Pure cultures are important in microbiology because they allow for the accurate study and identification of microorganisms. There are three main techniques involved in obtaining a pure culture: sterilization of materials to prevent contamination, aseptic transfer of microbes to growth media, and isolating single cells or their progeny. Some common isolation methods are streak plating, spread plating, and serial dilution plating. Once a pure culture is obtained, its purity can be demonstrated by the uniform appearance of colonies and identical growth characteristics of isolated colonies. Pure cultures must then be maintained through refrigeration, paraffin coating, cryopreservation, or lyophilization to preserve them for long-term storage and future use.
Normal flora, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, colonize various sites of the human body through mutualistic and commensal relationships. Microbiota commonly reside on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and genital region through tissue specificity involving bacterial adherence and biofilm formation preferential for certain tissues. While generally beneficial, microbiota can become pathogenic under conditions like immunosuppression or change in location. References included Medical Microbiology and Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology textbooks.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and the entry of microorganisms into hosts. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and explores different types of symbiotic relationships like commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Normal flora that benefit hosts are present in various sites like the skin, mouth, respiratory and intestinal tracts. Microorganisms can enter through these areas, especially if barriers are disrupted. Entry is also possible directly through uptake or antigen sampling in mucous membranes.
1. Culture methods are used to isolate bacteria in pure culture, demonstrate their properties, obtain sufficient growth for tests, and maintain stock cultures.
2. Common culture methods include streak culture, lawn culture, stroke culture, stab culture, pour plate culture, and liquid culture.
3. Special methods like anaerobic culture techniques are needed to isolate and grow anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen using methods that generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases.
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
This document discusses normal flora and its relationship to the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms commonly found on and inside the human body. These microbes exist in either mutualistic, commensal, or opportunistic relationships with their human hosts. The document outlines several types of normal flora, including resident flora that always live on the body and transient flora that only remain for short periods. It also explains how normal flora can protect the body but also potentially cause disease.
Pure cultures are important in microbiology because they allow for the accurate study and identification of microorganisms. There are three main techniques involved in obtaining a pure culture: sterilization of materials to prevent contamination, aseptic transfer of microbes to growth media, and isolating single cells or their progeny. Some common isolation methods are streak plating, spread plating, and serial dilution plating. Once a pure culture is obtained, its purity can be demonstrated by the uniform appearance of colonies and identical growth characteristics of isolated colonies. Pure cultures must then be maintained through refrigeration, paraffin coating, cryopreservation, or lyophilization to preserve them for long-term storage and future use.
Normal flora, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, colonize various sites of the human body through mutualistic and commensal relationships. Microbiota commonly reside on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and genital region through tissue specificity involving bacterial adherence and biofilm formation preferential for certain tissues. While generally beneficial, microbiota can become pathogenic under conditions like immunosuppression or change in location. References included Medical Microbiology and Jawetz Melnick & Adelbergs Medical Microbiology textbooks.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and the entry of microorganisms into hosts. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and explores different types of symbiotic relationships like commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Normal flora that benefit hosts are present in various sites like the skin, mouth, respiratory and intestinal tracts. Microorganisms can enter through these areas, especially if barriers are disrupted. Entry is also possible directly through uptake or antigen sampling in mucous membranes.
1. Culture methods are used to isolate bacteria in pure culture, demonstrate their properties, obtain sufficient growth for tests, and maintain stock cultures.
2. Common culture methods include streak culture, lawn culture, stroke culture, stab culture, pour plate culture, and liquid culture.
3. Special methods like anaerobic culture techniques are needed to isolate and grow anaerobic bacteria in the absence of oxygen using methods that generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases.
Definition of bacterial growth
Modes of multiplication in bacteria
List the salient features of bacterial growth curve.
Concepts of generation time and growth curve
Calculations of generation time
This document discusses normal flora and its relationship to the human body. It defines normal flora as microorganisms commonly found on and inside the human body. These microbes exist in either mutualistic, commensal, or opportunistic relationships with their human hosts. The document outlines several types of normal flora, including resident flora that always live on the body and transient flora that only remain for short periods. It also explains how normal flora can protect the body but also potentially cause disease.
