A simple lecture for the description of the various culture media used for isolation of different bacteria in a pure form for further identification procedures.
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Culture medium or growth medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms. There are different types of media suitable for growing different types of cells. Here, we will discuss microbiological cultures used for growing microbes, such as bacteria ,fungi, yeast & algae.
Bacterial Culture Media
Culture medium is an environment which supplies the necessary nutrition for the growth of an
organism. Culture media contains nutrients and physical growth parameters necessary for
microbial growth. Organisms that cannot grow in artificial culture medium are known as obligate
parasites. Mycobacterium leprae, rickettsias, Chlamydias, and Treponema pallidum are obligate
parasites. Culture media generally provide sources of carbon, energy and nitrogen in the form of
available carbohydrates and amino acids.
Special media provide specific requirements as inorganic salts or particular growth factors.
Types of Culture Media
⎯ Basic media
⎯ Enriched media
⎯ Selective media
⎯ Enrichment media
⎯ Indicator (Differential) media
⎯ Transport media
1. Basic Media
These are simple media used to support the growth of microorganisms that do not have
special nutritional requirements. They include nutrient broth, peptone water, and nutrient
agar.
i. Nutrient Broth- 1
Filtrate of cooked fresh minced meat + 1% - peptone + 0.5% NaCl. Clear yellowish fluid
medium Sterilized in autoclave at- 121°C for 30 min. Base for most culture media.
ii. Peptone Water
Peptone + 0.5% NaCl dissolved in 1%- water Clear colorless fluid medium. Sterilized in
autoclave at 121°C- for 30 min. Base for sugar media Indole production test.
- Definition
- Uses of culture media
- Basic composition of culture media
- Types of culture media
--Based on physical state
----solid medium
----semi solid medium
----liquid medium
--Based on ingredients
----Simple or basal medium.
----Complex medium.
----Synthetic or defined medium.
----Semisynthetic medium.
--Special medium
----Enriched media
----Enrichment media
----Selective media
----Differential media
----Indicator media
----Transport media
----Anaerobic media
-Media preparation
-Culture method
--Streak culture
--Lawn culture
-references
Acid fast staining is differential staining technique which differentiate bacteria into two group- acid fast bacteria and non acid bacteria. It used to identify acid-fast organisms such as members of the genus Mycobacterium .
Culture medium or growth medium is a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms. There are different types of media suitable for growing different types of cells. Here, we will discuss microbiological cultures used for growing microbes, such as bacteria ,fungi, yeast & algae.
Bacterial Culture Media
Culture medium is an environment which supplies the necessary nutrition for the growth of an
organism. Culture media contains nutrients and physical growth parameters necessary for
microbial growth. Organisms that cannot grow in artificial culture medium are known as obligate
parasites. Mycobacterium leprae, rickettsias, Chlamydias, and Treponema pallidum are obligate
parasites. Culture media generally provide sources of carbon, energy and nitrogen in the form of
available carbohydrates and amino acids.
Special media provide specific requirements as inorganic salts or particular growth factors.
Types of Culture Media
⎯ Basic media
⎯ Enriched media
⎯ Selective media
⎯ Enrichment media
⎯ Indicator (Differential) media
⎯ Transport media
1. Basic Media
These are simple media used to support the growth of microorganisms that do not have
special nutritional requirements. They include nutrient broth, peptone water, and nutrient
agar.
i. Nutrient Broth- 1
Filtrate of cooked fresh minced meat + 1% - peptone + 0.5% NaCl. Clear yellowish fluid
medium Sterilized in autoclave at- 121°C for 30 min. Base for most culture media.
ii. Peptone Water
Peptone + 0.5% NaCl dissolved in 1%- water Clear colorless fluid medium. Sterilized in
autoclave at 121°C- for 30 min. Base for sugar media Indole production test.
- Definition
- Uses of culture media
- Basic composition of culture media
- Types of culture media
--Based on physical state
----solid medium
----semi solid medium
----liquid medium
--Based on ingredients
----Simple or basal medium.
