. It discusses the history and techniques of plant biotechnology including conventional plant breeding, tissue culture approaches like micropropagation and anther culture, genetic engineering methods, and applications for crop improvement. The presentation covers using biotechnology to develop disease resistant crops through transgenic expression of genes for viral coat proteins and antimicrobial peptides.
This document discusses plant biotechnology, including its definition as using tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques to produce genetically modified plants with new traits. It describes plant biotechnology's relationship to other sciences like genetics and molecular biology. Applications of plant biotechnology include micropropagation, producing disease-free plants, improving varieties, and nitrogen fixation in non-legumes. Achievements involve developing Bt crops, Golden Rice, and stress-tolerant crops. The future of biotechnology may include more transgenic crops with improved traits.
The concept and purpose of plant breeding in the modern environmentPaul Gooderham
The concept of plant breeding has been in use since centuries. It is practised across the world by commercial enterprises and government institutions. The increasing requirement of food security has made breeding new crops important.
The document discusses the importance of seed quality and nutritional quality of seeds. It states that seed is the first determinant of future plant development and quality seed is a vital input for crop production [1]. It then provides details on seed quality parameters like physical, physiological, and genetic attributes as well as storability [2]. Finally, it outlines procedures for maintaining genetic purity in seed production like isolation distance and rouging [3].
This document discusses plant breeding and summarizes key points in 3 sentences:
Plant breeding is the process of creating new crop varieties through selective crossing to develop plants with desirable traits like increased yield, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. New varieties are created using approaches like composite varieties which mix parent seeds, and synthetic varieties which cross genetically diverse parents over generations to create a new adapted variety. Plant breeding aims to develop crops that maximize yield, resist diseases and pests, and tolerate adverse climatic conditions like flooding, drought, and temperature extremes through traits like deep roots and specialized adaptations.
The document discusses various strategies for enhancing food production, including plant breeding techniques, steps in breeding new crop varieties, development of semi-dwarf high-yielding varieties through the Green Revolution, plant breeding for disease and pest resistance, improving food quality through biofortification, production of single cell proteins from microbes, and plant tissue culture techniques like micropropagation and somatic hybridization.
The document discusses the fundamentals of agronomy, including definitions and scope. It covers key revolutions in Indian agriculture that have increased production of crops like milk, fish, oilseeds, sugarcane, and cotton. The document also discusses plant growth and development processes, as well as classifications of different types of crops based on factors like life cycle, economic use, botany, seasons, and climate.
1. Cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables provide humans with proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals which are essential for growth, development, and health.
2. Improving crop varieties, production practices such as nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns can lead to increased crop yields to meet the food demands of a growing population.
3. Scientific management practices like using high-yielding crop varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, and intercropping can help obtain higher yields while preserving soil fertility and environmental balance.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Plant Breeding Brief Introduction
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired
characteristics. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals.
Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting
plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of genetics and
chromosomes, to more complex molecular techniques. Genes in a plant are what determine what type of qualitative
or quantitative traits it will have. Plant breeders strive to create a specific outcome of plants and potentially new
plant varieties.
Plant breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the beginning of human
civilization. It is practiced worldwide by individuals such as gardeners and farmers, and by professional plant
breeders employed by organizations such as government institutions, universities, crop-specific industry
associations or research centers.
International development agencies believe that breeding new crops is important for ensuring food
security by developing new varieties that are higher yielding, disease resistant, drought tolerant or regionally
adapted to different environments and growing conditions.
Gregor Mendel (1822–84) is considered the "father of genetics". His experiments with
plant hybridization led to his establishing laws of inheritance. Genetics stimulated research to improve crop
production through plant breeding.
3. Modern plant breeding is applied genetics, but its scientific basis is broader, covering molecular
biology, cytology, systematics, physiology, pathology, entomology, chemistry, and statistics (biometrics). It has also
developed its own technology.
4.
5. Plant Breeding Definition :
Plant breeding can be defined as an art, a science, and technology of improving the genetic make up of plants in
relation to their economic use for the man kind.
or
Plant breeding is the art and science of improving the heredity of plants for the benefit of mankind. The
professionals who conduct this task are called plant breeders.
Aim :
Plant breeding aims to improve the characteristics of plants so that they become more desirable agronomically (Soil
management and field crop exploitation) and economically.
Objectives of Plant Breeding :
1. Higher yield : The ultimate aim of plant breeding is to improve the yield. It may be grain yield, fodder yield,
fibre yield, tuber yield, cane yield or oil yield depending upon the crop species. Improvement in yield can be
achieved either by evolving high yielding varieties or hybrids.
2. Improved quality: Quality of produce is another important objective in plant breeding. The quality characters
vary from crop to crop. Eg. grain size, colour and baking quality in wheat. Cooking quality in rice, malting quality
in barley, colour and size of fruits, nutritive and keeping quality in vegetables, protein content in pulses, oil content
in oilseeds, fibre length, strength and fineness in cotton.
6. 3. Abiotic resistance : Crop plants also suffer from abiotic factors such as drought, soil salinity, extreme
temperatures, heat, wind, cold and frost, breeder has to develop resistant varieties for such environmental
conditions.
4. Biotic resistance : Crop plants are attacked by various diseases and insects, resulting in considerable yield
losses. Genetic resistance is the cheapest and the best method of minimizing such losses.
5. Change in maturity Duration/Earliness : Earliness is the most desirable character which has several
advantages. It requires less crop management period, less insecticidal sprays. Breeding for early maturing crop
varieties may be an important objective. Maturity has been reduced from 270 days to 170 days in cotton, from 270
days to 120 days in pigeonpea, from 360 days to 270 days in sugarcane.
6. Desirable Agronomic Characteristics : It includes plant height, branching, tillering capacity, growth habit etc.,
Tallness, high tillering and profuse branching are desirable characters in fodder crops.
7. Non-shattering characteristics: The shattering of pods is serious problem in greengram. Hence resistance to
shattering is an important objective in green gram.
7. 8. Synchronous Maturity : It refers to maturity of a crop species at one time. The character is highly desirable in
crops like greengram, cowpea, castor and cotton where several pickings are required for crop harvest.
9. Photo and Thermo insensitivity: Development of varieties insensitive to light and temperature helps in crossing
the cultivation boundaries of crop plants. Photo and thermo-insensitive varieties of wheat and rice has permitted
their cultivation in new areas. Rice is now cultivated in Punjab, while wheat is a major rabi crop in West Bengal.
10. Wider adaptability: Adaptability refers to suitability of a variety for general cultivation over a wide range of
environmental conditions. Adaptability is an important objective in plant breeding because it helps in stabilizing the
crop production over regions and seasons.
11. Varieties for New Seasons :
Traditionally maize is a kharif crop. But scientists are now able to grow maize as rabi crop. Similarly, mung is
grown as a summer crop in addition to the main kharif crop.
Thank you