The document discusses the basic nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It notes that microbes require nutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur for biosynthesis and energy. These nutrients are obtained from both inorganic and organic sources. Microorganisms are also classified based on how they obtain carbon and energy, into four main types: photolithotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemolithotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. The document provides details on the various microbial growth factors and nutritional types.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
1. Proper specimen collection is essential for accurate laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections, as the wrong sample, delay in transport, or contamination can limit test usefulness.
2. Common examination methods for diagnosing bacterial infections include morphological analysis, isolation and culture of pathogens, biochemical reactions, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and detection of antigens or nucleic acids.
3. Antibiotic susceptibility testing determines the sensitivity of isolated bacteria to different antibiotics, which helps clinicians select the proper treatment. Methods include minimum inhibitory concentration and disk diffusion tests.
Bacterial growth involves an increase in the number of cells through cell division rather than an increase in cell size. A single bacterial cell can multiply into millions of cells within a short generation time, such as 20 minutes for E. coli. The standard growth curve of bacteria consists of four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death or decline phase. Bacterial growth is influenced by various environmental factors like pH, temperature, salt concentration, and oxygen requirements.
A simple lecture for the description of the various culture media used for isolation of different bacteria in a pure form for further identification procedures.
This document discusses bacterial adhesion, invasion, and colonization. It describes how bacteria initially adhere to host surfaces through transient association with mucus, weak association with carbohydrates, or strong association with proteins. This adhesion allows bacteria to colonize sites like the nasal cavity or intestines. The document then examines two mechanisms of bacterial invasion - the zipper mechanism where engagement of bacterial and host proteins triggers strengthening of cell contacts, and the trigger mechanism where bacteria activate host signaling to induce membrane ruffling and bacterial uptake. Specific examples of Listeria and Salmonella invasion are provided. The document concludes with details on Salmonella colonization in the intestines facilitated by its ability to use tetrathionate as an electron acceptor.
cultivation, isolation,purification and characterization of microorganism Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are picked and restreaked to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbes are then characterized through morphological examination, staining techniques, and biochemical tests to identify the microorganism.
This document discusses various microbiological techniques used to study microorganisms, including:
1. Microscopic, cultural, physiological, immunological, and molecular methods. Specific techniques mentioned are Gram staining, growth media selection, enzyme activity assays, immunoassays, DNA fingerprinting, gene probes, microarrays, PCR, and metagenomics.
2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is described as the most widely used molecular technique for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis due to the conserved nature of the 16S rRNA gene.
3. Metagenomics provides information on the collective genomes of microorganisms in an environmental sample to study microbial diversity and ecology.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Medical microbiology is the study of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that cause human illness and disease. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The field primarily focuses on the presence and growth of microbial infections in individuals, their effects on the human body, and treatment methods. Some key areas of study include microbial physiology, genetics, parasitology, virology, immunology and serology.
The document summarizes microbial growth requirements and culture techniques. It discusses the temperature, pH, oxygen, pressure, and nutritional requirements for microbial growth. It also describes different types of culture media such as selective, differential and enrichment media. Various culture methods are outlined, including anaerobic culturing and preserving cultures through lyophilization or deep freezing.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. There are several branches of microbiology including bacteriology, mycology, and virology. Microbes are found in diverse habitats and have relationships with other organisms. Important bacterial genera include Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Clostridium. Viruses can cause diseases like hepatitis, smallpox, and the common cold. Fungi include yeasts and molds and are found worldwide in various environments. Yeasts are used to produce alcoholic beverages and leaven baked goods.
The normal flora are microorganisms that commonly live on and inside the healthy human body in different areas without causing issues. They can be divided into transient microbes that vary over time and resident microbes that persist. The types of microbes vary by body site, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on the skin, Streptococcus and anaerobes in the mouth, and a diverse array of bacteria including E. coli in the large intestine. The composition of the normal flora is influenced by factors like age, hygiene, and diet.
