Genetic engineering is the process of modifying an organism's genome using recombinant DNA techniques. This involves isolating a gene, inserting it into a vector, and inserting that vector into a host organism. The host cells are then cloned to produce multiple copies. Genetically modified organisms have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering. Some potential benefits of genetic engineering include developing crops with increased yields, developing pharmaceuticals using modified microorganisms, and exploring treatments for human diseases through gene therapy. However, there are also some concerns about its applications and effects.

2. • Gen : is part of chromosome made of DNA , which responsible for producing
specific protein
• Genetic engineering :is the process by which scientists modify the genome of an
organism. Creation of genetically modified organisms requires recombinant DNA.
• Gen modified organism : an organism or microorganism whose genetic material
has been altered by means of genetic engineering.

3. james Watson and francis crick
describe double helix structure of
DNA
University of Washington show that
agrobacterium inject DNA into plant cell
first GE plant. Antibiotic
resistant tobacco
pig with human growth
hormone are first GE farm animal
an enzyme used in cheese- making
is first approved GE food product.
flavor sovr tomato is first GE
crop on the market
herbicide resistant soybean and
insect resistant cotton and corn are
widely planted
golden rice engineered to
produce beta-carotene .
Monsanto introduced GE sweet
corn
History
Gregor mandels pea-breeding
experiment demonstrate heredity

4. • Isolating a gene to be inserted
• Inserting the gene in a Vector(Agent used to carry foreign gene)
• Inserting Vector into the host.
• Multiplication of host cells by cloning.
• Extraction of desired product.

5. • In Human
• Gen therapy: Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease .by
• Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy gene.
• Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene .
• Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
Potential of Increasing the Life Span of People.
Better understanding of genetics.
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6. In other organisms Improves the lifestyles of humans
> used on microorganisms help in the creation of new pharmaceuticals
> helped with the production of vaccines and other drugs.
> Certain bacterial sequences are manipulated to transform waste into ethanol, so that it can
‘ be used as a fuel.
> helps in the process of process cleaning up waste(bio remediation )
> create bacteria capable of producing human insulin
> create microorganism capable of producing human growth hormone

7. • GENETIC ENGINEERING IN FOOD &AGRICULTURE
• Increased crop productivity
• Enhanced crop protection
• Improvements in food processing
• Improved nutritional value
• Better flavor
• Fresher produce