Genetic engineering
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This document discusses various techniques in genetic engineering including selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms. Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years to develop crops and livestock. Recombinant DNA allows combining DNA from different organisms and was first used in the 1970s with bacteria. PCR and gel electrophoresis are used to copy and analyze DNA fragments. Transgenic plants and animals have been genetically modified to have desirable traits like disease resistance.
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Plants as bioreactors
Plants can be used as bioreactors to produce valuable compounds. Transgenic plants and plant cell cultures can produce large quantities of proteins, vaccines, and other molecules through biochemical reactions using techniques like genetic engineering. Some key advantages of plant bioreactors are that they are cost-effective, can produce high biomass, and allow storage of products for a long time. However, differences in plant and bacterial genetics can impact expression efficiency and safety testing is required.
History of the development of Genetics as Science
Ma'am Zeny, eto po yung samin ng partner ko......... Odessa Jasmine Quidit at Roseann Nenita Marasigan po.
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Genetic linkage refers to genes that are located close together on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over can break genetic linkage during meiosis by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes, producing recombinant gametes with new combinations of genes. The closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. Crossing over increases genetic variation and plays an important role in plant and animal breeding.
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Chromosomes are organized packages of DNA found in cells that contain genetic material. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes - 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Each autosome has a matching homologous chromosome that it pairs with. Chromosomes are easiest to study during metaphase when they are most condensed. Key features of metaphase chromosomes include sister chromatids joined at the centromere, which divides the chromosome into arms. Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes and help maintain stability.
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This document summarizes research on chloroplast engineering for various applications. Chloroplasts naturally contain their own DNA and can be genetically engineered via homologous recombination. This allows for high levels of transgene expression without gene silencing effects. The document discusses how chloroplasts have been engineered for herbicide resistance, pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, and production of recombinant proteins. While chloroplast engineering holds promise, limitations include lack of expression in non-green cells and full genome sequence information for some species.
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Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits. The document outlines the major subdivisions and branches of genetics and provides important milestones in the field. It notes that genetics began with Mendel's experiments on pea plants in 1865 which demonstrated that heredity is transmitted in discrete units. Later discoveries include identifying DNA as the genetic material in 1944, determining the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, cracking the genetic code in 1966, and completing the first draft of the human genome in 1990. The future of genetics involves continued research to understand all the information contained in the human genome to better understand diseases and develop new treatments.
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Plants as bioreactors
Plants can be used as bioreactors to produce valuable compounds. Transgenic plants and plant cell cultures can produce large quantities of proteins, vaccines, and other molecules through biochemical reactions using techniques like genetic engineering. Some key advantages of plant bioreactors are that they are cost-effective, can produce high biomass, and allow storage of products for a long time. However, differences in plant and bacterial genetics can impact expression efficiency and safety testing is required.
History of the development of Genetics as Science
Ma'am Zeny, eto po yung samin ng partner ko......... Odessa Jasmine Quidit at Roseann Nenita Marasigan po.
Genetic linkage and crossing over
Genetic linkage refers to genes that are located close together on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over can break genetic linkage during meiosis by exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes, producing recombinant gametes with new combinations of genes. The closer genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over. Crossing over increases genetic variation and plays an important role in plant and animal breeding.
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Applications and uses in different field
Another techniques like transposons and knock-out & knock-in discussed later
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Chromosomes are organized packages of DNA found in cells that contain genetic material. Humans normally have 46 chromosomes - 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. Each autosome has a matching homologous chromosome that it pairs with. Chromosomes are easiest to study during metaphase when they are most condensed. Key features of metaphase chromosomes include sister chromatids joined at the centromere, which divides the chromosome into arms. Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes and help maintain stability.
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This particular studies has more scope for further experimental evidences.
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This document summarizes research on chloroplast engineering for various applications. Chloroplasts naturally contain their own DNA and can be genetically engineered via homologous recombination. This allows for high levels of transgene expression without gene silencing effects. The document discusses how chloroplasts have been engineered for herbicide resistance, pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, and production of recombinant proteins. While chloroplast engineering holds promise, limitations include lack of expression in non-green cells and full genome sequence information for some species.