----Complex medium.
----Synthetic or defined medium.
----Semisynthetic medium.
--Special medium
----Enriched media
----Enrichment media
----Selective media
----Differential media
----Indicator media
----Transport media
----Anaerobic media
-Media preparation
-Culture method
--Streak culture
--Lawn culture
-references
Culture media and Cultivation of Bacteria DR.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Purpose of culturing are
Isolation of bacteria ( pure culture)
Diagnosis of infectious diseases
Properties of bacteria i.e. culturing bacteria is the initial step in studying its morphology and its identification.
Maintenance of stock cultures.
Estimate viable counts. Water , air, milk testing
To test for antibiotic sensitivity.
To create antigens for laboratory use.
Vaccine preparation
Sterility testing
Preparation of pharmaceutical products like antibiotics, enzymes, toxins etc
Certain genetic studies and manipulations of the cells also need that bacteria to be cultured in vitro.
Culturing on solid media is another convenient way of separating bacteria in mixture.
An artificial culture media must provide similar environmental and nutritional conditions that exist in the natural habitat of a bacterium.
A culture medium contains water, a source of carbon & energy, source of nitrogen, trace elements and some growth factors.
PPT prepared by:
DR.C. P. PRINCE
HOD & Associate Professor
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Validation of lab instruments and quantitative test methods Mostafa Mahmoud
This lecture shows the procedures applied when going to validate your laboratory instruments and quantitative test methods also either FDA approved or laboratory developed tests.
This presentation describes the key performance indicators to assess the quality of work in microbiology department. The KPIs in common use are mentioned and other indicators are summarized.
The lecture was presented to the students of Saudi board of Community Medicine to help them know about the various serological methods applicable in the diagnosis of infectious diseases in general with attention upon the specificity and sensitivity of various diagnostic modalities. The lecture covers the basic principles of each test and the clinical applications with the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Lab diagnosis of Sexually transmitted Infections (STIs)Mostafa Mahmoud
This lecture was presented to the physicians dealing with the various infectious diseases specially in STIs in Riyadh Region, MOH. The lecture concentrates about the various methodology applied to diagnose STIs in the laboratory with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Hope to make benefits to all.
Conventional methods for bacterial identificationMostafa Mahmoud
this lecture describes the conventional procedures for identification of bacterial colonies using different tests. the lecture is suitable for the medical students, technicians and medical staff.
this lecture describes the various procedures and maintenance steps that should be taken to insure that all lab equipment are working well in a controlled manner for the guarantee of accuracy of microbiological test results.
The lecture is a simple one describing the various methods that could be applied in small microbiology laboratories where the automated systems are lacking.
The lecture describes the performance and presentation of the antibiograms by the hospitals based upon recommendations of CLSI and shows experience of some of our MOH hospitals with the advantages and pitfalls in them.
The lecture gives concise review about the main four groups of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever i.e. Flavivirues, Filoviruses, Arenaviruses and Bunyaviruses.
Description of the major classes of antimicrobial drug, resistant mechanisms developed by bacteria to combat the action of antimicrobials, and the control measures needed to limit this horizontal gene transfer.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. ISOLATION OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
IN PURE CULTURES
(Bacterial Culture media)
Dr Mostafa Mahmoud Ahmed, Ph D
Consultant Microbiologist, GDHA, Riyadh, KSA.
Associate Prof. of Microbiology & Immunology.
Faculty of Medicine – Ain Shams University
2. CULTURE MEDIA
Culture media generally provide sources
of carbon , energy and nitrogen in the form
of available carbohydrates and amino
acids.
Special media provide specific requirements
as inorganic salts or particular growth
factors.
3. Types of Culture Media
- Basic media
- Enriched media
- Selective media
- Enrichement media
- Indicator ( Differential ) media
- Transport media
4. I . BASIC MEDIA
- These are simple media used to support the
growth of microorganisms that do not have
special nutritional requirements.