This document discusses routes and sources of infection. It begins by classifying infections as acute, chronic, primary, secondary, etc. Infections can be endogenous from normal flora or exogenous from external sources. Sources of infection include humans (carriers, patients), animals, insects, soil, water and food. Modes of transmission include contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and vectors like insects. Types of infectious diseases are localized, generalized, bacteremia, septicemia and pyemia. Epidemiological terms like endemic, epidemic and pandemic are also defined. The stages of generalized infection are described as entry of pathogen, portal of entry, colonization, incubation period and increasing severity of
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were two of the founders of bacteriology. Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization to prevent contamination and disproved spontaneous generation. He also discovered vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and rabies. Koch isolated pure bacterial cultures and invented techniques like the hanging drop method. He discovered the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and proposed Koch's postulates for identifying the microorganisms that cause diseases. Both scientists greatly advanced the germ theory of disease.
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical MethodsSruthy Chandran
This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. It introduces key concepts like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation. Some physical methods covered are heat, filtration, radiation, and desiccation. Chemical methods discussed include phenols, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Specific disinfectants and antiseptics are explained like chlorine, iodine, and alcohol. Conditions influencing effectiveness and the modes of action of different methods are also summarized.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
lab techniques in microbiology to study the microbesmohsinali52313
This document discusses several key laboratory techniques used in microbiology to study microorganisms, including aseptic techniques, culturing techniques, and bacterial enumeration. Aseptic techniques like sterilization and disinfection are used to prevent contamination of microbial cultures. Common culturing techniques involve growing bacteria on various culture media using methods like streak plating, spread plating, and pour plating. Bacterial enumeration techniques like serial dilution and plate counts are used to quantify microbial populations in samples.
The document discusses the basic nutritional requirements of microorganisms. It notes that microbes require nutrients like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur for biosynthesis and energy. These nutrients are obtained from both inorganic and organic sources. Microorganisms are also classified based on how they obtain carbon and energy, into four main types: photolithotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemolithotrophs and chemoheterotrophs. The document provides details on the various microbial growth factors and nutritional types.
The document discusses normal flora, which are microorganisms that inhabit healthy humans without causing harm. Normal flora are found on skin and mucous membranes but not inside organs. The skin and mucous membranes harbor both resident and transient flora. The document then describes characteristics, types, roles, and locations of normal flora in different parts of the body including skin, oral cavity, respiratory tract, digestive tract, and urogenital tract. Common genera of normal flora are discussed for each location.
Microbiology is the study of
living organisms of microscopic
size which includes bacteria ,
Fungi , Algae , Protozoa and Viruses. It is concerned with the forms, structure , reproduction , physiology , metabolism and classification.
Principle Of Microbiology
Medical microbiology deals with the causative agent of the infectious disease of the human , the ways in which they produce disease in the body and essential information for diagnosis and treatment.
1. Proper specimen collection is essential for accurate laboratory diagnosis of bacterial infections, as the wrong sample, delay in transport, or contamination can limit test usefulness.
2. Common examination methods for diagnosing bacterial infections include morphological analysis, isolation and culture of pathogens, biochemical reactions, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and detection of antigens or nucleic acids.
3. Antibiotic susceptibility testing determines the sensitivity of isolated bacteria to different antibiotics, which helps clinicians select the proper treatment. Methods include minimum inhibitory concentration and disk diffusion tests.
Bacterial growth involves an increase in the number of cells through cell division rather than an increase in cell size. A single bacterial cell can multiply into millions of cells within a short generation time, such as 20 minutes for E. coli. The standard growth curve of bacteria consists of four phases: lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, and death or decline phase. Bacterial growth is influenced by various environmental factors like pH, temperature, salt concentration, and oxygen requirements.
A simple lecture for the description of the various culture media used for isolation of different bacteria in a pure form for further identification procedures.
This document discusses bacterial adhesion, invasion, and colonization. It describes how bacteria initially adhere to host surfaces through transient association with mucus, weak association with carbohydrates, or strong association with proteins. This adhesion allows bacteria to colonize sites like the nasal cavity or intestines. The document then examines two mechanisms of bacterial invasion - the zipper mechanism where engagement of bacterial and host proteins triggers strengthening of cell contacts, and the trigger mechanism where bacteria activate host signaling to induce membrane ruffling and bacterial uptake. Specific examples of Listeria and Salmonella invasion are provided. The document concludes with details on Salmonella colonization in the intestines facilitated by its ability to use tetrathionate as an electron acceptor.
cultivation, isolation,purification and characterization of microorganism Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are picked and restreaked to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbes are then characterized through morphological examination, staining techniques, and biochemical tests to identify the microorganism.