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Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits. The document outlines the major subdivisions and branches of genetics and provides important milestones in the field. It notes that genetics began with Mendel's experiments on pea plants in 1865 which demonstrated that heredity is transmitted in discrete units. Later discoveries include identifying DNA as the genetic material in 1944, determining the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, cracking the genetic code in 1966, and completing the first draft of the human genome in 1990. The future of genetics involves continued research to understand all the information contained in the human genome to better understand diseases and develop new treatments.
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STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME: Changes in Chromosomes Structure
Structural chromosomal aberrations refer to changes in chromosome structure, such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Deletions involve the loss of a chromosome segment, duplications the presence of a segment twice, translocations the transfer of a segment between non-homologous chromosomes, and inversions the reversal of a chromosome segment. These changes can impact fertility, viability, phenotype, and karyotype by altering gene dosage, order, and position. Structural aberrations play an important role in evolution by creating genetic variability and changing karyotypes.
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This document summarizes the history of genetics and important scientists throughout its development. It describes the contributions of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection, Gregor Mendel and his laws of inheritance, Oswald Avery et al proving DNA is the genetic material, and Francis Crick and James Watson solving the double helix structure of DNA. Overall, it traces genetics from early theories to establishing DNA as the molecule of heredity.
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This document discusses various mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Conjugation involves the physical transfer of genetic material between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact and an apparatus called a sex pilus. Transduction is virus-mediated and occurs when bacteriophages inadvertently package and transfer bacterial DNA. Transformation involves the natural uptake and incorporation of extracellular DNA into bacterial cells. These mechanisms allow for horizontal gene transfer and were important for mapping the bacterial chromosome and determining gene order.
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Chromosomes are organized structures that package DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial genetic material is concentrated in the nucleoid as a single circular DNA chromosome. Eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins. They contain genes and regulatory elements and vary in structure between species.
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Construction of physical mapping
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This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
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- The human genome contains 3.2 billion base pairs with about 3% coding for proteins. Genome size is measured in picograms or base pair number and complexity is distinct from length.
- Chromosomal organization differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes possess multiple linear chromosomes packed into complexes while prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes.
- Much non-coding DNA in large genomes includes introns, regulatory elements, repeats and intergenic sequences. Nucleic acid thermodynamics
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TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
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This document discusses various techniques in genetic engineering, including selective breeding, recombinant DNA, PCR, gel electrophoresis, and transgenic organisms. Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years to develop desirable traits in crops and livestock. Recombinant DNA technology allows genes to be transferred between organisms, and was first applied to bacteria in the 1970s. Genetically modified crops and animals have been created to increase disease resistance, milk and meat production, and other beneficial traits. DNA analysis using PCR and gel electrophoresis can be used to identify individuals through their unique genetic fingerprints.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering techniques allow scientists to alter the DNA of living organisms. Selective breeding has been used for thousands of years to develop desirable traits in crops and livestock. Recombinant DNA technology developed in the 1970s allows genes from one organism to be inserted into another, such as inserting human genes into bacteria to produce human insulin. Transgenic organisms result from inserting genes from one species into another, producing benefits like disease-resistant crops and goats that produce human proteins in their milk.
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Gene families are sets of similar genes formed by duplication of an original gene. A gene cluster is a subgroup of a gene family where the genes are located near each other on a chromosome. Examples discussed include haemoglobin gene clusters, histone gene clusters, and ribosomal RNA gene clusters. Haemoglobin genes are expressed at different developmental stages. Myoglobin is related to haemoglobin and encodes oxygen transport in muscle. Histone genes encode structural proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes. Ribosomal RNA genes are present in high copy numbers and encode components of ribosomes.
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Structural chromosomal aberrations refer to changes in chromosome structure, such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions. Deletions involve the loss of a chromosome segment, duplications the presence of a segment twice, translocations the transfer of a segment between non-homologous chromosomes, and inversions the reversal of a chromosome segment. These changes can impact fertility, viability, phenotype, and karyotype by altering gene dosage, order, and position. Structural aberrations play an important role in evolution by creating genetic variability and changing karyotypes.
~History of genetics:>
This document summarizes the history of genetics and important scientists throughout its development. It describes the contributions of Charles Darwin and his theory of natural selection, Gregor Mendel and his laws of inheritance, Oswald Avery et al proving DNA is the genetic material, and Francis Crick and James Watson solving the double helix structure of DNA. Overall, it traces genetics from early theories to establishing DNA as the molecule of heredity.
