Presented by James Hammond, Léo Gorman, Simon Fraval, Mark van Wijk at the 9th Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Meeting of the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, Manhattan, Kansas, 9-13 September 2019
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Dolapo Enahoro and Catherine Pfeifer (ILRI) at the Expert panel: Food of Animal Origin 2030: Solutions to Consumption Driven Challenges, Global Forum for Food and Agriculture 2018, Berlin, Germany
Presentation by Delia Grace at the 8th multi-stakeholder partnership meeting of the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 11–15 June 2018.
Let them eat meat? A solution or or a problem for a sustainable healthy future?ILRI
Presented by Lawrence Haddad (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition) at the International Tropical Agriculture Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 11−13 November 2019
Tittonell - Tradeoffs in resource managementCIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Building SI on a Rock: Is a systems perspective essential for integrated crop...africa-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne (ILRI) and Sieg Snapp (Michigan State University) at the 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, USA, 12 November 2019.
Presented by Shirley Tarawali, Dolapo Enahoro and Catherine Pfeifer (ILRI) at the Expert panel: Food of Animal Origin 2030: Solutions to Consumption Driven Challenges, Global Forum for Food and Agriculture 2018, Berlin, Germany
Presentation by Delia Grace at the 8th multi-stakeholder partnership meeting of the Global Agenda for Sustainable Livestock, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 11–15 June 2018.
Let them eat meat? A solution or or a problem for a sustainable healthy future?ILRI
Presented by Lawrence Haddad (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition) at the International Tropical Agriculture Conference, Brisbane, Australia, 11−13 November 2019
Tittonell - Tradeoffs in resource managementCIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
Building SI on a Rock: Is a systems perspective essential for integrated crop...africa-rising
Presented by Peter Thorne (ILRI) and Sieg Snapp (Michigan State University) at the 2019 ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, San Antonio, USA, 12 November 2019.
Environmental footprint of African livestock systems- case studies in KenyaILRI
Presented by Phyllis Ndung’u at the Tropentag 2021―Towards shifting paradigms in agriculture for a healthy and sustainable future, 15-17 September 2021
Selection & breeding of livestock for climate resilienceVivek Kumar
climate change is real and affects livestock production and economic aspect of agriculture.By selection and breeding methods livestock with climate resilience ability can be reared.
Chandrashekhar Biradar (ICARDA) • UNFSS Independent Dialogue in Egypt: “The R...Lina Abdelfattah
This dialogue discussed the importance of water security for all aspects of Egypt’s food systems, with a focus on equity, inclusion, capacity, innovation, and sustainability, including insights on how food systems need to change to improve water security (SDG 6), help eliminate hunger (SGD2), support energy security (SDG 7) and improve climate adaptation and mitigation action (SDG 13). As Egypt and the MENA region map out the road to UNFSS 2021, the dialogue discussed key messages that need to be heard at UNFSS 2021.
Exploring patterns in child nutrition and livestock ownership in East AfricaILRI
Presented by Catherine Pfeifer, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Isabelle Baltenweck and Steve Staal at the Workshop on Agriculture, Nutrition and Health (ANH) Academy Week, Accra, 25-29 June 2018
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Distributions and conservation priorities for crop wild relatives of the Unit...CWRofUS
Our native crop wild relatives have proved useful as genetic resources in breeding more productive, nutritious, and resilient crops. Their utilization is expected only to increase with better information on the species and improving breeding tools, but may well be constrained by their limited representation in seedbanks and the ongoing loss of wild populations due to habitat modification, invasive species, climate change and other impacts. Urgent collecting and habitat conservation efforts for native crop genetic resources are therefore warranted. We present foundational information needed to guide this effort. An inventory of U.S. crop wild relatives has prioritized taxa related to a broad range of important food, forage and feed, medicinal, ornamental, and industrial crops. Utilizing occurrence data gathered from herbaria and genebanks, resulting potential distribution models are enabling the identification of hotspots of taxonomic diversity of wild relatives in the country, and a ‘gap analysis’ methodology is facilitating efforts to identify those taxa and geographic areas of particular conservation concern. Results indicate that a broad range of wild relative diversity remains to be collected. Numerous populations of high priority taxa could be actively managed in existing conservation areas, although many are distributed in areas without long-term habitat protection. We discuss the value of collaboration across agriculture and natural resources management organizations to better conserve our nation’s heritage of crop wild relatives.