This document discusses various microbiological techniques used to study microorganisms, including:
1. Microscopic, cultural, physiological, immunological, and molecular methods. Specific techniques mentioned are Gram staining, growth media selection, enzyme activity assays, immunoassays, DNA fingerprinting, gene probes, microarrays, PCR, and metagenomics.
2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing is described as the most widely used molecular technique for bacterial identification and phylogenetic analysis due to the conserved nature of the 16S rRNA gene.
3. Metagenomics provides information on the collective genomes of microorganisms in an environmental sample to study microbial diversity and ecology.
This document discusses various environmental factors that affect microbial growth, including temperature, pH, oxygen levels, osmotic pressure, and nutritional requirements. It classifies microorganisms based on their optimal and maximum temperature ranges, pH preferences, oxygen utilization, and responses to osmotic pressure and available nutrients. Various culture techniques are also described that allow isolation and study of microbes in different environmental conditions.
Medical microbiology is the study of microbes like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that cause human illness and disease. A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. The field primarily focuses on the presence and growth of microbial infections in individuals, their effects on the human body, and treatment methods. Some key areas of study include microbial physiology, genetics, parasitology, virology, immunology and serology.
The document summarizes microbial growth requirements and culture techniques. It discusses the temperature, pH, oxygen, pressure, and nutritional requirements for microbial growth. It also describes different types of culture media such as selective, differential and enrichment media. Various culture methods are outlined, including anaerobic culturing and preserving cultures through lyophilization or deep freezing.
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. There are several branches of microbiology including bacteriology, mycology, and virology. Microbes are found in diverse habitats and have relationships with other organisms. Important bacterial genera include Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Clostridium. Viruses can cause diseases like hepatitis, smallpox, and the common cold. Fungi include yeasts and molds and are found worldwide in various environments. Yeasts are used to produce alcoholic beverages and leaven baked goods.
The normal flora are microorganisms that commonly live on and inside the healthy human body in different areas without causing issues. They can be divided into transient microbes that vary over time and resident microbes that persist. The types of microbes vary by body site, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus on the skin, Streptococcus and anaerobes in the mouth, and a diverse array of bacteria including E. coli in the large intestine. The composition of the normal flora is influenced by factors like age, hygiene, and diet.
This document discusses routes and sources of infection. It begins by classifying infections as acute, chronic, primary, secondary, etc. Infections can be endogenous from normal flora or exogenous from external sources. Sources of infection include humans (carriers, patients), animals, insects, soil, water and food. Modes of transmission include contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and vectors like insects. Types of infectious diseases are localized, generalized, bacteremia, septicemia and pyemia. Epidemiological terms like endemic, epidemic and pandemic are also defined. The stages of generalized infection are described as entry of pathogen, portal of entry, colonization, incubation period and increasing severity of
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were two of the founders of bacteriology. Pasteur developed the process of pasteurization to prevent contamination and disproved spontaneous generation. He also discovered vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and rabies. Koch isolated pure bacterial cultures and invented techniques like the hanging drop method. He discovered the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera and proposed Koch's postulates for identifying the microorganisms that cause diseases. Both scientists greatly advanced the germ theory of disease.
Control of Microorganisms Various Physical & Chemical MethodsSruthy Chandran
This document discusses various physical and chemical methods for controlling microbial growth. It introduces key concepts like sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation. Some physical methods covered are heat, filtration, radiation, and desiccation. Chemical methods discussed include phenols, halogens, alcohols, heavy metals, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Specific disinfectants and antiseptics are explained like chlorine, iodine, and alcohol. Conditions influencing effectiveness and the modes of action of different methods are also summarized.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation,purificatio...Amjad Afridi
Microorganisms can be studied through cultivation, isolation, purification, and characterization techniques. Samples are collected from various sources and streaked onto agar plates using aseptic technique to prevent contamination. Single colonies are then purified by streaking and incubating to obtain a pure culture of a single microbial species. The isolated microbe can be characterized through morphological analysis under a microscope, biochemical testing of metabolic activities, and other identification methods. This allows scientists to determine the type of microorganism being studied.