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This document discusses various mechanisms of genetic transfer in bacteria, including conjugation, transduction, and transformation. Conjugation involves the physical transfer of genetic material between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact and an apparatus called a sex pilus. Transduction is virus-mediated and occurs when bacteriophages inadvertently package and transfer bacterial DNA. Transformation involves the natural uptake and incorporation of extracellular DNA into bacterial cells. These mechanisms allow for horizontal gene transfer and were important for mapping the bacterial chromosome and determining gene order.
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This presentation is about the chromose structure, it's banding & painting. It includes the physical structure of chromosome, then karyotype & idiogram. Different types of chromosome banding & painting in details. FISH & GISH.
Endosymbiotic Theory Short Lecture
1) The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that eukaryotic cells developed from ancient prokaryotic cells when aerobic prokaryotes were engulfed by anaerobic hosts, providing oxygen utilization and enabling the hosts to survive.
2) Evidence supporting this includes that mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA and replicate like prokaryotes.
3) Modern examples like Crithidia deanei show endosymbionts containing their own DNA but replicating inside host cells and being passed to daughter cells, supporting the endosymbiotic origin of organelles.
Molecular organization of chromosomes
Chromosomes are organized structures that package DNA and proteins in eukaryotic cells. Bacterial genetic material is concentrated in the nucleoid as a single circular DNA chromosome. Eukaryotic cells contain linear chromosomes housed within the nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, histone proteins, and non-histone proteins. They contain genes and regulatory elements and vary in structure between species.
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This document discusses extra-nuclear or cytoplasmic inheritance in various organisms. It provides examples of cytoplasmic inheritance in the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the fungus Neurospora crassa, and the ciliate Paramecium aurelia. In C. reinhardtii, strains resistant and sensitive to streptomycin show maternal inheritance of resistance. In N. crassa, the "poky" mitochondrial mutation is maternally inherited. P. aurelia can harbor symbiotic bacteria that are maternally transmitted and allow the killing of sensitive strains. The document concludes with a definition and brief history of cytoplasmic inheritance.
Genome editing techniques
Genome editing techniques allow DNA to be inserted, deleted, modified or replaced in the genome of a living organism. Four families of engineered nucleases have been used for genome editing: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Each system uses a different mechanism for recognizing and cutting DNA at specific locations to modify genes. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has become widely used due to its ease of design and lower off-target effects compared to other techniques.
Why arabidopsis is a model plant
Arabidposis thaliana is commonly used as a model plant for several reasons: it has a small genome and plant size, a short generation time of 6 weeks, and the ability to easily generate many seeds and variants. It was one of the first plants to have its genome fully sequenced, furthering research on plant genetics, development, and evolution. Due to its small size and rapid life cycle, Arabidopsis thaliana provides an efficient system for studying basic plant processes that can be applied to economically important crops.
Somatic cell hybridization
Somatic cell hybridization involves fusing cells from two different species, such as human and mouse cells, to form hybrid cells containing chromosomes from both species. This technique allows genes to be mapped to specific chromosomes. It works by using selective growth conditions that require the hybrid cell to retain certain human chromosomes in order to survive. Over successive cell divisions, human chromosomes are eliminated at random except for those required for survival. This allows the creation of cell lines containing partial sets of human chromosomes that can be analyzed to correlate genes with specific chromosomes. The technique has been important for mapping the human genome.
Construction of physical mapping
Physical mapping involves determining the locations of identifiable landmarks on DNA molecules, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or genes, and measuring their distances in base pairs. One physical mapping method is fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), which detects the positions of markers or genes on chromosomes by hybridizing fluorescent probes to chromosomal DNA on slides under a microscope. Another major approach is restriction fragment overlapping based physical mapping using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). BAC-based physical mapping does not require chromosome slide preparation like FISH and can map hundreds or thousands of genes to contigs.
Genetics and its history with gregor mendel law
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the mid-1800s that laid the foundations of genetics. Through his experiments, he discovered three principles: 1) the law of segregation, which states that alleles separate during gamete formation, 2) the law of independent assortment, which demonstrates that traits carried on different chromosomes assort independently, and 3) the law of dominance, where one allele is dominant and masks the presence of the recessive allele. Mendel's work was largely ignored until the early 1900s but provided the basic concepts still used in genetics today.