Food systems transformation: what is the role of pulses in the sustainability...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Massimo Iannetta & Milena Stefanova and it presents the Food systems transformation.
Accelerating livestock research into use: Multi-stakeholder value propositionsILRI
Presented by Fritz Schneider, GASL, at the CGIAR Livestock CRP and GASL joint side event on national partnerships for sustainable livestock systems at the 7th All-Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Accra, Ghana, 30 July 2019
Presentation by P.K. Aggarwal, A. Khatri-Chetri, P.B. Shirsath, M.L. Jat, P.T. Thornton and A. Jarvis at the Our Common Future Under Climate Change conference CFCC15
Food security and nutrition: The role of forestsIIED
The presentation of Terry Sunderland, Principal Scientist within the Forests and Livelihoods Programme at CIFOR, at IIED's Biodiversity Team's seminar Natural Resource Management - Forests, Food Security & Nutrition, and Why Gender Matters, on 8 April 2014.
The presentation, Food security and nutrition: The role of forests, makes the case for a paradigm shift, away from one that emphasises the trade-offs between food security and conservation, to one that acknowledges the essential contributions that forests and trees make to the sustainability of nutritionally balanced food and agriculture systems of the world.
More information on IIED's work on forests: http://www.iied.org/forests.
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
Presented by Ben Lukuyu, Leonard Marwa, Chrispinus Rubanza, Anthony Kimaro and Christopher Mutungi at at the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 11-12 September 2019.
Environmental footprint of African livestock systems- case studies in KenyaILRI
Presented by Phyllis Ndung’u at the Tropentag 2021―Towards shifting paradigms in agriculture for a healthy and sustainable future, 15-17 September 2021
Selection & breeding of livestock for climate resilienceVivek Kumar
climate change is real and affects livestock production and economic aspect of agriculture.By selection and breeding methods livestock with climate resilience ability can be reared.
Chandrashekhar Biradar (ICARDA) • UNFSS Independent Dialogue in Egypt: “The R...Lina Abdelfattah
This dialogue discussed the importance of water security for all aspects of Egypt’s food systems, with a focus on equity, inclusion, capacity, innovation, and sustainability, including insights on how food systems need to change to improve water security (SDG 6), help eliminate hunger (SGD2), support energy security (SDG 7) and improve climate adaptation and mitigation action (SDG 13). As Egypt and the MENA region map out the road to UNFSS 2021, the dialogue discussed key messages that need to be heard at UNFSS 2021.
Exploring patterns in child nutrition and livestock ownership in East AfricaILRI
Presented by Catherine Pfeifer, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Isabelle Baltenweck and Steve Staal at the Workshop on Agriculture, Nutrition and Health (ANH) Academy Week, Accra, 25-29 June 2018
Presented by Ben Lukuyu and Michael Blummel, ILRI, at the Workshop on Identifying Investment Opportunities for Livestock Feed Resources Development in the Eastern Africa Sub-Region, ILRI Addis, 13-15 December 2017
Distributions and conservation priorities for crop wild relatives of the Unit...CWRofUS
Our native crop wild relatives have proved useful as genetic resources in breeding more productive, nutritious, and resilient crops. Their utilization is expected only to increase with better information on the species and improving breeding tools, but may well be constrained by their limited representation in seedbanks and the ongoing loss of wild populations due to habitat modification, invasive species, climate change and other impacts. Urgent collecting and habitat conservation efforts for native crop genetic resources are therefore warranted. We present foundational information needed to guide this effort. An inventory of U.S. crop wild relatives has prioritized taxa related to a broad range of important food, forage and feed, medicinal, ornamental, and industrial crops. Utilizing occurrence data gathered from herbaria and genebanks, resulting potential distribution models are enabling the identification of hotspots of taxonomic diversity of wild relatives in the country, and a ‘gap analysis’ methodology is facilitating efforts to identify those taxa and geographic areas of particular conservation concern. Results indicate that a broad range of wild relative diversity remains to be collected. Numerous populations of high priority taxa could be actively managed in existing conservation areas, although many are distributed in areas without long-term habitat protection. We discuss the value of collaboration across agriculture and natural resources management organizations to better conserve our nation’s heritage of crop wild relatives.
