Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).[2] An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users.
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[3] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[4] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[4]
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT).[2] An information technology system (IT system) is generally an information system, a communications system, or, more specifically speaking, a computer system — including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment — operated by a limited group of IT users.
Although humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the earliest writing systems were developed,[3] the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)."[4] Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs.[4]
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The modern computer took its shape with the arrival of your time. It had been around 16th century when the evolution of the computer started. The initial computer faced many changes, obviously for the betterment. It continuously improved itself in terms of speed, accuracy, size, and price to urge the form of the fashionable day computer. This long period is often conveniently divided into the subsequent phases called computer generations:
First Generation Computers (1940-1956)
Second Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Third Generation Computers (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present)
Fifth Generation Computers (Present and Beyond)
Before there are graphing calculators, spreadsheets, and computer algebra systems, mathematicians and inventors searched for solutions to ease the burden of calculation.
Below are the 8 mechanical calculators before modern computers were invented.
1. Abacus (ca. 2700 BC)
2. Pascal’s Calculator (1652)
3. Stepped Reckoner (1694)
4. Arithmometer (1820)
5. Comptometer (1887) and Comptograph (1889)
6. The Difference Engine (1822)
7. Analytical Engine (1834)
8. The Millionaire (1893)
First Generation Computers: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)
The technology behind the primary generation computers was a fragile glass device, which was called vacuum tubes. These computers were very heavy and really large in size. These weren’t very reliable and programming on them was a really tedious task as they used low-level programming language and used no OS. First-generation computers were used for calculation, storage, and control purpose. They were too bulky and large that they needed a full room and consume rot of electricity.
Main first generation computers are:
ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, built by J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly was a general-purpose computer. It had been very heavy, large, and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes.
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer was designed by von Neumann. It could store data also as instruction and thus the speed was enhanced.
UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer was developed in 1952 by Eckert and Mauchly.
Main characteristics of first generation computers are:
Main electronic component Vacuum tube.
Programming language Machine language.
Main memory Magnetic tapes and magnetic drums.
Input/output devices Paper tape and punched cards.
Speed and size Very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
Examples of the first generation IBM 650, IBM 701, ENIAC, UNIVAC1, etc.
Second Generation Computers: Transistors (1956-1963)
Second-generation computers used the technology of transistors rather than bulky vacuum tubes. Another feature was the core storage. A transistor may be a device composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a sign or opens or closes a circuit.
Transistors were invented in Bell Labs. The use of transistors made it possible to perform powerfully and with due speed.
Computer has become a part of our life. Today along with calculations, their work area is very wide-supermarket scanners scan and calculate our grocery bill and also keep store inventory, automatic teller machines(ATM) helps us in banking transaction how the technology has developed and what its future course is To understand this first we should know about the different generations of computers.
The First electronic computer was designed and built at the university of pennsylvania based on vaccum tube technology. Vaccum tubes were used to perform logic operations and to store data. Generations of computers has been divided into five according to the development of technologies used to fabricate the processors, memories and I/O units.
The History of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operates, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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ICT assignment.pptx
1. Vasanta College for Women
ICT ASSIGNMENT-01
Development and characteristics of computer and
Operating System in different Generation
By – DIPTI YADAV (21240LFS002)
NEHA SINGH (21240LFS010)
2. CONTENTS
● Introduction of computer
● Father of computer
● Generation of computer
● Evolution of computer
● Introduction of operating system
● T
ypes of operating system
● Characteristics of operating system
● Function of operating system
● Operating system as a medium
● Operating system in different generation of computer
● Conclusion
3. Computer
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the
form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some
result based on a program, software, or sequence of
instructions on how the data is to be processed.
4. Father of Computer
Charles Babbage is the Father of Computers. Charles
Babbage (1791-1871) was an extraordinarily talented
scientist, mathematician, economist and
engineer. Babbage, who was born in London in 1791,
was a great mathematical genius. He was a natural
inventor and invented all sorts of new products. He has
been known as the inventor of the Analytical Engine. The
Analytical Engine contained an ALU (arithmetic logic unit),
basic flow control, and integrated memory; hailed as the
first general-purpose computer concept.
5. Generations of Computer
There are Five Generations of
computers:-
1.First Generation(1946-1955)
2.Second Generation(1956-1965)
3.Third Generation(1966-1975)
4.Fourth Generation(1976-1985)
5.Fifth Generation(1986-onward)
6. First Generation Computer(1946-1955)
First generation computer uses Vacuum tubes,
Magnetic tape drives and magnetic core
memories were developed. ENIAC (Electronic
Numeric Integrator And Calculator ) was the
first electronic digital computer. It uses about
18,000 vacuum tubes. Its size was too much
large. This was very hard to read and write
programs by every person. The first generation
computer produces too much heat.
7. Material Used
• Vacuum Tubes
• Hard Wire Programs in computers
• Magnetic Drum
• 4,000 bits
8. Advantages
The advantages of the earliest computers are:-
• It is that they could perform thousands of calculations
each second, making it possible decode messages in a
useful time period (a few hours).
