This presentation describes about gene modified babies, latest examples about that (Lulu and Nana), gene modifying techniques (CRISPR technique), advantages and disadvantages of gene modified babies.
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
This presentation describes about gene modified babies, latest examples about that (Lulu and Nana), gene modifying techniques (CRISPR technique), advantages and disadvantages of gene modified babies.
EMBRYOSPLITTING IS THE TECHNIQUE WHEREBY AN EARLY STAGE EMBRYO SPLIT INTO TWO OR MORE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL EMBRYOS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY NUMBER OF TECHNIQUES USED TO CREATE CLONED EMBRYOS, SUCH AS SOMATIC CELL NUMCLEAR TRANSFER, THERAPEUTIC CLONING, EMBRYO SPLITTING AND PARTHENIGENESIS.
EMBRYO SPLITTING IS ALSO KNOWN AS ARTIFICIAL TWINS, MAMMALIAN EMBRYOS SPLITING HAS SUCCESFULLY BEEN ESTABLISHED IN FARM ANIMALS.
This is about methods of creating transgenic animals,applications of transgenic animals in biotechnology and application of transgenic animals in pharmaceuticals.
its a good type of ppt for understanding cloning and its types. It also enlists the idea of procedure in the lab to initiate initial division of embryo by electric current.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
8. Biology and characterization of cultured cellsShailendra shera
Immediate environment and environment of surrounding medium governs the various properties of cell. The in vitro condition markedly affects the cellular property of cultured cells. For e.g. Reduction in Cell–cell and cell-material interaction. Therefore, it is imperative to develop understanding of biology of cells in response to various environmental conditions. Characterization of cells helps to identify the origin, purity and authenticity of cells and cell lines.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
In medicine, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.[ The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989.[2] The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990.
its a good type of ppt for understanding cloning and its types. It also enlists the idea of procedure in the lab to initiate initial division of embryo by electric current.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
A knockout mouse is a mouse in which a specific gene has been inactivated or“knocked out” by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
The loss of gene activity often causes changes in a mouse's phenotype and thus provides valuable information on the function of the gene.
8. Biology and characterization of cultured cellsShailendra shera
Immediate environment and environment of surrounding medium governs the various properties of cell. The in vitro condition markedly affects the cellular property of cultured cells. For e.g. Reduction in Cell–cell and cell-material interaction. Therefore, it is imperative to develop understanding of biology of cells in response to various environmental conditions. Characterization of cells helps to identify the origin, purity and authenticity of cells and cell lines.
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
In medicine, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.[ The first attempt at modifying human DNA was performed in 1980 by Martin Cline, but the first successful nuclear gene transfer in humans, approved by the National Institutes of Health, was performed in May 1989.[2] The first therapeutic use of gene transfer as well as the first direct insertion of human DNA into the nuclear genome was performed by French Anderson in a trial starting in September 1990.
Genetic Engineering in AgricultureFew topics in agriculture are .docxhanneloremccaffery
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
Few topics in agriculture are more polarizing than genetic engineering (GE), the process of manipulating an organism s genetic material—usually using genes from other species—in an effort to produce desired traits such as higher yield or drought tolerance.
GE has been hailed by some as an indispensable tool for solving the world s food problems, and denounced by others as an example of human overreaching fraught with unknown, potentially catastrophic dangers. UCS experts analyze the applications of genetic engineering in agriculture—particularly in comparison to other options—and offer practical recommendations based on that analysis.
Benefits of GE: Promise vs. Performance
Supporters of GE in agriculture point to a multitude of potential benefits of engineered crops, including increased yield, tolerance of drought, reduced pesticide use, more efficient use of fertilizers, and ability to produce drugs or other useful chemicals. UCS analysis shows that actual benefits have often fallen far short of expectations.
Health and Environmental Risks
While the risks of genetic engineering have sometimes been exaggerated or misrepresented, GE crops do have the potential to cause a variety of health problems and environmental impacts. For instance, they may produce new allergens and toxins, spread harmful traits to weeds and non-GE crops, or harm animals that consume them.