Food systems transformation: what is the role of pulses in the sustainability...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Massimo Iannetta & Milena Stefanova and it presents the Food systems transformation.
Accelerating livestock research into use: Multi-stakeholder value propositionsILRI
Presented by Fritz Schneider, GASL, at the CGIAR Livestock CRP and GASL joint side event on national partnerships for sustainable livestock systems at the 7th All-Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Accra, Ghana, 30 July 2019
Presentation by P.K. Aggarwal, A. Khatri-Chetri, P.B. Shirsath, M.L. Jat, P.T. Thornton and A. Jarvis at the Our Common Future Under Climate Change conference CFCC15
Food security and nutrition: The role of forestsIIED
The presentation of Terry Sunderland, Principal Scientist within the Forests and Livelihoods Programme at CIFOR, at IIED's Biodiversity Team's seminar Natural Resource Management - Forests, Food Security & Nutrition, and Why Gender Matters, on 8 April 2014.
The presentation, Food security and nutrition: The role of forests, makes the case for a paradigm shift, away from one that emphasises the trade-offs between food security and conservation, to one that acknowledges the essential contributions that forests and trees make to the sustainability of nutritionally balanced food and agriculture systems of the world.
More information on IIED's work on forests: http://www.iied.org/forests.
Presentation at the Low Emissions Livestock: Supporting Policy Making and Implementation through Science in East Africa regional awareness raising workshop held at the UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia between 2 and 4 July 2018.
Ambitions and challenges regarding low emissions livestock sector in Kenya
Similar to Livestock, human welfare, and sustainability: The challenge of harmonizing farmer interview data from 30+ countries and conducting coherent analyses
Presented by Ben Lukuyu, Leonard Marwa, Chrispinus Rubanza, Anthony Kimaro and Christopher Mutungi at at the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 11-12 September 2019.
Transforming livestock farming: Key elements for medium scale enterprisesILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, at the 9th International conference on appropriate technology Workshop: appropriate technology for medium-scale farmers, Virtual, 23 November 2020
Livestock and food security: An ILRI perspectiveILRI
A series of presentations by ILRI scientists (Thomas Randolph, Hikuepi Katjiuongua, Timothy Robinson, Isabelle Baltenweck, Alessandra Galie, Alan Duncan, Nils Teufel, Mats Lannerstad, Bernard Bett, Johanna Lindahl, Eric Fèvre, Silvia Alonso and Delia Grace) at a seminar on "Sustainable Agricultural Development for Food Security and Nutrition, including the role of Livestock" for the Committee on World Food Security High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition (HLPE), Nairobi, Kenya, 8 May 2015.
Livestock research contributions to the SDGs—Starting with the End in Mind: R...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, ILRI Director General, at the Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health 2017 Annual Meeting, Edinburgh, 26–29 September 2017
The sharp divide: Do we need animals to feed this world safely, well, sustain...ILRI
Presentation by ILRI and Cornell University on materials from a Café at the 2nd International Conference on Global Food Security, Ithaca, USA, 13 October 2015
As part of the IFPRI Egypt Seminar in partnership with the National Nutrition Committee: "the 100 million healthy lives initiative: Food availability, access and consumption patterns in Egypt"
Presentation of a journal paper led by Prof Mario Herrero, Dr. Philip Thornton of CCAFS, and several co-authors in The Lancet Planetary Health that examines the interactions between farm size, crops, and nutrient production for human use.
