Ganga,Ganges,Pollution,WHO water Quality,IIT's,CSIR,Ganga Action Plan,Flat organization,Huge Engineering,Management,IT/MIS,Telecom Challenge

1. Ganga Cleanup Plan 2014
Sanjeev Bahadur ,New Delhi
Ravi Mathur, Delhi,India
CA Raman Tondon,Delhi

3. Untreated waste at Varanasi

4. Ganga-People Bathing and
Praying

5. People hesitate to bathe at
Benaras(Varanasi)
 According to Sh LK Advani,Former Dy Prime
Minister,Ganga is languishing in such polluted state
that people hesitate to bathe in her waters even in
Kashi.
 This is caused by reckless and ill-planned
industrialization and urbanization, made worse by
lack of elementary civic facilities in towns and villages
along it.
 Mr. Advani quoted Swami Chidananda Saraswati of
Parmarth Niketan, Rishikesh, to argue that the
pollution in Ganga was a serious matter.

6. river.www.dailymail.co.uk
 “The great Ganga clean-up disaster:
How then PM-headed conservation
group failed to meet for 10 YEARS and
spent just Rs 967 crores of Rs 20,000
crore set aside to save.”

7. Rs 20,000 crores on GAPI
and GAP-II
 Last three decades have seen an allocation
of over Rs 20,000 crore through the two
phases of Ganga Action Plan (GAP I & II) to
clean up the river. Yet, a clean Ganga
remains elusive, as pollutants of all varieties
keep choking the great river.

8. Ganga carries highest SILT
load
 The Ganga river carries the highest silt load
of any river in the world and the deposition of
this material in the delta region results in the
largest river delta in the world (400 km from
north to south and 320 km from east to west).
 The rich mangrove forests of the Gangetic
delta contain very rare and valuable species
of plants and animals and are unparalleled
among many forest ecosystems.

9. Ganga serves as Channel for
urban wastes
 In the recent past, due to rapid progress in
communications and commerce, there has
been a rapid increase in the urban areas
along the river Ganga.
 As a result, this river is no longer the only
source of water but is also a channel,
receiving and transporting urban wastes away
from the numerous towns on the way.

10. Ganga Basin-692 are located
on river itself
 Today, one third of the country's urban
population lives in the towns of the Ganga
basin.
 Out of the 2,300 towns in the country, 692
are located in this basin, and of these, 100
are located along the river bank itself.

11. Ganga’s abuse and
exploitation
 The widespread belief that the Ganga river is "holy"
has not, however, prevented over-use,
abuse,exploitation and pollution of the river. All the
towns along its length contribute to the pollution load.
 It has been assessed that more than 80 per cent of
the total pollution load (in terms of organic pollution
expressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD))
arises from domestic sources, i.e. from the
settlements along the river course.

12. Principal sources of pollution
in the Ganga river
 The principal sources of pollution in the Ganga river may be
characterized as follows:
 Domestic and industrial wastes. It has been estimated that about
1.4 Ã � ï � � 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and 0.26
à � ï � � 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into
the river.

Solid garbage thrown directly into the river.
Non-point sources of pollution from agricultural run-off containing
residues of harmful pesticides and fertilizers.
Animal carcasses and half-burnt and unburnt human corpses thrown
into the river.
 Defecation on the banks by low-income people.
Mass bathing and ritualistic practices.

13. Sources of Pollution in Ganga
 Approximately 1 billion litres of raw, untreated sewage are
dumped in the river on a daily basis. The amount has more
than doubled in the last 20 years and experts predict
another 100% increase in the following 20 years.
 The rapid explosion of India's population in the last 25
years coupled with lax regulations on industry has put a
huge strain on the river leading to an explosion in Ganges
river pollution.
 Thousands of bodies are cremated on the banks of the river
yearly with many being released into the river with hopes
that their souls may have a direct path to heaven.
 Hundreds of Unwanted or 'illegitimate' babies, cattle and
other animal carcases are also dumped in the Ganges again
with religious significance .
 The levels of Coliform bacteria is over 2800 times the level
considered safe by the W.H.O (world health organisation).

14. WHO
 The levels of Coliform bacteria is
over 2800 times the level
considered safe by the W.H.O
(World Health Organisation).