At least one major environmental impact of genetic engineering has already reached critical proportions: overuse of herbicide-tolerant GE crops has spurred an increase in herbicide use and an epidemic of herbicide-resistant "superweeds," which will lead to even more herbicide use.
How likely are other harmful GE impacts to occur? This is a difficult question to answer. Each crop-gene combination poses its own set of risks. While risk assessments are conducted as part of GE product approval, the data are generally supplied by the company seeking approval, and GE companies use their patent rights to exercise tight control over research on their products. In short, there is a lot we don't know about the risks of GE—which is no reason for panic, but a good reason for caution.
What Other Choices Do We Have?
All technologies have risks and shortcomings, so critics must always address the question: what are the alternatives? In the case of GE, there are two main answers: crop breeding, which produces traits through the organism s reproductive process; and agroecological farm management, which seeks to make the most of a plant s existing traits by optimizing its growing environment. These approaches are generally far less expensive than GE, and often more effective.
The biotechnology industry has acknowledged the value of breeding as a complement to GE. But at the same time, the industry has used its formidable marketing and lobbying resources to ensure that its products—and the industrial methods those products are designed to support—continue to dominat ...
Biopharmaceuticals Plant-based Medications for the FutureJust A.docxAASTHA76
Biopharmaceuticals: Plant-based Medications for the Future
Just A. Student
Central Washington University
Treating disease and administering vaccines to those in the poor communities and developing nations who need them the most if a challenge. The production of the vaccines is often expensive, and delivery requires a sterile syringe, and often even booster shots over time to ensure the vaccine is treatment is still effective. This is costly, monetarily speaking, and can even cost human lives when those shots are delivered with a sterile needle, or are done improperly. 20 million cases of infection arise annually (Kwon et al, 2012).
While genetically modifying naturally occurring organisms for medicinal purposes is nothing new, some scientists started to mull over the idea of administering medications and life-saving vaccines around the globe in a different way. Biopharmaceuticals are on the rise, and their potential is incredible.
PLANT-BASED MEDICATIONS OF THE FUTURE 2
Though it the early stages of testing, development and regulating, delivery of vaccines and medicines orally via plants is proving to be a field worth paying attention to. The process is relatively low cost, with decently high yield, and distribution would be simple. Perhaps a utopian world where the locals can medicate themselves with the fruits from a banana is not possible just yet (Mandy, 2005), but it cannot be ruled out just yet. Biopharmaceuticals are merely in their infant stage, and will continue to improve as our science does.
History
While this field of biopharmaceuticals seems straight out of a futuristic movie plot, it is not exactly new. Biotechnology has been in place for decades, beginning with Alexander Flemming's discovery of "mold juice"- penicillin- in 1928 (ACS, 1999). Flemming found that something as simple as this mold growth within a petri dish secreted a substance that could kill a variety of bacteria, ranging from diphtheria to streptococcus. Though it took some time before the penicillin could be properly purified and used to fight infection, the first major fungi based pharmaceutical had been manufactured (ACS, 1999), and an industry was born.
Technology has improved drastically since 1928, and by 1970 scientists were discovering the capabilities of recombinant DNA. The process involved using pieces of DNA from two different species, and joining them together to create a new, hybrid set of DNA. This hybrid would then need to be placed back into a cell, which often was that of a bacterium (NHGRI, 2013). This process of "cut and paste" DNA would eventually lead to the development of somatostatin in 1977, which is currently used to treat individuals suffering from gigantism (Uckon, 2013). This process might not have been possible without bacterium acting as a surrogate cell for these DNA cocktails.
Biopharmaceutical technology was on the upswing by the 1980s, with mass production disease fighting biopharmaceuticals (Uckon, 2013). In 1980 Cohen an ...
