: The Wishbone control arm is a type of independent suspension used in motor vehicles. The general
function of control arms is to keep the wheels of a motor vehicle from uncontrollably swerving when the road
conditions are not smooth. The control arm suspension normally consists of upper and lower arms. The upper
and lower control arms have different structures based on the model and purpose of the vehicle. By many
accounts, the lower control arm is the better shock absorber than the upper arm because of its position and load
bearing capacities. It has an “A” shape on the bottom known as wishbone shape which carries most of the load
from the shock received. The lower control arm takes most of the impact that the road has on the wheels of the
motor vehicle. It either stores that impact or sends it to the coils of the suspension depending on its shape.
During the actual working condition, the maximum load is transferred from upper wishbone arm to the lower
arm which creates possibility of failure in the arm. Similarly, impact loading produces the bending which is not
desirable. Hence it is essential to focus on the stress strain analysis study of lower wishbone arm to improve and
modify the existing design. The present study will contribute in this problem by using finite element analysis
approach.
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Our third electric Formula SAE car has been designed by our students, thanks to Altair simulation about structural studies. In this way, the software help us building a racing car!
Speakers
Raffaele Martini, Team Leader, Politecnico di Torino
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Finite Element Analysis of Anti-Roll Bar to Optimize the Stiffness of the An...IJMER
The objective of this paper is to analyze the main geometric parameters which affecting the
stiffness of anti-roll bar. Further these parameters are also affecting the body roll angle. By the
optimization of these geometric parameters we can able to increase the stiffness of bar and which will
help to reduce the body roll angle. To calculate the stiffness of anti-roll bar Finite Element software
ANSYS is used. The deflection for the change in internal angle, arm length, moment of inertia, distance
between bushes found by static analysis. To calculate the body roll angle equation used from the
literature survey, however they haven’t taken all the suspension characteristics in the calculation of
moment caused by the suspended and non-suspended masses. The equilibrium condition is considered
between the moments of the force acting on the suspended and non-suspended masses and moments of
reaction of the springs and anti-roll bar used in suspensions. The comparison of different anti-roll bar is
based on the basis of stiffness per weight. The anti-roll bar which having more ratio of stiffness per
weight can be used in the vehicle. As it will improve the stiffness of bar with small increase in weight,
which will result in the improving roll stability of the vehicle.
Our third electric Formula SAE car has been designed by our students, thanks to Altair simulation about structural studies. In this way, the software help us building a racing car!
Speakers
Raffaele Martini, Team Leader, Politecnico di Torino
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Comparison Of Multibody Dynamic Analysis Of Double Wishbone Suspension Using ...IJRES Journal
This paper presents the multibody dynamic analysis of wishbone suspension for automotive cars. Modeling and analysis of suspension is carried out using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox. Rigid dynamic analysis of suspension is also carried out using ANSYS software. Results of both the analysis are compared and it is observed that results of both the analysis are similar.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation and Static Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Roll CageIJMER
The SAE-BAJA competition is arranged every year with a purpose to have teams of
engineering students design, build and race a prototype of a four-wheel, one passenger, off-road
vehicle. The most important aspect of the vehicle design is the frame. The frame contains the operator,
engine, brake system, fuel system and steering mechanism, it must be of adequate strength to protect
the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with
minimum dimensional and strength requirements dictated by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
Increased concern about the roll cage has created the importance of simulation and analysis thereby
predicting failure modes of the frame. In the present paper, we have used ANSYS to investigate the
response of the frame under various impacts. We considered a direct frontal impact and side impact
that results in a 4g horizontal loading, a rollover impact of 3g deceleration value, bump impact and
front torsional impact analysis with 3g deceleration value. The impact loading is simulated by
restricting displacements at certain locations, and applying discrete forces at various points on the
frame where the weight is concentrated. Throughout the analysis of roll cage more emphasis was given
on obtaining a allowable factor of safety and designed according to it.