- They include nutrient broth, peptone water,
and nutrient agar.
5. 1-Nutrient Broth
-Filtrate of cooked fresh minced meat + 1%
peptone + 0.5% NaCl.
-Clear yellowish fluid medium.
-Sterilized in autoclave at
121°C for 30 min.
-Base for most culture media.
6. 2-Peptone water
-1%peptone + 0.5% NaCl dissolved in
water
-Clear colourless fluid medium
-Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C
for 30 min.
-Base for sugar media
-Indole production test
7. 3-Nutrient agar
-2-3%agar powder dissolved in nutrient
broth.
-Yellowish semi-transparent medium
(Plates or tubes as slopes or deep agar).
-Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 30 min.
Uses:
-Base of different culture media
-Plates : for isolation & identification of bacteria
-Slopes : for preservation of pure cultures
-Deep agar : for anaerobic bacteria
9. II. ENRICHED MEDIA
- Prepared by the addition of substances such
as blood, serum or egg to a basic medium.
- Used for cultivation of fastidious organisms that
cannot grow on simple media and need highly
nutritive substances for growth.
-Used for culturing sterile body fluids such as blood or
CSF, where the finding of any organisms = infection
due to that organism. And also for primary
identification of microorganisms e.g. hemolysis on
blood
- e.g. blood agar, chocolate agar, Loeffler’s
serum .
10. 1-Blood agar
.5-10%sterile defibrinated sheep or human
blood + melted nutrient agar at 55°C.
.Red opaque solid medium.
.N. agar is sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 30 min.
Blood is added under complete aseptic condition at 45-
55 o
C.
-Supports the growth of most delicate organisms e.g.
Streptococcus pyogenes.
-Identifying bacteria according to their haemolytic
action on the red cells.
11. 2-Chocolate agar
.Prepared as blood agar followed by raising
the temperature to l00 °C for 2 min. to rupture
red cells and release nutrients as X and V factors.
.Brown opaque solid medium
.Sterilized as blood agar.
.Used for the isolation of Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus
influenza and Streptococcus pneumonae
13. 3-Loeffler's serum
.3parts of sheep or horse serum+
1part glucose broth
.Opaque whitish solid medium.
.Serum is sterilized by filtration & glucose
broth by Koch's steamer.
.The medium is solidified in hot air inspissator at
75°C for 2 hr for 2 successive days.
Uses : Culture of Corynebacterium diphtheria
14. III. SELECTIVE MEDIA
. Solid media that contain substances (e.g. bile
salts or other chemicals, dyes, antibiotics) which
inhibit the growth of one organism to allow the growth
of another .
. Used when culturing a specimen from a site
having a normal microbial flora to prevent unwanted
contaminants overgrowing a pathogen.
. They include the following media:-
15. 1-Lowenstein Jensen medium
.3parts beaten eggs + 1 part water+
malachite green.
.Green opaque solid medium
.Sterilized in hot air inspissator
at 75 °C for 2hr for 2 successive days.
.Used for Isolation of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
16. 2-MacLeod's tellurite blood agar
.Blood agar + 0.02-0.04% K tellurite
..Red opaque solid medium
.Sterilized as blood agar.
.Used for isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
from contaminated materials.
17. 3-Modified Thayer-Martin agar
.Chocolate agar + vancomycin + colistin +
nystatin.
.Brown opaque-solid medium.
.Sterilized as Chocolate agar.
.Used for Isolation of Neisseria from non
sterile specimens.
18. 4-Thiosulphate citrate bile sucrose agar
(TCBS)
.Alkaline agar + sucrose + thiosulphate + citrate and
bromothymol blue indicator.
.Greenish transparent solid medium.
.Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 30 min.
.Used for isolation of Vibrio cholerae.
20. 5-Deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA(
.Agar + lactose + neutral red indicator
+Na deoxycholate and citrate.
.Reddish semi transparent solid medium.
.Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C for 30 min.
.Used for isolation of Shigella and Salmonella.