Human Genome Engineering, Recent discoveries, Types of Designer babies, Methods used for Designer Babies, CRISPR, ETHICAL CONSIDERATION OF HUMAN GENOME ENGINEERING
Recent Breakthroughs in Genetic EngineeringSamar Biswas
Genetically engineered immune cells are saving the lives of cancer patients.
Precise Gene Editing in Plants.
DNA-editing breakthrough could fix 'broken genes' in the brain, delay ageing and cure incurable diseases
The Genetic engineering could slow aging, reverse blindness.
The genetic engineering that could change humanity.
Chinese researchers have genetically modified a human embryo.
Animal cell culture, application by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CELL CULTURE IN TWO DIMENSION
CELL CULTURE IN THREE DIMENSION
APPLICATION:-
VACCINES
PRODUCTION OF HIGH VALUE THERAPEUTICS
TRANSGENIC ANIMAL
GENE THERAPY
TISSUE ENGINEERING
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
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Introduction
There are numerous sides to the argument concerning the benefits and risks of gene editing. Due to the potential for creating "designer babies," some individuals argue that gene editing must be outlawed completely. Many people think that gene editing ought to be legal since it has the potential to eliminate hereditary disorders.
Hook: CRISPR, a revolutionary gene-editing technique, is controversial due of its most potent use. Therefore, prohibiting gene editing is a poor decision.
a. Reason 1: Gene editing has the promise of eliminating diseases.
i. Evidence 1a: A potential novel immunotherapy for cancer treatment may be developed and evaluated with the use of gene editing. T-cells engineered using CRISPR can seek out and destroy malignant cells.
ii. Evidence 1b: A individual ’s genetic makeup may be used by researchers to develop new medicines. Several pharmaceutical firms are already using CRISPR technology in the research and development of new medicines.
b. Reason 2: Human average lifespan is prolonged via gene editing.
i. Evidence 2a: Genome editing has the potential to lengthen the lifespan of humans. Human life expectancy has risen exponentially over the last several centuries, and this upward trend is predicted to continue.
ii. ii. Evidence 2b: It is feasible that genetic engineering may allow us to live much longer. It is conceivable for some common ailments and diseases to manifest at a later date and kill us far earlier than is expected.
Reason 3: Changing genes in particular tissues or organs, simplifying disease research by focusing on culprit genes, developing disease cell models, as well as deactivating pig viruses such that pig organs might someday be employed to substitute human organs are just a few instances of how this innov.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. INTRODUCTION
▪ Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the
process of altering the DNA in an organism’s genome.
▪ This may mean changing one base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a whole
region of DNA, or introducing an additional copy of a gene.
▪ It may also mean extracting DNA from another organism’s genome
and combining it with the DNA of that individual.
▪ Genetic engineering is used by scientists to enhance or modify the
characteristics of an individual organism.
▪ Genetic engineering can be applied to any organism, from a virus to a
sheep.
▪ Genetic engineering as method of introducing new genetic elements
into organisms has been around since the 1970s.
3. ▪ Genetic modification can be applied in two very different
ways: somatic genetic modification and germ line genetic
modification.
▪ Somatic genetic modification adds, cuts, or changes the genes
in some of the cells of an existing person, typically to alleviate a
medical condition. These gene therapy techniques are
approaching clinical practice, but only for a few conditions, and
at a very high cost.
▪ Germ line genetic modification would change the genes in eggs,
sperm, or early embryos. Often referred to as “inheritable
genetic modification” or “gene editing for reproduction,” these
alterations would appear in every cell of the person who
developed from that gamete or embryo, and also in all
subsequent generations.
4. ▪ Genetic engineering has a number of useful applications,
including scientific research, agriculture and technology.
▪ In animals it has been used to develop sheep that produce a
therapeutic protein in their milk that can be used to treat cystic
fibrosis, or worms that glow in the dark to allow scientists to
learn more about diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
▪ In plants, genetic engineering has been applied to improve the
resilience, nutritional value and growth rate of crops such as
potatoes, tomatoes and rice.