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
the purpose of the study of this thesis is to discuss analysis the acting force upon the steering knuckle while in track or random load for a vehicle. Steering knuckle is main important part in the vehicle because that requires lots of attention in selection because once it is damaged then it have to replace with the new one. Structural Components such as a steering knuckle might be strong enough to withstand a single applied load. But what happens when the part operates over and over, day after today? To predict component failure in such cases requires what's called fatigue or durability analysis. For our purposes, a constant or static load does not cause failure. What counts is the impact of working or fluctuating loads. Failures, or fractures, take place when cracks get so large that remaining material can no longer endure stresses and strains. In classic structural analyses, failure predictions are based solely on material strength or yield strength. Durability analysis goes beyond this, evaluating failure based on repeated simple or complex loading.
Feature Extraction of an Image by Using Adaptive Filtering and Morpological S...IOSR Journals
Abstract: For enhancing an image various enhancement schemes are used which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering and Histogram Equalization, Where Histogram equalization is one of the well known image enhancement technique. It became a popular technique for contrast enhancement because it is simple and effective. The basic idea of Histogram Equalization method is to remap the gray levels of an image. Here using morphological segmentation we can get the segmented image. Morphological reconstruction is used to segment the image. Comparative analysis of different enhancement and segmentation will be carried out. This comparison will be done on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Subjective parameter is visual quality and objective parameters are Area, Perimeter, Min and Max intensity, Avg Voxel Intensity, Std Dev of Intensity, Eccentricity, Coefficient of skewness, Coefficient of Kurtosis, Median intensity, Mode intensity. Keywords: Histogram Equalization, Segmentation, Morphological Reconstruction .
The efficacy of strategic management processes: An empirical study of Nationa...IOSR Journals
The purpose of this study was to appraise the adequacy of strategic management processes of National Sports Associations (NSAs) in Zimbabwe. Most of Zimbabwe NSAs perform poorly as evidenced by the perennial failure of national teams to qualify for major regional and international tournament. Their strategic management processes appear to be inadequate to meet the modern day environmental challenges. The study used the descriptive survey as the design. A sample of fifty three National Sports Association and Provincial Sports Association chairpersons were randomly selected from a population of seventy nine chairpersons. Hand delivered questionnaires with both open ended and closed questions were used to collect data. Results from the study indicate that most NSAs have core values, corporate objectives, policies and make use of physical structures. However the results also show that the majority of NSAs do not have strategic plans, do not practice strategic management and do not conduct strategic reviews. The results led to the conclusion that the strategic management processes in NSAs are inadequate. The study recommended that NSAs should prioritize strategic management and that both the Sports and Recreation Commission and Zimbabwe Olympic Committee should assist NSAs technically and financially to facilitate the adoption of strategic management principles
Stress analysis on steering knuckle of the automobile steering systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Steering Knuckle plays major role in many direction control of the vehicle it is also linked with other linkages and supports the vertical weight of the car. Therefore, it requires high precision, quality, and durability. The main objective of this work is to explore performance opportunities, in the design and production of a steering knuckle. This can be achieved by performing a detailed load analysis. Therefore, this study has been dealt with two steps. First part of the study involves modeling of the steering knuckle with the design parameters using the latest modeling software, and also it includes the determination of loads acting on the steering knuckle as a function of time. This is done for finding out the minimum stress area. Then the stress analysis was performed using analysis software. The steering knuckle can be modeled, and analyzed under the actual load conditions. This may also improve the depth knowledge of its function and performance in terms of durability and quality. Keywords: Steering knuckle, stress analysis and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
Design of half shaft and wheel hub assembly for racing carRavi Shekhar
The Half - Shaft and Wheel Hub of Formula One racing car was designed taking into consideration one of the popular model of Redbull racing car. The various dimension of shaft and hub were altered to attain maximum factor of safety.