15. Pollution Load in Ganga
 75 per cent of the pollution load was from untreated
municipal sewage.
 88 per cent of the municipal sewage was from the 25 Class
I towns on the main river.
 Only a few of these cities had sewage treatment facilities
(these are grossly inadequate and are often not functional).
 All the industries accounted for only 25 per cent of the total
pollution (in some areas, such as Calcutta and Kanpur, the
industrial waste was very toxic and hard to treat).

16. Broad aim of the GAP
 Attainable objectives:
The broad aim of the GAP was to reduce pollution and
to clean the river and to restore water quality at least
to Class B (i.e. bathing quality: 3 mg l-1 BOD and 5
mg l-1 dissolved oxygen).
 This was considered as a feasible objective and
because a unique and distinguishing feature of the
Ganga was its widespread use for ritualistic mass
bathing.
The other environmental benefits envisaged were
improvements in, for example, fisheries, aquatic flora
and fauna, aesthetic quality, health issues and levels
of contamination

17. Important reasons for failure
of Ganga Action Plan
 a) Non availability of Environmental State-of-the-Art
Technology.
b) Inappropriate Environmental Planning.
c) Establishment of non specific Sewage Treatment Plants
on highly productive crop lands.
d) Shortage of authentic information on quality & quantity of
waste generation, mode of disposal, possibilities for
recycling, development of community treatment plants and
cost effective treatment technologies.
e) Improper cooperation between Central, State and Local
Government bodies.
f) Lack of local technical expert committees for monitoring
the completed work.
g) Least input from multidisciplinary environmental experts
in policy planning of the Ganga Action Plan.
h)8.Short on global tender policies for formulation and
execution of pollution control projects.
i) Lack of long term involvement of authorities to fix
responsibilities for failure.
j)Low political commitment, dedication and vision to save
the Ganga

18. World Health
Organisation(WHO) guidelines
 Barium 10 micrograms/Liter
Boron 2400 micrograms/Liter
Chromium 50 micrograms/l
Fluoride 1500 micrograms/liter
Selenium 40 micrograms/liter
 Uranium 30 micrograms/liter

19. WHO guidelines
 Cadmium 3 micrograms/litre
Mercury 6 micrograms/l For inorganic mercury
Organic species:
Benzene 10 micrograms/liter
Carbon tetrachloride 4Ã � ï � �g/l
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1000Ã � ï � �g/l
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 300Ã � ï � �g/l
1,2-Dichloroethane 30Ã � ï � �g/l
1,2-Dichloroethene 50Ã � ï � �g/l
Dichloromethane 20Ã � ï � �g/l
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 8 Ã � ï � �g/l
1,4-Dioxane 50Ã � ï � �g/l
Edetic acid 600Ã � ï � �g/l
Ethylbenzene 300 Ã � ï � �g/l
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.6 Ã � ï � �g/l
Nitrilotriacetic acid 200Ã � ï � �g/l
Pentachlorophenol 9Ã � ï � �g/l
Styrene 20Ã � ï � �g/l
Tetrachloroethene 40Ã � ï � �g/l
Toluene 700Ã � ï � �g/l
Trichloroethene 20Ã � ï � �g/l
Xylenes 500Ã � ï � �g/l

20. Pollution Types and Results of Water :

a) Infectious agents: Million of deaths a
year,
Organic materials - biological oxygen
demand (BOD) increase resulting in oxygen
sag Plant nutrients - toxic tides Metals -
mercury and lead poisoning Nonmetallic
salts - poison seeps and springs Acids and
bases - ecosystem destabilization Organic
chemicals - birth defects, cancer Sediments -
clogged estuaries, death of coral reefs
Thermal pollution - thermal plume.

21. Infectious Agents in Ganga
 Infectious Agents: Main source of
waterborne pathogens is untreated and
improperly treated human waste. Animal
wastes from feedlots and fields is also an
important source of pathogens.
 In developed countries, sewage treatment
plants and pollution-control devices have
greatly reduced pathogens. Tests for water
quality are done for coliform bacteria
(intestinal bacteria). Such tests are easier
and cheaper. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the
major coliform bacterium species

22. Inorganic Pollutants in Ganga
 Inorganic Pollutants Metals Many metals such as
mercury, lead, cadmium, and nickel are highly toxic.
Highly persistent and tend to bioaccumulate in food
chains. Lead pipes are a serious source of drinking
water pollution. Mine drainage and leaching are
serious sources of environmental contamination.
 Nonmetallic Salts Many salts that are non-toxic at
low concentrations can be mobilized by irrigation and
concentrated by evaporation, reaching levels toxic to
plants and animals. Leaching of road salts has had
detrimental effect on many ecosystems. Acids and
Bases often released as by-products of industrial
manufacturing processes.