5. Bio-ethical concern
New genetic technologies are exhilarating and terrifying. Society might
overcome diseases by tweaking individual genomes or selecting specific
embryos to avoid health problems. But it may also give rise to
"superhumans" who are optimized for certain characteristics (like
intelligence or looks) and exacerbate inequalities in society. Despite of
having huge amount of media attention toward the GM organisms,the
general public remains largely unaware of what a GM organism actually is
or what advantages and disadvantages the technology has to offer,
particularly with regard to the range of applications for which they can be
used.
For safety, ethical, and social reasons, there is broad agreement among
many scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public that germline
editing is a red line that should not be crossed. Using germline editing for
reproduction is prohibited by law in more than 40 countries and by a
binding international treaty of the Council of Europe.
6. ▪ Despite various criticism we should not deny the fact that genetic
modification bring a huge difference in the society; a new world with
designer babies. Although, the world isn’t able to accept it.
▪ I solely support genetically modified babies. It will fetch various
extraordinary creations and will offer a modern world with ample
opportunities and accountability.
Genome Editing With CRISPR-Cas9
7. 1. Creating designer babies
Genetic testing also harbors the potential for yet another scientific
strategy to be applied in the area of eugenics, or the social philosophy
of promoting the improvement of inherited human traits through
intervention.
However, in November 2018, a scientist named He Jiankui announced
he had edited the genes of twin baby girls who had subsequently been
brought to term. The twin girls that He helped create are publicly
known as Lulu and Nana. Their father is HIV-positive. The scientist
said he used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology to disable a
gene called CCR5 to mimic a naturally occurring gene deletion that
appears to confer immunity against HIV. His reckless experimentation
has been nearly universally condemned. This development has
sparked new debate around human germline modification, particularly
between parties who desire to push the technology forward and those
who fear it could open the door to a new market-based form of
eugenics.
8. Fig. He Jiankui leads a team using the gene-editing
technology CRISPR in an effort to prevent disease in
newborns.
Fig. showing twin baby girl.
9. Much of what we currently know about the ramifications of genetic
self-knowledge comes from testing for diseases. Once disease genes
were identified, it became much easier to make a molecular or
cytogenetic diagnosis for many genetic conditions. as genetic research
advances, tests are continually being developed for traits and
behaviors that are not related to disease. Most of these traits and
behaviors are inherited as complex conditions, meaning that multiple
genes and environmental, behavioral, or nutritional factors may
contribute to the phenotype.
Advances in single-cell diagnostics and fertilization technology,
embryos can now be created in vitro; then, only those embryos that
are not affected by a specific genetic illness can be selected and
implanted in a woman's uterus. This process is referred to as pre
implantation genetic diagnosis.
2. Testing for Traits Unrelated to
Disease
10. 3. Building Better Athletes with Gene Doping
Over the years, the desire for better sports performance has driven many
trainers and athletes to abuse scientific research in an attempt to gain
an unjust advantage over their competitors. Historically, such efforts
have involved the use of performance-enhancing drugs that were
originally meant to treat people with disease. This practice is called
doping, and it frequently involved such substances as erythropoietin,
steroids, and growth hormones.
Today, WADA has a new hurdle to overcome—that of gene doping.
This practice is defined as the non therapeutic use of cells, genes, or
genetic elements to enhance athletic performance. Gene doping takes
advantage of cutting-edge research in gene therapy that involves the
transfer of genetic material to human cells to treat or prevent disease
.Because gene doping increases the amount of proteins and hormones
that cells normally make, testing for genetic performance enhancers
will be very difficult, and a new race is on to develop ways to detect
this form of doping.
12. 4. Among the benefits of editing designed to treat diseases is the
enhancement of gene and cellular therapies. At least nine areas would
benefit from the advances in these fields: 1) Infectiology; 2) oncology;
3) hematology; 4) hepatology; 5) neurology; 6) dermatology; 7)
ophthalmology; 8) pneumology; and 9) organ transplantation.