Maass - Using the 'livestock ladder' to exit poverty CIALCA
Presentation delivered at the CIALCA international conference 'Challenges and Opportunities to the agricultural intensification of the humid highland systems of sub-Saharan Africa'. Kigali, Rwanda, October 24-27 2011.
A farm-level analysis of carbon sequestration in Ghana using IMPACT linked to...ILRI
A presentation prepared by González-Estrada, E.; Walen, V.K.; Naab, J.; Thornton, P.K. and Herrero, M. for the Regional Scientific Workshop on Land Management for Carbon Sequestration organized by SANREM-CRSP, SM-CRSP, IER and NASA. Bamako, Mali. February 26-27, 2004.
Agroecology: The Foundation for Food System SustainabilityExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Key note presentation of Steve Gliessman, from University of California Santa Cruz, on agroecology as the foundations for food system sustianability. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
The future of sustainable livestock systems in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presented by Shirley Tarawali at the Expert dialogue: The future of sustainable agriculture. Let’s think about… livestock, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), 28 June 2022
Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi, Kenya (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Ruminant livestock production systems and imperatives for sustainable develop...ILRI
Presented by Jimmy Smith, Director General, With Fiona Flintan, Jason Sircely, Cesar Patino, Mireille Ferrari and Susan MacMillan (ILRI) at the Joint XI International Rangeland Congress and XXIV International Grassland Congress, Nairobi (virtual), 24–30 October 2021
Similar to Livestock, human welfare, and sustainability: The challenge of harmonizing farmer interview data from 30+ countries and conducting coherent analyses (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
Presentation by Patricia Koech, Winnie Ogutu, Linnet Ochieng, Delia Grace, George Gitao, Lily Bebora, Max Korir, Florence Mutua and Arshnee Moodley at the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Ecological factors associated with abundance and distribution of mosquito vec...ILRI
Poster by Max Korir, Joel Lutomiah and Bernard Bett presented the 8th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana, 26–29 September 2023.
Practices and drivers of antibiotic use in Kenyan smallholder dairy farmsILRI
Poster by Lydiah Kisoo, Dishon M. Muloi, Walter Oguta, Daisy Ronoh, Lynn Kirwa, James Akoko, Eric Fèvre, Arshnee Moodley and Lillian Wambua presented at Tropentag 2023, Berlin, Germany, 20–22 September 2023.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Livestock, human welfare, and sustainability: The challenge of harmonizing farmer interview data from 30+ countries and conducting coherent analyses
1. Livestock, human welfare, and sustainability: the
challenge of harmonizing farmer interview data
from 30+ countries and conducting coherent
analyses
James Hammond, Léo Gorman, Simon Fraval and Mark van Wijk
9th Multi-Stakeholder Partnership Meeting of the Global Agenda for Sustainable
Livestock, Manhattan, Kansas, 9-13 September 2019
2. Livestock, Human Welfare, Sustainability
Contributions
• Assets, sources of income
• Nutritious food supply
• Make use of plant matter inedible to humans
• Provide energy and land management
• Genetic Diversity
Risks
• GHGs
• Human health from over-consumption of animal
sourced foods
• Undesirable ecosystem impacts
• Diseases, anti-microbial resistance
3. Can we move beyond single-site
studies?
Can we harmonise data
between many sites and many
studies?
4. How we build “big data” on smallholder
farms – using the RHoMIS tool
The Rural Household Multi-
Indicator Survey
• A system for building farm
household surveys (<1h length), giving
a general overview of farm system
• Used in development and research
projects, for scoping and monitoring
• Produces standardised and
harmonised data
Hammond et al Ag Sys 2017
+ optional modules and
bespoke questions
12. Do the animals eat crop residues?
East West Central
Can this lead towards more nuanced GHG
calculations?