lab techniques in microbiology to study the microbesmohsinali52313
This document discusses several key laboratory techniques used in microbiology to study microorganisms, including aseptic techniques, culturing techniques, and bacterial enumeration. Aseptic techniques like sterilization and disinfection are used to prevent contamination of microbial cultures. Common culturing techniques involve growing bacteria on various culture media using methods like streak plating, spread plating, and pour plating. Bacterial enumeration techniques like serial dilution and plate counts are used to quantify microbial populations in samples.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
Isolation of bacteria is an important step in diagnosing bacterial infections. There are various methods used for isolating bacteria, including culture methods using solid or liquid media, and non-culture methods like PCR. For culture, appropriate specimens are collected and transported to the lab, where microscopy is first performed to view bacteria. The specimens are then plated on selective and non-selective media and incubated under optimal conditions for bacterial growth. Isolates are identified based on colony characteristics. Automated systems can also be used to more rapidly detect bacterial growth through liquid culture.
Industrial microorganisms are microbes used to manufacture food and industrial products on a large scale. They include naturally occurring organisms, mutants selected in labs, and genetically modified organisms. Microbes are used to produce dairy, bread, alcoholic drinks, organic acids, enzymes, steroids, and help treat sewage and act as insecticides. Pure cultures contain a single microbial species while mixed cultures have many species. Isolating pure cultures involves techniques like streak plating, pour plating, and serial dilution. Desirable industrial microbes are genetically stable, easy to grow, and facilitate product extraction. Microbes are isolated from environments like soil, water, and spoiled foods.
Pure cultures contain only a single type of microorganism and are important for accurate identification, testing, and experimentation. They are obtained through techniques like streak plating that isolate individual cells on nutrient-rich solid media to promote separate colony growth. Purity is confirmed when all colonies appear identical under microscopy and in biochemical tests. Pure cultures are maintained through refrigeration, inclusion in paraffin, or preservation through cryopreservation, lyophilization, or freezing to halt metabolism while retaining viability for long-term storage.
Pure cultures contain only a single type of microorganism and are important for accurate identification, testing, and experimentation. They are obtained through techniques like streak plating that isolate individual cells on nutrient-rich agar plates. Once isolated, various methods are used to prove purity and maintain cultures, like ensuring uniform colony morphology and biochemical reactions. Pure cultures are then preserved long-term through refrigeration, paraffin coating, cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, or lyophilization to stop metabolic activity and allow viability for years.
Pure cultures contain only a single type of microorganism and are important for accurate identification, testing, and experimentation. They are obtained through techniques like streak plating that isolate individual cells on nutrient-rich solid media to promote separate colony growth. Purity is confirmed when all colonies appear identical under microscopy and in biochemical tests. Pure cultures are preserved long-term through cryopreservation, lyophilization, or storage in paraffin or refrigeration to maintain viability without contamination.
3 bio265 microbial growth instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
Microbial growth requires certain physical, chemical, and energy requirements to be met. Understanding these growth requirements allows us to control microbes, especially pathogens. Key growth factors include temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and nutrients. Different microbes have varying optimal temperature, pH, and oxygen ranges. Using specialized culture media that provide appropriate conditions enables isolation and growth of microbes from clinical specimens in the laboratory, facilitating identification of pathogens.
Defined and complex media are used to grow microorganisms in culture. Defined media use precise inorganic or organic chemicals, while complex media use digests of microbial, animal, or plant products. Streak culture is a common method for isolating pure bacterial cultures by transferring bacteria across a culture plate using a loop or stick, allowing distinct colonies to grow. Other methods include pour plates to estimate bacterial counts, sweep plates to transfer dust particles, and liquid cultures for high yields. Micromanipulators can also be used to isolate single bacterial cells under a microscope.
A pure culture theoretically contains a single bacterial species. There are a number of procedures available for the isolation of pure cultures from mixed populations. A pure culture may be isolated by the use of special media with specific chemical or physical agents that allow the enrichment or selection of one
organism over another.
