Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) involve altering living organisms like plants, animals, and microorganisms using scientific techniques. These techniques include genetic engineering to add new DNA, molecular markers to identify DNA locations, tissue culture of plant and animal parts, fermentation using microbes, and selective breeding to develop desired traits. GMOs potentially provide benefits like increased crops and nutrition, but also risks like toxicity, harming the environment, and unknown health effects for humans. The document discusses both the techniques used to create GMOs and the debated pros and cons of this biotechnology.