21. XLD Media
.Agar + lactose + phenol red indicator + ferric
citrate + desoxycholate + xylose + lysine +
sucrose + yeast extract.
.Reddish semi transparent solid medium.
.Sterilized by boiling.
.Used for isolation of Shigella and Salmonella.
22. IV. ENRICHMENT MEDIA..
. Fluid media that contain substances which favour the
growth of wanted organisms on the expense of others.
. Usually used as a preliminary step for isolation of
pathogens before subculturing on solid selective
media. Examples are:
.Selenite broth for isolation of Salmonella and
Shigella species from faeces.
.Tetrathionate broth for isolation of Salmonella
from faeces.
.Alkaline peptone water for isolation of Vibrio
cholerea.
23. V. INDICATOR (DIFFERENTIAL)
MEDIA
. These are media to which dyes or other substances
(Indicators( are added to differentiate microorganisms.
. Indicators change colour when acid is produced
following fermentation of a specific carbohydrate e.g.
MacConkey's agar medium.
24. MacConkey's agar medium
. Peptone, agar, lactose, bile salt and neutral red
indicator.
. Reddish transparent solid medium
. Sterilized in autoclave 121°C for 30 min.
. Supports the growth of most Gram- negative bacilli,
especially the enterobacteriaceae, but inhibits the growth of
Gram positive organism and some fastidious Gram-
negative bacteria, such as Haemophilus and Neisseria.
26. VI. IDENTIFICATION MEDIA
These include media to which substrates or chemicals
are added to help identify bacteria isolated on primary
cultures. i.e. organisms identified must be first
isolated in pure culture.
Organisms are mainly identified by a change in the
colour of the medium and or the production of gas.
They include peptone water sugars, litmus milk, and
gelatin media.
27. 1-Peptone water sugar media
-Peptone water + 1% tested sugar + 1%
Andrade's indicator.
-Durham tube is an inverted tube to visualize
gas bubbles produced from sugar fermentation.
.-Yellowish transparent
-Sterilized in Koch's steamer for 20 min on
three successive days (tyndallisation(.
-Used to test the biochemical activity of bacteria
on carbohydrates.
28. 2-Litmus milk
-Steamed fresh milk for 1 hour (cream is
removed) + litmus solution.
-Mauve
-Sterilized in Koch's steamer for 20 min
on three successive days (tyndallisation).
-Used to test the saccharolytic activity of
bacteria.
-For identification of enterococci
(bleaching).
29. 3-Gelatin
-10-15%gelatin sheets dissolved in nutrient broth.
-The medium is solid below 24°C. Above this
temperature it melts into yellowish fluid.
-Sterilized in Koch's steamer for 20 min on three
successive days (tyndallisation).
-Used to test the proteolytic activity of
different organisms.
30. VII. TRANSPORT MEDIA
- Semisolid media that contain ingredients to prevent
the overgrowth of commensals & ensure the survival
of aerobic and anaerobic pathogens when
specimens cannot be cultured immediately.
Examples:
1- Cary-Blair medium for preserving enteric
pathogens.
2- Amies transport medium for ensuring the
viability of gonococci.
3-Thioglycollate broth and deep agar for
anaerobic organisms.
31. CULTURE MEDIA FOR ANAEROBES
Media for anaerobes is the same as media for
aerobes except that:
1. They are richer in organic constituents .
2. Contain reducing agents (cysteine & haemin).
3. Contain a redox indicator .
The inoculated media are incubated in anaerobic
environment using anaerobic gas pack .
32. Robertson's cooked meat
Anaerobic enrichment media
-5gm cooked minced meat to which broth is added.
(Anaerobiosis is achieved through
reducing substances in the meat
e.g. haemin and glutathione).
-Sterilized in autoclave at 121°C
for 30 min.
33. Anaerobic GasPak System
A method for the exclusion of oxygen from a
sealed jar used for incubation of anaerobic
cultures in a nonreducing medium .
34. Methods of isolation of pure culture
The streak-plate method to
obtain pure cultures