Design analysis of the roll cage for all terrain vehicleeSAT Journals
Abstract We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of ATV roll cage through finite element analysis. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. The design and development comprises of material selection, chassis and frame design, cross section determination, determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis and simulations to test the ATV against failure. Keywords: Roll cage, material, finite element analysis, strength
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Comparison Of Multibody Dynamic Analysis Of Double Wishbone Suspension Using ...IJRES Journal
This paper presents the multibody dynamic analysis of wishbone suspension for automotive cars. Modeling and analysis of suspension is carried out using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox. Rigid dynamic analysis of suspension is also carried out using ANSYS software. Results of both the analysis are compared and it is observed that results of both the analysis are similar.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Simulation and Static Analysis of an Off-Road Vehicle Roll CageIJMER
The SAE-BAJA competition is arranged every year with a purpose to have teams of
engineering students design, build and race a prototype of a four-wheel, one passenger, off-road
vehicle. The most important aspect of the vehicle design is the frame. The frame contains the operator,
engine, brake system, fuel system and steering mechanism, it must be of adequate strength to protect
the operator in the event of a rollover or impact. The roll cage must be constructed of steel tubing, with
minimum dimensional and strength requirements dictated by Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE).
Increased concern about the roll cage has created the importance of simulation and analysis thereby
predicting failure modes of the frame. In the present paper, we have used ANSYS to investigate the
response of the frame under various impacts. We considered a direct frontal impact and side impact
that results in a 4g horizontal loading, a rollover impact of 3g deceleration value, bump impact and
front torsional impact analysis with 3g deceleration value. The impact loading is simulated by
restricting displacements at certain locations, and applying discrete forces at various points on the
frame where the weight is concentrated. Throughout the analysis of roll cage more emphasis was given
on obtaining a allowable factor of safety and designed according to it.
Fatigue or Durability Analysis of Steering Knuckleijsrd.com
the purpose of the study of this thesis is to discuss analysis the acting force upon the steering knuckle while in track or random load for a vehicle. Steering knuckle is main important part in the vehicle because that requires lots of attention in selection because once it is damaged then it have to replace with the new one. Structural Components such as a steering knuckle might be strong enough to withstand a single applied load. But what happens when the part operates over and over, day after today? To predict component failure in such cases requires what's called fatigue or durability analysis. For our purposes, a constant or static load does not cause failure. What counts is the impact of working or fluctuating loads. Failures, or fractures, take place when cracks get so large that remaining material can no longer endure stresses and strains. In classic structural analyses, failure predictions are based solely on material strength or yield strength. Durability analysis goes beyond this, evaluating failure based on repeated simple or complex loading.
Feature Extraction of an Image by Using Adaptive Filtering and Morpological S...IOSR Journals
Abstract: For enhancing an image various enhancement schemes are used which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering and Histogram Equalization, Where Histogram equalization is one of the well known image enhancement technique. It became a popular technique for contrast enhancement because it is simple and effective. The basic idea of Histogram Equalization method is to remap the gray levels of an image. Here using morphological segmentation we can get the segmented image. Morphological reconstruction is used to segment the image. Comparative analysis of different enhancement and segmentation will be carried out. This comparison will be done on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Subjective parameter is visual quality and objective parameters are Area, Perimeter, Min and Max intensity, Avg Voxel Intensity, Std Dev of Intensity, Eccentricity, Coefficient of skewness, Coefficient of Kurtosis, Median intensity, Mode intensity. Keywords: Histogram Equalization, Segmentation, Morphological Reconstruction .