23. Organic Chemicals in Ganga:
 Organic Chemicals:Thousands of natural and
synthetic organic chemicals are used to
make pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals,
pigments, etc.
 Two most important sources
of toxic organic chemicals in water are:
 Improper disposal of industrial and
household wastes. Runoff of pesticides from
high-use areas, fields, roadsides.

24. Sediment in Ganga
 Sediment: Human activities have
accelerated erosion rates in multiple
areas.
 Cropland erosion contributes about 25
billion metric tons of suspended solids
to world surfaces each year.
 Sediment can either be beneficial
(nourish floodplains) or harmful
(smother aquatic life!).

25. Thermal Pollution
 Thermal Pollution: Raising or lowering water
temperatures from normal levels can
adversely affect water quality and aquatic
life.
 Oxygen solubility in water decreases as
temperatures increase. Species requiring
high oxygen levels are adversely affected by
warming water.
 Industrial cooling often uses heat-exchangers
to extract excess heat, and
discharge heated water back into original
source. Thermal Plume Produce artificial
environments which attract many forms of
wildlife

26. Pollution Control
 Pollution Control Nonpoint Pollution
Sources and Land Management reduce
nutrient loading thru land use
regulations.
 Source reduction is cheapest and
most effective way to reduce pollution.
 Banning phosphate detergents Soil
Conservation Sewage Treatment
Remediation

27. Sewage Treatment Rationale
 Sewage Treatment Rationale: More than 500
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites can travel
from human or animal excrement through water.
 Natural Processes In many areas, outdoor urination
and defecation is the norm. When population
densities are low, natural processes can quickly
eliminate waste.
 Artificial Wetlands Are a Low Cost Method Natural
water purification Effluent can be used to irrigate
crops or raise fish for human consumption.

28. Municipal Sewage Treatment
 Primary Treatment - Physical separation of
large solids from the waste stream.
 Secondary Treatment - Biological
degradation of dissolved organic compounds.
Effluent from primary treatment transferred
into trickling bed, or aeration tank Effluent
from secondary treatment is usually
disinfected (chlorinated) before release into
nearby waterway.
 Tertiary Treatment - Removal of plant
nutrients (nitrates and phosphates) from
secondary effluent. Chemicals, or natural
wetlands .

29. Water Remediation
 Extraction techniques are used to pump out
polluted water for treatment. Oxidation,
reduction, neutralization, or precipitation.
 Living organisms can also be used effectively
to break down polluted waters.

30. Solutions on Water Pollution
 Prevent groundwater contamination greatly
reduce nonpoint runoff Reuse treated
wastewater for irrigation.
 Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with
nature to treat sewage Practice four R’s of
resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse)
 Reduce resource waste, Reduce air
pollution, Reduce poverty, Reduce birth rates.

31. Excerpt from CAG Report
 Every year, more people die
from the consequences of unsafe
water than from all forms of
violence, including wars.....CAG
Report

32. UNICEF Statistics
 UNICEF child mortality data show that about
half of under-five deaths occur in only five
countries: India, Nigeria, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC),
Pakistan and China. Two countries
India (24 per cent) and Nigeria (11 per
cent)together account for more than a
third of all under-five deaths.
 These same countries also have significant
populations without improved water and
sanitation

33. UNICEF report
 The figures for sanitation are even bleaker.
Those without improved sanitation in these
countries are: India 814 million; China 477
million; Nigeria 109 million; Pakistan 91
million; and DRC 50 million. Improvements in
water and sanitation would greatly contribute
to a reduction in child mortality in these
counties.

34. Challenges
 Clean Ganga campaign is a huge
engineering,management,medical,tourism,agriculture challenge
which has to be solved transparently ,phase-wise, in a result
oriented manner by creating
positive implementable goals ,improved processes,roadmap
 with timebound milestones after consulting existing participating
agencies and stake holders involved and by designing positive
mission,vision,efficient organization structure,payments to be
made promptly after work execution by selected and eligible
third party thru e-Procurement and certification by inhouse
team.

