This is a made easy summary of ICRU 89 guidelines for gynecological brachytherapy. Extra practical questions for MD/DNB Radiotherapy exams are also attached.
This is a made easy summary of ICRU 89 guidelines for gynecological brachytherapy. Extra practical questions for MD/DNB Radiotherapy exams are also attached.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
1.Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
SRS is a precise and focused delivery of a single, high dose of irradiation to a small and critically located intracranial volume while sparing normal structure
2.Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
SBRT is a treatment procedure similar to SRS, except that it deals extra-cranial radiosurgery
3.Flattening Filter Free (FFF) mode
FFF beam is produced without the use of flattening Filter
In the 1990s, several groups studied about FFF high-energy photon beams. The main interest for that, is to increase the dose rate for radiosurgery or the "physics interest”.
Need of increase in dose rate from traditional 300-600 to 1400-2400MU/min to overcome time-inefficiency and to improve patients comfort specially in SRS/SBRT
Flattening Filter Free (FFF) mode
FFF beam is produced without the use of flattening Filter
In the 1990s, several groups studied about FFF high-energy photon beams. The main interest for that, is to increase the dose rate for radiosurgery or the "physics interest”.
Need of increase in dose rate from traditional 300-600 to 1400-2400MU/min to overcome time-inefficiency and to improve patients comfort specially in SRS/SBRT
Particle beam – proton,neutron & heavy ion therapyAswathi c p
particle therapy is advanced external beam therapy used to treat cancer , which uses beams of protons or other charged particles such as helium, carbon or other ions instead of photons. charged particles have different depth-dose distributions compared to photons. They deposit most of their energy in the last final millimeters of their trajectory (when their speed slows). This results in a sharp and localized peak of dose, known as the Bragg peak.
LET, Linear Energy Transfer, Relative Biologic Effectiveness, Oxygen enhancement ratio,
Dr. Vandana, KGMU, CSMMU, Lucknow, Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy
Mind the Gap: Dealing with Interruptions in Radiotherapy TreatmentVictor Ekpo
A review of guidance on compensatory steps to take due to unscheduled interruptions in patient radiotherapy treatment, due to patient illness, staff illness or machine breakdown.
Interruptions are quite often. Different centres in different literature have quoted from 6 up to 63% of patients experience interruption. To reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, the Medical Physicist needs to calculate and determine compensatory action in dose, number of fraction or other action required.
Management of cacrinoma cervix: Techniques of radiotherapy (2D conventional, 3D Conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and IMRT with a review of various contouring guidelines.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
1.Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS)
SRS is a precise and focused delivery of a single, high dose of irradiation to a small and critically located intracranial volume while sparing normal structure
2.Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)
SBRT is a treatment procedure similar to SRS, except that it deals extra-cranial radiosurgery
3.Flattening Filter Free (FFF) mode
FFF beam is produced without the use of flattening Filter
In the 1990s, several groups studied about FFF high-energy photon beams. The main interest for that, is to increase the dose rate for radiosurgery or the "physics interest”.
Need of increase in dose rate from traditional 300-600 to 1400-2400MU/min to overcome time-inefficiency and to improve patients comfort specially in SRS/SBRT
Flattening Filter Free (FFF) mode
FFF beam is produced without the use of flattening Filter
In the 1990s, several groups studied about FFF high-energy photon beams. The main interest for that, is to increase the dose rate for radiosurgery or the "physics interest”.
Need of increase in dose rate from traditional 300-600 to 1400-2400MU/min to overcome time-inefficiency and to improve patients comfort specially in SRS/SBRT
Particle beam – proton,neutron & heavy ion therapyAswathi c p
particle therapy is advanced external beam therapy used to treat cancer , which uses beams of protons or other charged particles such as helium, carbon or other ions instead of photons. charged particles have different depth-dose distributions compared to photons. They deposit most of their energy in the last final millimeters of their trajectory (when their speed slows). This results in a sharp and localized peak of dose, known as the Bragg peak.
LET, Linear Energy Transfer, Relative Biologic Effectiveness, Oxygen enhancement ratio,
Dr. Vandana, KGMU, CSMMU, Lucknow, Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy
Mind the Gap: Dealing with Interruptions in Radiotherapy TreatmentVictor Ekpo
A review of guidance on compensatory steps to take due to unscheduled interruptions in patient radiotherapy treatment, due to patient illness, staff illness or machine breakdown.
Interruptions are quite often. Different centres in different literature have quoted from 6 up to 63% of patients experience interruption. To reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, the Medical Physicist needs to calculate and determine compensatory action in dose, number of fraction or other action required.
Management of cacrinoma cervix: Techniques of radiotherapy (2D conventional, 3D Conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and IMRT with a review of various contouring guidelines.
Introduction
Time dose & fractionation
Therapeutic index
Four R’s Of Radiobiology
Radiation response
Survival Curves Of Early & Late Responding Cells
Various fractionation schedules
Clinical trials of altered fractionation
Presentation by Rochelle Lowe of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust at the London Cancer Children, Teenager and Young Adults Study Day, held on 25 July 2013.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. • The gaps in all the fractionation schedules are called planned
interruptions/ gap
• All the fractions are planned to compensate for the tumor
repopulation during the non-treatment days
• So no need to worry about such gaps
4. • Any additional interruptions to the planned schedule is called
unintended interruptions/ gap.
• This results in prolongation of the treatment overall time
• Thus the treatment outcome is affected
6. Effects of interruptions
Planned gap between fractions
• Gaps are to achieve the aim of
RT
• Repair
• Redistribution
• Repopulation
• Reoxygenation
Unplanned gap between fractions
• Gaps affect Local control of
tumor & Reduces cure rate
• Repopulation of tumors
• Effects depends on
• Prolongation length
• Tumor proliferation rate (slow/
fast)
• Interruption timing
7. Prolongation length
•Effect in treatment outcome due to small gaps (1-2
days) is difficult to determine
•Gap of 1 week induce a loss of tumor control from
3-25%
•For breast cancer (post operative irradiation for 5
weeks) with a prolongation length of 1 week has a
increase risk of recurrence & death
•For squamous carcinoma the overall treatment time
should never exceed 56 days.
8. Tumor proliferation rate
• Patients with fast growing tumors will be adversely affected by interruptions
• For a slow growing tumors gap of 5 days doesn’t affect the treatment
outcome
9. Interruption timing
•Studies are being going on in this topic
•Events are classified as
• Gap arising in a short course (3-4 days)
• Gap arising earlier than 28 days
• Gap arising after 28 days
•Biological correction for each event is different
• Correction for gap arising after 28 days involves the
patient receiving high in short period which may increase
the risk of long term late effect.
10. 2 Gy, 19 days, 15
fractions
2 Gy, 12 days, 10
fractions
23 days
2 Gy, 25 fractions, 33 days
Part - I Part - II
Gap
13. • TDF with no gap, A = 91.54
• TDF for part 1, B = 54.92
• Gap Factor, GF = 0.92
• Corrected TDF, C = B*GF = 50.52
• Remaining TDF, D = A – C = 41.02
• Remaining fractions = 11 fractions