Infectious diseases are caused by various microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Microorganisms can be identified through direct microscopic examination, culture-based techniques, biochemical tests, and serological and molecular identification methods. Correct specimen collection, handling, and laboratory testing are essential for accurate microbial identification.
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION PROCESS .pptxVishekKumar8
Pure culture technique
INTRODUCTION
PURE CULTIURE TECHNIQE
ISOLATION PROCESS
STREAK PLATE METHOD
POUR PLATE METHOD
SPREAD PLATE METHOD
IDENTIFICATION PROCESS
BIOCHEMICAL TEST
MOLECULAR METHOD
SEROGICAL TECHNIQUE
Culture Media and Bacterial Culture.pptxHaider Ali
This document discusses bacterial culture media and techniques. It defines culture media as substances that provide nutrients for microbial growth outside their natural environment. The document outlines various types of culture media classified by physical form, composition, and purpose. It also describes the composition, preparation, sterilization, and storage of culture media. Finally, the document discusses different bacterial culture techniques and their applications in fields like clinical microbiology, biotechnology, research, and environmental studies.
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
attachment general microbiology course .pptxFiixaaBOlqabaa
This document provides an overview of the General Microbiology course offered at Wallaga University's Department of Biology in 2015/2022. It covers key topics including the definition and branches of microbiology, methods of culturing and identifying microorganisms, bacterial cell structure and growth conditions, microbial genetics, and an introduction to mutations. The course instructor is listed as kumsa.adm12@gmail.com and will take place in Room B9R20.
This document discusses techniques for obtaining pure microbial cultures, including aseptic technique. It describes how Robert Koch established methods to prove that microbes cause specific diseases. Streak plate, pour plate, and spread plate techniques are explained for isolating pure cultures from mixed samples on nutrient agar plates. Maintaining aseptic conditions is important to prevent environmental contamination of cultures. Pure cultures allow study of individual microbial species and are used in research and diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Types of Media in Microbiology & Plating Techniques. (1).pptxNobenduMukerjee
This document discusses various types of media and plating techniques used in microbiology. It covers topics like cultivation of bacteria, purpose of culturing, types of culture media including defined, complex, supportive, enriched, selective, and differential media. It describes common media components and important culturing methods like pour plate, spread plate, streak plate, and liquid culture. Colony morphology and its importance in identification is also discussed.
Similar to General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation, purification and characterization (20)
This document provides guidance on writing a research proposal. It explains that a proposal helps clarify ideas, plan the research project, develop good writing habits, and get feedback. The reader of a proposal will assess whether the research is worthwhile and feasible. A successful proposal typically includes sections on the background, methodology, timetable and resources. It is important to follow the specific guidelines for a proposal and get feedback to strengthen it.
Incineration is the method of choice for treating large volumes of infectious waste, animal carcasses, and contaminated bedding materials. Because incinerators usually are located some distance from the laboratory, additional precautions for handling and packaging of infectious waste are necessary.
Types of Biomedical Waste Disposal
Autoclaving. The process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. ...
Incineration. The major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy, and simple. ...
Chemicals. When it comes to liquid waste, a common biomedical waste disposal method can be chemical disinfection. ...
Microwaving.
All living things are divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms from the Bacteria and Archaea domains that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.pptxAmjad Afridi
All living things can be divided into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms found in Bacteria and Archaea that have simpler cells without organelles. Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi and protists and have more complex cells with organelles like mitochondria and a nucleus. The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that eukaryotes have a nucleus, larger and more complex ribosomes, and plant eukaryotes have a cell wall.
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi.
The word 'myco' is derived from the Greek word mýkēs meaning “mushroom, fungus”.
Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include such as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. These organisms are classified under kingdom fungi.
Fungi are diverse and widespread.