35. Project is huge Engineering,Management and
Medical Healthcare Challenge
 This project is huge Engineering,
Management and Medical Healthcare
Challenge as thousands of crores has gone
down the drain with no visible change in
Ganga's water quality.
 The 2500 km long Ganga has 4 different
problems in 4 different stretches and require
innovative solutions!

36. Hon’ble Supreme Court
interested in Ganga cleaning
deadlines
 According to Times of India and Aaj Tak
TV channels:

Hon'ble Supreme court is also taking
active interest in the cleaning of the
Ganga!

37. The Ganga cleaning task is simple though
tedious !
 The Ganga cleaning task is simple
though tedious !
Please consider these simple
innovative suggestions

38. Flat Organization required
 Only 25 full time staff members are required with
Engineering,Management,Vigilance,IT,Legal,Contract
s background.(Flat organization is required)
 (Only Rs 90-100 crores p .a for staff
travel,Administration,training and development,e-tendering,
accounting,Salaries per year required,PR
on Radio,Railway Stations,Bus
Stands,MIS,CAD/CAM Facility Management to be
created in Delhi).
 This also includes funding 3-4 Research
projects/studies every year on different areas

39. Likely funds requirement for
Ganga cleanup annually
 Estimated Rs 3300 crores per annum
 Only 30 important cities to be
considered on the course of 2500 km
long Ganga course.

40. Use of NGO’s/IIT Labs/CSIR labs
in Monitoring/Research Projects
 NGO's/IIT labs/CSIR labs to take up
Quality Monitoring standards on per
month basis

41. 30 No’s E-Tenders
 30 different e-tenders for 30 cities to be
floated and their fortnightly/monthly payments
to be made after the river water quality
standards are within plus/minus 15% of WHO
standards to be certified by agencies above
in IIT/CSIR/NGO’s certify the quality of water
and cleanliness standards.
 Stricter quality norms to be enforced from
second year onwards!

42. Toilets,Bathroom,Drinking
water facilities at major cities
 1000 toilets, 1000 bathrooms for
men/Women/children and 1000 taps for
drinking RO water required each at
Haridwar ,Allahabad, Varanasi,Rishikesh.
About 100-200 nos Dust bins to be placed at
all 30 cities on the Ghats, Railway Stations
,Bus Stands.
 A public warning system and public address
system to be installed at each Ghat.
 Safety metal Ropes to prevent bathing people
and children on the slippery ghats to slip into
the river

43. Kanpur-Most polluted city
 Kanpur has to be considered separately
as this city has the highest industrial
waste generation and highest air
pollution in the country.
 Rain water harvesting is required to
recharge ground water levels during
rainy season as there is excess water
flowing into the sea unutilized.

44. New Solid waste disposal
sites
 New Solid waste disposal
sites/Sanitary landfills/Waste
management to be created allocated at
each city depending on the data
/statistics and extrapolating city growth
for next 100 years.

45. Mechanism to prevent
Landslides in hilly terrain
 On hills there are frequent landslides,a
special mechanism has to be devised to
prevent landslides entering the river
bed which restricts channel carrying
capacity/rain water runoffs.

46. Ban on dumping caracasses
in River
 .Banning of duming animal
caracasses/half burnt human
caracasses into the river which is
unique to India.

47. Clean riverfront/Afforestation
in 30 cities
 Creating clean river front development at
each of the 30 cities, emergency services at
all cities with 10 boats each ghat at the
begining and end of the city.
 Provision with tieups with
hospitals in each city.
 Plan for Afforestation in contract to plant
10000 trees per year per city(30 cities)!

48. Creation of IT/MIS/Telecom
network to monitor pollution
 Creation of MIS system in which
NGO’s/IIT’s Research scholars/CSIR
labs enter fortnightly pollution or water
quality levels from 3 points in the river
from same city.
 Tenderers have to fill in data of samples
after treating water as per
recommended standards for payment.

49. Arbitration and Penalty in
Contracts!
 Contract shall have Arbitration and
penalty provisions for tenderers.

50.  Hope for a clean Ganga

51. Hope for a clean Ganga
 Thank you!