5. In addition to clinical applications, gene editing make it possible to
create isogenic and animal modified cell lines to be used in basic
biomedical research. Isogenic cells have a specific and standardized
genetic profile, whereas modified animals (known as “chimeras”) have
characteristics inherent to the human body. Thus, researchers have at
their disposal experimental models of control that facilitate the
generalization of empirical knowledge.
13. 6. By intervening on the DNA of living beings, gene editing can also have
macro-environmental effects. The optimization of the gene
drive mechanism (genetic induction) 6is an example of its systemic
applications. Through the gene drive mechanism, genetically modified
organisms are released into nature in order to disseminate a certain
genetic variant, prevailing over the species already present in the
environment.
7. In April 2015, Chinese researchers led by Junjiu Huang of the Sun Yat-sen
University conducted a study that was innovative, yet controversial. The
study consisted of an experiment on gene-editing human embryos to
repair mutations in the HBB gene, which is the encoder of the beta-globin
protein 1. Hemoglobin is composed of this protein, and the mutation in its
gene is related to the beta thalassemia disease.
14. 8. More recently, in August 2017, a similar experiment was published by
the journal Nature. Conducted at the Oregon Health & Science
University by scientist Hong Ma and her team, the study aimed to repair
MYBPC3 gene mutation in human embryos 3. This variation is known to
cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy disorder, characterized by the
thickening of the cardiac musculature.
9. First Human Embryos edited in U.S.
For the first time, researchers in the United States have used gene
editing in human embryos in 2017. The team used “genetic scissors”
called CRISPR-Cas9 to target and remove a mutation associated with
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a common inherited heart disease, in 42
embryos. Two days after being injected with a gene-editing enzyme,
these developing human embryos were free of a disease-causing
mutation.
16. 10. The first clinical use of TALEN-based genome editing was in the
treatment of CD19+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an 11-month
old child in 2015. Modified donor T cells were engineered to attack
the leukemia cells, to be resistant to Alemtuzumab, and to
evade detection by the host immune system after introduction.
11. Extensive research has been done in cells and animals using
CRISPR-Cas9 to attempt to correct genetic mutations which cause
genetic diseases such as Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly,
and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes.
12. In February 2019, medical scientists working with Sangamo
Therapeutics, headquartered in Richmond, California, announced
the first ever "in body" human gene editing therapy to permanently
alter DNA - in a patient with Hunter Syndrome.[59] Clinical trials by
Sangamo involving gene editing using Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN)
are ongoing.
17. 13. Researchers have used CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives to modify genes
associated with sterility in A. gambiae, the vector for malaria.[61] This
technique has further implications in eradicating other vector borne
diseases such as yellow fever, dengue, and Zika.
14. The CRISPR-Cas9 system can be programmed to modulate the
population of any bacterial species by targeting clinical genotypes or
epidemiological isolates. It can selectively enable the beneficial
bacterial species over the harmful ones by eliminating pathogen,
which gives it an advantage over broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Antiviral applications for therapies targeting human viruses such as
HIV, herpes, and hepatitis B virus are under research. CRISPR can be
used to target the virus or the host to disrupt genes encoding the virus
cell-surface receptor proteins.
19. Conclusion
"Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic engineering.
Several issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this
technology. These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of
knowledge on the effects genetic engineering may have. Despite all of
these current concerns, the potential for genetic engineering is
tremendous.
In the near future the new CRISPR system will also be able to eradicate
diseases and conditions that humans are predisposed for. With this new
technology scientists will be able to take the genes of a human sperm
cell and egg, and replace the genes that activate cancer or other
abnormal or unwanted defects. This will take the stress off of parents
worrying about having a child and them not being able to live it like a
normal child should. After just one generation of this process, the entire
future of the human race would never have to worry about the problems
of deformities or predisposed conditions.