Fungal metabolism produces primary and secondary metabolites through biochemical reactions. Primary metabolites like vitamins and amino acids support growth and development, while secondary metabolites such as antibiotics and toxins are non-essential. Fungi play important roles in producing foods and beverages, for example yeast produces carbon dioxide that causes bread dough to rise. Specific fungi also contribute to cheeses like Camembert and Roquefort by growing on their surfaces. Shoyu and miso are produced through fermentation processes using fungi like Aspergillus oryzae to break down soybeans and rice.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that causes staphylococcal food poisoning, a form of gastroenteritis with rapid onset of symptoms. S. aureus is commonly found in the environment (soil, water and air) and is also found in the nose and on the skin of humans.
Communicable diseases are illnesses that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person, or from a surface or a food. Diseases can be transmitted during air travel through: direct contact with a sick person. respiratory droplet spread from a sick person sneezing or coughing.
Host-Parasite relationship is the extreme case of animal association, in which both partners influence each others life by affecting each others metabolism and behaviour using different adaptive mechanisms in order to ensure their survival.
Bacteria have their own enzymes for
1. Cell wall formation
2. Protein synthesis
3. DNA replication
4. RNA synthesis
5. Synthesis of essential metabolites
Infections spread from animals to human are called zoonotic infections.
The term zoonos is’ Derived from the Greek
ZOON (animals) and NOSES (diseases)
Pathogens shared with wild or domestic animals cause more than 60% of infectious diseases in man.
- In the 19th century, rabies was often called "hydrophobia" and depicted in an 1826 illustration. Pasteur observed an outbreak of rabies in France as a schoolboy in 1831.
- Rabies is a fatal viral disease that causes brain inflammation. It is transmitted via bites or contact with saliva from infected animals like dogs, bats, and wolves.
- Louis Pasteur developed the first rabies vaccine in 1885 and successfully treated a boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog, establishing rabies prevention through vaccination.
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
H: Infects only Human beings
I: Immunodeficiency Virus weakness the Immune system and increases the risk of infections
V: Virus that attacks the body and finally kills the body’s immune system
Tuberculosis is a communicable chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , where the center of the granuloma is Caseous necrosis
It usually involves the lungs but may affect any organ or tissue in the body
Airborne spread of droplet nuclei
Typhoid fever is caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria which is spread through contaminated food or water or direct contact with infected individuals. Symptoms include sustained high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and occasionally bleeding from the intestines. The disease is most common in areas with poor sanitation and water treatment. Prevention focuses on proper hygiene like handwashing and drinking boiled water as well as vaccination in at-risk regions. While it can be serious, typhoid fever is usually treatable with antibiotics.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus, is a type of bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract that can cause illnesses like pneumonia, ear infections, and sinus infections. It is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria that is often found in pairs and does not form spores or exhibit motility. Pneumococcus bacteria are usually spread through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing of an infected person. Symptoms can include fever, chills, chest pain, cough, and confusion in the elderly. The infection is diagnosed by growing the bacteria from specimens and treated with antibiotics like penicillin, ampicillin, or ceftriaxone depending on the susceptibility of the strain.
This document discusses Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacterium commonly found on human skin and in the environment. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through adherence to skin or mucosa and releasing toxins. It is identified by being catalase-positive, coagulase-positive, and able to grow in 7.5% sodium chloride. S. aureus infections include skin infections like boils and impetigo, deep infections like osteomyelitis and endocarditis, and toxin-mediated diseases like toxic shock syndrome and food poisoning.
Fungal diseases have a significant economic and health impact globally. Over 600 fungal species are associated with humans, some as commensals and others as pathogens causing lethal infectious diseases. Individuals with weakened immune systems are most at risk, but emerging fungal diseases also threaten healthy individuals. While few fungi can thrive in human bodies at normal temperatures, immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections. Fungal diseases also afflict animals and plants worldwide, threatening biodiversity, agriculture, and livestock. Rust and smut fungi in particular cause major economic losses in cereal crops. Effective control of fungal diseases requires more research and reporting of cases.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Co-Chairs, Val J. Lowe, MD, and Cyrus A. Raji, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to Alzheimer’s disease for this CME/AAPA activity titled “Alzheimer’s Disease Case Conference: Gearing Up for the Expanding Role of Neuroradiology in Diagnosis and Treatment.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/AAPA information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PvVY25. CME/AAPA credit will be available until June 28, 2025.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
General methods of studying microorganisms cultivation, isolation, purification and characterization
1.