Recombination
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types of recombination
models of recombination
biological roles of recombination
Transgenic organisms
Transgenic organisms are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. Common examples include crop plants modified for traits like herbicide or pest resistance. Genetic material from other species can be inserted into organisms using techniques like microinjection, retroviral vectors, or Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic organisms have applications in producing biological products, testing vaccine and chemical safety, and studying physiology, development, and disease. Regulatory agencies oversee transgenic crops and animals.
History of genetics
This presentation is carrying all summary about the history of genetics that who discover genes which scientist work on it and there work summary of all these things is given here and it is very helpful for the students of genetics whether they are students of plant genetics or animals.
Genome
The document discusses genomic concepts including:
- Genomics is the study of genomes including large chromosomal segments containing many genes. Functional genomics aims to deduce information about DNA function.
- The human genome contains 3.2 billion base pairs with about 3% coding for proteins. Genome size is measured in picograms or base pair number and complexity is distinct from length.
- Chromosomal organization differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Eukaryotes possess multiple linear chromosomes packed into complexes while prokaryotes have single circular chromosomes.
- Much non-coding DNA in large genomes includes introns, regulatory elements, repeats and intergenic sequences. Nucleic acid thermodynamics
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INTRODUCTION
GENERAL CONCEPT
WHY PROTEIOMIC NECESERY?
WHAT PROTEOMIC CAN ANSWER?
PRTEOMICS- ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PROTEIN
TWO-DIMENSIONAL SDS-PAGE
MASS SPECTROMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY AN ITS IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
The cell cycle
This document summarizes the eukaryotic cell cycle and its regulation. It describes that the cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic phase where the cell divides. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. The mitotic phase includes M phase where the cell splits into two daughter cells, and cytokinesis where the cells are completely divided. Key regulators of the cell cycle include cyclin-dependent kinases and checkpoint proteins. The document also explains the processes of mitosis and meiosis.
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Molecular tools of genetic engineering
Restriction enzymes
History of restriction enzyme
Mechanism of action
Types of restriction enzymes
Application of restriction enzymes
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
transgenic
cisgenic.
knockout organism.
Host organism vector
TRANSGENIC PLANTS
DOLLY THE SHIP
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Genetic engineering
- 1. Genetic Engineering • Selective Breeding • Recombinant DNA • PCR • Gel Electrophoresis • Transgenic Organisms Mr. Kamble Sainath Hanmant Assistant Professor in Microbiology D.B.F.Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur
- 2. Selective Breeding • Breed only those plants or animals with desirable traits • People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years with farm crops and domesticated animals.
- 3. Recombinant DNA • The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. • Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria.
- 4. Recombinant Bacteria 1. Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). 2. Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”. 3. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”. 4. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. 5. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. 6. The foreign genes will be
- 5. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria 1. Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. 1. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
- 6. The DNA of plants and animals can also be altered. PLANTS 1. disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified.
- 7. How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant 1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene. 2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells. 3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes.
- 8. What do you think about eating genetically modified foods?
- 9. Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS 1. Mice – used to study human immune system 2. Chickens – more resistant to infections 3. Cows – increase milk supply and leaner meat 4. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk
- 10. Human DNA in a Goat Cell This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk. . Transgenic Goat
- 11. Desired DNA is added to an egg cell. How to Create a Transgenic Animal
- 12. Ha Ha Ha!
- 13. Genetic Engineering and Crime Scenes……
- 14. Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR • PCR allows scientists to make many copies of a piece of DNA. 1. Heat the DNA so it “unzips”. 2. Add the complementary nitrogenous bases. 3. Allow DNA to cool so the complementary strands can “zip” together.
- 15. Gel Electrophoresis • This technology allows scientists to identify someone’s DNA!
- 16. Steps Involved in Gel Electrophoresis 1. “Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes. 2. Run the DNA fragments through a gel. 3. Bands will form in the gel. 4. Everyone’s DNA bands are unique and can be used to identify a person. 5. DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”.
- 17. This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a completely free site and requires no registration. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.