• The "father" of these computer had originally planned
these machines to try and prove mathematical
conjectures, but this type of application couldn't be
considered until after the war.
9. Disadvantages
The disadvantages are:-
• They were very expensive.
• They contained thousands of valves (vacuum tubes)
making them unreliable.
• The major limitations for early computers was that
memory was practically non-existant , only punched
tape, delay line memory and mercury memory were
available.
10. Second Generation Computer (1956-1965)
Second generation computer uses a new electronic
device called Transistor in the place of Vacuum tube.
Storage capacity of computer also increase during
this generation. Second generation computers also
started showing the characteristics of modern day
computers with utilities such as printers, disk storage
and operating systems. Many financial information
was processed using these computers.
12. Second generation languages
(2GL)
Represent a step up from the
first generation languages.
Allow for the use of symbolic
names instead of just numbers.
are known as
Second generation languages
assembly
languages. Code written in an
assembly language is converted
into machine language (1GL).
13. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to first generation computers.
•More reliable.
•Less heat generated.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times from
milliseconds to microseconds.
•Less prone to hardware failures.
•Better portability.
•Wider commercial use.
15. Third Generation Computer(1966-1975)
In third generation computer transistor were replaced
with Integrated Circuit (IC) which is a combination of
number of transistor and other electronic components
fused together on single crystal. This generation
machine uses magnetic tape and magnetic disk as
secondary storage device.
17. Third generation languages (3GL)
With the languages introduced by the third
generation of computer programming,
words and commands (instead of just
symbols and numbers) were being used.
These languages therefore, had syntax that
was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known as "high
level languages" and include C, C++, Java,
and Javascript, among others.
18. Advantages
•Smaller in size as compared to previous generation
computers.
•Lower heat generated than second generation computers.
•These computers were able to reduce computational times
from microseconds to nanoseconds.
•Maintenance cost is low because hardware failures are rare.
•Easily portable.
•Less power requirement than previous generation computers.
•Human labour and cost involved reduced drastically.
•Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
20. Fourth generation computer(1976-1985)
In fourth generation computer IC were replaced with
Microprocessors .A microprocessor chip consist of
entire central processing unit in a single chip.
Computing speed increased . Due to the reduction of
cost and the availability of the computers power at a
small place allowed everyday user to benefit.
22. Fourth generation languages (4GL)
The syntax used in 4GL is very
close to human language, an
improvement from the pervious
generation of languages. 4GL
languages are typically used to
and ColdFusion,
databases and include
among
access
SQL
others
23. Advantages
•Smallest in size because of high component density
•Heat generated is negligible.
•No air conditioning required in most cases.
•Much faster in computation than previous generations.
•Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is
required.
•Easily portable because of their small size.
•Cheapest among all generations.
25. Fifth generation computer(1986-onward)
In fifth generation computer VLSI technology were
replaced by Ultra large Scale Integration (ULSI)
technology. This technology helped to developed very
small but extremely powerful and fast computers which
come to be known as ROBOTS. The fifth generation
computers will be under Artificial-Intelligence. The idea of
fifth generation computer was introduced by Japan’s
Ministry of International Trade and Industry in 1982.
26.
27. Fifth generation languages (5GL)
languages are
Fifth generation
currently being used for neural
networks. A nueral network is a form of
artifical intelligence that attempts to
imitate how the human mind works.
28. Advantages
•These computers are more reliable, works faster than other computers.
•They are easily portable.
•These computers are available in different sizes with different features,
with different affordable prices.
•Having extra high processing speed.
•Having capabilities of parallel processing.
•WIRELESS!!!
29.
30. Operating system
● A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware
● Operating system goals:
○ Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier
○ Make the computer system convenient to use
○ Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner
What is an Operating System?
31. Types of Operating Systems
1. Batch Operating System
2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS
33. History of Operating System
The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)
No Operating System
All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-
boards to control the machine’s basic functions.
The Second Generation (1955-1965)
First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
Single-stream batch processing systems
The Third Generation (1965-1980)
Introduction of multiprogramming
Development of Minicomputer
The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
Development of PCs
Birth of Windows/MaC OS
34. Fourth Generation : (1980 – 1990)
● Personal Computers
● Computer dedicated to a single user
● IO Devices now consist of keyboards, mice, CGA-VGA displays,
small printers
● User convenience and responsiveness
● Can adopt lessons from larger operating systems
● No need for some of the advanced options at the personal level
35. Key Events 4th Generation
● 1981 IBM PC (8086)
● 1981 Osborne 1
● 1981 Vic 20
● 1981 Xerox Star Workstation
● 1984 Apple macintosh
● 1984 SunOS
● 1985 C++
● 1985 MSWindows
● 1986 – 386 Chip
36. 5th Gen Parallel Systems
● Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close
communication.
● Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
● Advantages of parallel system:
○ Increased throughput
○ Economical
○ Increased reliability
graceful degradation
fail-soft systems