2. General Methods Of Studying Microorganisms:
Cultivation, Isolation,
Purification And Characterization.
3. ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE
• Aseptic technique refers to a procedure that is performed under
sterile conditions.
• AIM:
• To prevent the access of micro-organisms during the preparation
and testing.
4. In The Microbiology Lab We Use Aseptic Technique To:
Prevent contamination of the specific microorganism we are
working with.
Prevent contamination of the room and personnel with the
microorganism we are working with.
5. SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION
• 1. The Atmosphere
• 2. The Breath
• 3. The Hands
• 4. Clothing
• 5. The Hair
• 6. The Working Surface
• 7. Equipment
6. SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR THE ISOLATION OF MICROBES
Different samples can be collected by using different techniques .
Different types of samples are using for the isolation of microbes.
Examples
A). Clinical Samples
Clinical sample should be collected from the active site of infection and
precautions should be taken to exclude surface contamination of the sample.
We can use different body fluids or tissue of the body for the isolation of the
microbes.
Body fluids , i.e :
Blood, Urine, Saliva, Pus, Sputum, CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid), Stool, Semen,
Synovial fluid, Pericardial fluid, Peritoneal fluid, Pleural fluid, Vaginal discharge
and body Tissue etc.
7. • B) Soil Samples
• C) Water Samples
Fresh Water Samples
Waste Water Samples
• D) Food Samples
• C) Milk Samples
pasteurized Milk
Unpasteurized Milk
• E) Air
• etc…
8. CULTURE
What is a culture?
Population of microorganisms grown under well defined conditions.
i.e
Nutrients
Temperature
pH
Humidity
Time ( Incubation period )
9. Continue…….
Culture methods
The specimens received in the laboratory and Streaking on the plated
culture media. The appropriate culture media is selected depending upon the
bacteria suspected. The following precautions need to be taken into
consideration when the culture methods are processed.
Optimal atmospheric conditions ( To provide specific Incubation period )
Optimal temperature (Most of the bacteria requires a temperature of 37°C
for optimal growth)
Growth requirement of the bacteria (Different bacteria have different
growth requirements)
10. MEDIUM
Medium is the plural of media.
Different types of medium are use for the bacterial culturing .
Medium forms
Have two forms
1. Liquid ( broth ) media . (Liquid media are used for growth of pure batch
cultures)
2. Solid media ( semi-solid). (solidified media are used widely for the isolation of
pure cultures, for estimating viable bacterial populations, and a variety of other
purposes.
Have two types
1. Selective media ( support / growth specific microbe)
2. Differential media ( Can support & growth both gram positive & negative bacteria)
12. INCUBATION
Allow the cultured plate in the incubator at 37°C for 24 hrs for growth.
After 24 hrs observe the growth of bacteria on cultured plate.
13. Continue….
After 24 hrs observe the growth of bacteria on cultured plate.
Bacterial Growth on the petri-plate
14. ISOLATION
The process of screening a pure culture by separating one type
of microbes from a mixture is called Isolation.
15. PURIFICATION
What is pure culture?
A culture containing only one species of microbe is called pure
culture.
Importance
To isolated a single colony.
To isolated desire colony.
To get a single colony/ species from a mixed growth culture.
16. Continue…..
In this process a growth culture medium is prepared, a single
bacterial colony is picked from growth plate by using sterile wire
loop and streak on the culture plates.
These culture plates will keep in the incubator at 37°C for 24 hrs,
for growth.
After 24 hrs, billions colonies of a single bacterial strain will appear
on the culture plates.
17. CHARACTERIZATION & IDENTIFICATION
Morphological Identification
Morphology:
shape, size, color of colony and
Gram staining
Biochemical Identification
Different types of biochemical test are perform for the identification of
gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria .
i.e. Catalase, Coagulase, Urease, Oxidase Activities, TSI, carbohydrate
fermentation and Indole production tests.
19. SAMPLE COLLECTION
From any sources
ISOLATION
Pure Culturing
technique are use for
the isolation of bacterial
strain and nutrient agar
media
IDENTIFICATION
Identification by two
methods.