13. Role of livestock in Female Control of
Income and Foodstuffs
Tavenner et al, 2019, Frontiers in Sus Food Sys
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Female control over crop-related decision making
Crop Sales Crop Consumption
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Female control over livestock related
decision making
Sales Consumption
livesale meat eggsmilk
2,859 households analysed
in KE, TZ, ET.
Households are mixed
agriculture <2ha farmers.
Pool data from
projects with
compatible sampling
strategies for greater
spatial coverage
14. Role of Livestock in Household Nutrition
6300 households in 8 countries
Fraval et al. Frontiers in Sust. Food Syst., in press
Countries:
BF
CD
KE
UG
TZ
ML
MW
ET
Relate sampled
households to farm
typologies
15. Towards Scaling: Typologies and AEZ
method
no off-farm inc
land cultivated small land cultivated medium land cultivated large land cultivated
livestock holdings little/none medium large medium large little/none medium large
commercial focus low sales
crops -
medium
sales
crops - high
sales
mixed -
medium
sales
livestock
- high
sales
mixed
- high
sales
low
sales
low sales
crops -
medium
sales
low
sales
livestock -
high sales
mixed -
medium
sales
crops -
medium
sales
crops
- high
sales
crops -
medium
sales
crops
- high
sales
mixed -
medium
sales
letter A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q
AEZ present cool
semiarid,
warm
subhumid,
warm
humid
warm
semiarid,
cool
semiarid,
warm
subhumid,
cool
subhumid,
cool humid
warm
subhumid,
warm
humid
warm
semiarid,
cool
semiarid
cool
semiarid,
warm
humid,
cool
humid
cool
humid
cool
humid
cool
semiarid
warm
subhumid
warm
humid
warm
semiarid,
warm
subhumid,
warm
humid,
cool humid
cool
subhumid
warm
subhumid,
cool
subhumid
warm
humid
cool
humid
warm
humid
cool
semiarid
• >45,000 observations,
from multiple sources
• Identify common farm
types across regions
• Need to evaluate
blindspots in AEZs
• Modelling to upscale
16. Summary
• We welcome collaboration to compile farm
system data through our RHoMIS tool or other
datasets
• Rich potential to answer basic questions about
the ways in which livestock are used in LMICs,
and the impacts on sustainable development
• Bringing together other data types may permit
scaling observations over large areas by use of
typologies
17. There are lots of Sustainability Indicators to
consider
Icon Indicator Median Unit
Staple crop yield 2.0 t ha-1
yr-1
Crop value 1720 USD ha-1
yr-1
Crop diversity 5 species grown
Milk yield 1.5 litres cow-1
day-1
Lstk value 120 USD TLU-1
yr-1
Lstk diversity 3 species kept
Total Value
Activities
1.4 USD person-1
day-1
Income Sources 5 count
Market
Orientation
70 % produce sold
Off Farm Income 0 USD household-1
yr-1
PPI (asset score) 68 % chance out of poverty
GHG emissions 3.7 tCO2eq pers-1
yr-1
Irrigation 3 months yr-1
Land
Conservation
6 count of practices
Soil Quality 2 farmer perception (0-3)
HFIAS (hunger) 4 Severe to no experience of hunger (1-4)
Months Food
Secure
12 months yr-1
Diet Diversity 5 food groups consumed weekly (0-10)
Education 3 ordinal (1-7)
Novel Practices
Trialled
3 count over last 5 years
Female Assets
Owned
3
Assets owned or co-owned by females
(0-4)
Female Income
Control
30
% of income and produce controlled by
females
Dependency
Ratio
95 ratio of non-workers:workers
Group
membership
2 group membership yr-1
Extension
received
9
extension services frequency and quality
(1-18)
Skill sharing 4 count dissemination of skills
Gifts and
exchange
2 count substantial gifts yr-1
ZXYFm100rVM
18. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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