This document summarizes topics related to genetic engineering including the Green Revolution, genetic erosion, traditional crossbreeding, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It describes how the Green Revolution increased agricultural production through high-yielding crop varieties but caused issues like pollution, soil erosion, and negative health effects. Genetic erosion is the loss of genetic diversity, which can be caused by habitat loss or lack of breeding. Traditional crossbreeding techniques include selection and hybridization to transfer traits, while genetic engineering directly inserts genes between unrelated species. The document discusses both perceived benefits and concerns about GMOs.

1. GREEN REVOLUTION,
GENETIC EROSION, AND
TRADITIONAL
CROSSBREEDING IN
GENETIC ENGINEERING
PRESENTED BY: SAHIL SHAKYA
B.TECH BIOTECHNOLOGY (7th SEMESTER)
AITM
3/29/2018

2. Green Revolution
 set of research and the development
of technology transfer initiatives
occurring between the 1930s and the
late 1960s that increased agricultural
production worldwide

3.  "Green Revolution" was first used in a
March 8, 1968 speech by the
administrator of the U.S. Agency for
International Development(USAID)
 Norman Borlaug, the "Father of the
Green Revolution“.

4. Approaches
 development of high-yielding varieties
of cereal grains
 expansion of irrigation infrastructure
 modernization of management
techniques
 distribution of hybridized seeds
 synthetic fertilizers
 pesticides to farmers

5. Need
 Land Reform
 Irrigation
 Farm mechanization

6. Present Scenario
 Productivity of all crops eg. Wheat,
rice, cotton ,maize etc has increased
due to better seeds.
 Chemical fertilizers , irrigation and
mechanization of agriculture
 Generated employment.

7. Production Increases
 Cereal production more than doubled
in developing nations between the
years 1961–1985
 Yields of rice, maize, and wheat
increased steadily during that period
 heavily rely on
chemical fertilizers, pesticides and
herbicides and rely on machines

8. Effects
 Increase in production
 Capitalistic farming
 Rural employment
 Import of food grains
 Development of Industries
 Economic growth

9. Issues
 Pollution and erosion of soil
 Pollution of water
 Unemployment among uneducated
farmers
 Deadly disease
 Harmful for farmers
 Consumption may be adverse
 Overuse of chemical pesticides and
fertilizers caused negative effects on soil
and land.

10. Issues Regarding Green
Revolution

11. Green Revolution Conclusion
 Has done a lot of positive things, saving the
lives of million people and exponentially
increasing the food crops. But environmental
degradation makes the green revolution an
overall inefficient , short term solution to the
problem of insecurity.
 So, more sustainable and environmental
friendly system of cultivation needs to be
practiced.
 The world needs green revolution 2, which
promises to feed a growing world population
sustainably without compromising the needs
of future generation.

12. Genetic Erosion
 Genetic erosion refers to the process
in which a plant or animal species
faces a gradual or drastic diminishing
or complete loss of its unique gene
pool

13.  It occurs because each individual
organism has many unique genes
which get lost when it dies without
getting a chance to breed.

14. Causes of Genetic Erosion
 variety replacement,
 land clearing,
 overexploitation of species,
 population pressure,
 environmental degradation,
 overgrazing,
 governmental policy,
 and changing agricultural systems

15. Prevention
 In situ conservation
Wildlife sanctuaries and national
parks have been created to preserve
entire ecosystems
 Ex situ conservation
seedbanks, sperm banks, and tissue banks

16. Traditional Cross Breeding
 produce a new plant by mating or
hybridizing two different species,
breeds, or varieties.
 Thousands of years ago, farmers
simply saved seeds from their best
plants for replanting.
 Over time, plant breeders developed
increasingly sophisticated techniques
to attain specific traits i.e. Genetic
Engineering

17. Traditional methods
 Simple Selection
 Cross-Pollination
 Hybridization
 Natural Mutations
 Induced Mutations

18. Genetically Modified
 inserting genetic material from one
organism into the DNA of a completely
unrelated organism,
 only method available to plant breeders
to confer beneficial traits between
unrelated species.
 for example, To create “Bt corn”,
scientists incorporated genetic material
from Bacillus thuringiensis into the DNA
of corn plants.

19. Benefits of GMO
 reduced pesticide use
 improved yields
 plants with higher nutrient levels
 U.S. Food and Drug Administration
has deemed GMOs safe

20. Defects
 many consumers still hesitate
 Organic growers worry that the pests
will develop resistance to Bt
 Bt-resistant bollworms were found in
cotton fields in Mississippi and
Arkansas within seven years of the
introduction of Bt cotton.
 health, environmental and
philosophical concerns

21. THANK YOU