Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating an organism's genes using biotechnology. Key genetic engineering processes include using restriction enzymes to cut DNA, gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments by size, recombinant DNA technology to combine DNA from different sources, gene cloning to produce large amounts of recombinant DNA, polymerase chain reaction to copy specific DNA regions, and DNA sequencing to identify DNA sequences. Genetic engineering can be used to modify plants, animals, and microbes for various purposes like increasing crop yields, enhancing livestock, and improving microbe-dependent food production. Potential advantages include reducing pesticide use and developing disease resistance, while disadvantages include limited diversity and potential for technological abuse.

1. GENETIC ENGINEERING AND GMOs

2. Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic
manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes
using biotechnology.
Genetic Engineering

3. Biotechnology is the use of biological techniques and
engineered organisms to make products or plants and animals
that have desired traits. In order to carry on this technology, it
employs different processes such as:
Genetic Engineering Processes

4. • Restriction Enzymes which is the cutting of the DNA
strands into fragments. It is basically used to create DNA
fragments with sticky ends or blunt ends that can join with other
DNA fragments.
Genetic Engineering Processes

5. • Gel Electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size. It is
used to study DNA fragments of various sizes.
Genetic Engineering Processes

6. • Recombinant DNA Technology is the combination of a DNA
fragment with the DNA from another source also called
exogenous DNA.
Genetic Engineering Processes

7. • Gene Cloning is the production of the large numbers of
identical recombinant DNA molecules. It is used to create large
amounts of recombinant DNA to be used in genetically
engineered organism.
DNA Sequencing is used to identify the DNA sequence of
cloned recombinant DNA molecule to further study. It is used to
identify errors in the DNA sequences to predict the function of a
particular gene and to compare to other genes with similar
sequences from different organisms.
Genetic Engineering Processes

8. • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) makes copies of specific
regions of sequenced DNA. It is used to copy DNA for any
scientific investigation including forensic analysis and medical
testing.
Genetic Engineering Processes

9. • DNA Sequencing is used to identify the DNA sequence of cloned
recombinant DNA molecule to further study. It is used to identify errors
in the DNA sequences to predict the function of a particular gene and to
compare to other genes with similar sequences from different
organisms.
Genetic Engineering Processes

10. Plant Genetic Modification
The easiest method of plant genetic modification used by our
wandering ancestors and until today, is simple selection. That is,
genetically heterogeneous population of plants is inspected, and
“superior” individuals - plants with the most desired traits, like
improved palatability and yield - are selected for continued
propagation.
ex. Production of pest-resistant plants
ex. Increase of crop production
3 Types of Genetic Modification

11. Plant Genetic Modification
3 Types of Genetic Modification

12. Animal Genetic Modification
Modern breeds of livestock differ dramatically from their ancestors as a
result of breeding strategies. Established and emerging biotechnology
in animal agriculture include assisted reproductive technologies; use of
naturally occurring hormones, such as recombinants, and
biotechnologies to enhance reproductive efficiency without affecting the
genome; and biotechnologies to enhance expression of desirable genes.
ex. Increase of milk production per cow
ex. Double production of eggs in chickens
3 Types of Genetic Modification

13. Animal Genetic Modification
3 Types of Genetic Modification
The Glow in the Dark Pet Gold fish

14. Genetic Modification of Microbes
Microorganisms play significant roles in food production. They serve as
primary and secondary roles in food fermentation and in food spoilage,
and they can produce enzymes or other metabolites used in food
production and processing. Humans have used and genetically modified
microbes for centuries to produce food, wine, bread, and cheese are
common examples of ancient foods, still popular, depend on microbial
ingredients and activities.
ex. Increase microbe-dependent-food production
ex. Increase human immunity/ resistance to microbe-caused-diseases
3 Types of Genetic Modification

15. Advantage & Disadvantage

16. Advantage
• it makes agricultural practices much safer by reducing, if
not totally eliminating the use of pesticides.
• GE allows specific traits to be developed for plants and
animals. It can improve resistance to diseases
and even stop genetic diseases in humans.
• GE could be used DNA manipulation to help treat or cure
people who are born with genetic disorders.

17. Disadvantage
• amount of diversity that is available is limited.
• prone to technological abuse.
• it can bring difficult legal liabilities with unintended
consequences.

18. ACTIVITY 2.3: AN IMAGINARY CREATURE ACTIVITY

19. Direction: Let your imagination work! Consider yourself as one of the
Genetic Engineers. Using your drawing materials, illustrate a Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO) that you would produce. Emphasize the
unique features of this creature and the benefits it would give to
mankind.