The efficacy of strategic management processes: An empirical study of Nationa...IOSR Journals
The purpose of this study was to appraise the adequacy of strategic management processes of National Sports Associations (NSAs) in Zimbabwe. Most of Zimbabwe NSAs perform poorly as evidenced by the perennial failure of national teams to qualify for major regional and international tournament. Their strategic management processes appear to be inadequate to meet the modern day environmental challenges. The study used the descriptive survey as the design. A sample of fifty three National Sports Association and Provincial Sports Association chairpersons were randomly selected from a population of seventy nine chairpersons. Hand delivered questionnaires with both open ended and closed questions were used to collect data. Results from the study indicate that most NSAs have core values, corporate objectives, policies and make use of physical structures. However the results also show that the majority of NSAs do not have strategic plans, do not practice strategic management and do not conduct strategic reviews. The results led to the conclusion that the strategic management processes in NSAs are inadequate. The study recommended that NSAs should prioritize strategic management and that both the Sports and Recreation Commission and Zimbabwe Olympic Committee should assist NSAs technically and financially to facilitate the adoption of strategic management principles
A Study to Evaluate Spatial Gait Parameters in Patients of Osteoarthritic KneeIOSR Journals
Abstract: Osteoarthritis is a slowly evolving articular disease, which appears to originate in the cartilage and
affects the underlying bone, soft tissues and synovial fluid. Quantitative gait analysis is an important clinical
tool for quantifying normal and pathological patterns of locomotion, and has also been shown to be useful for
prescription of treatment as well as in the evaluation of the results of such treatment. The objectives of this study
was to evaluate spatial gait parameters variations in patients with osteoarthritic knee as compared to normal
healthy individuals. 100 subjects were included in the study, 50 normal healthy subjects and 50 subjects with
bilateral knee osteoarthritis with age group of 40-60 years based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Before
gait analysis, all subjects were given informed consent as advised by the Institutional Ethical Committee. Gait
analysis was done for both groups with same protocol. Following gait parameters was measured individually
for each subject: Step length [m], Stride length [m], Normalised stride length [%], Step width [m] and Foot
angle [degree]. Paired and unpaired t- test will be used for the analysis of data. The study concluded that there
was significant difference is spatial gait parameters in patients with osteoarthritic knee as compared to normal
healthy individuals.
Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Gait parameters, Spatial gait parameters
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Question of Energy EfficiencyIOSR Journals
This article aims to examine the conditions in which technological innovation can foster and promote sustainable development. It takes into account all forms of technological innovation potential for sustainable development: process innovations, product innovations, organizational innovations, market innovations. It is also interested in the whole chain of innovation and pays particular attention to the plurality of devices innovation. This Research continues scientific representations which are guided by operational concerns. This paper will attempt to discern the relationship between innovation and energy efficiency. Thus, we will describe the technology and process innovation for sustainable development and where energy consumption is minimized for a service rendered identical. We will put the findings into perspective in relation to the Tunisian context
Steganography Technique of Sending Random Passwords on Receiver’s Mobile (A N...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information
in other information. There are many application of Steganography with different carrier file format. Here we
perform Steganography Technique with sending OTP on receiver mobile, which is one of the best secured
technique in current scenario. This technique is hiding file information into image with OTP password that is
only known by receiver. And can decrypt using that OTP only this is pure Steganography. Pure Steganography
means that there is none prior information shared by two communication parties. We are not sharing OTP
information by two communication parties. So this is more secure than other technique.
Key Words : Steganography, OTP, ICT, Password, IP, UDP, SIHS, LSB.
An EOQ Model for Weibull Deteriorating Items With Price Dependent DemandIOSR Journals
In the present paper we developed an economic order quantity model for Weibull deteriorating items with price dependent demand rate together with a replenishment policy for profit maximization. The demand rate is a continuous and differentiable function of price. The variable items deteriorate with time shortages are allowed and completely back-ordered. Further it is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.
Six Sigma Implementation to reduce rejection rate of Pump Casings at local Ma...IOSR Journals
Six Sigma is being Implemented all over the World as a successful Quality Improvement
Methodology. This article provides a description of Six Sigma Project implemented at Local manufacturing
Company. The Company Manufactures Pump Casings where it was receiving high nonconformance rate that
resulted in to Rejection of Product. This study deals with Six Sigma DMAIC methodology implementation and
gives a frame work of how the non-conformance rate was first monitored and then brought in to acceptance
limits. A complete Coverage of the statistical analysis performed during the study is given and results are
shown to describe that how Six Sigma helped the Project members to Improve Quality of Pump casings at
manufacturing facility.
Reduce Evaporation Losses from Water ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Evaporation suppression is the reduction of evaporation bycontrolling the rate at which water vapor escapes from water surfaces. The need for water saving is greatest in areas of little rainfall and low runoff. Water losses by evaporation from storage reservoirs must be minimized for greatest utility of limitedsupplies. Using trash of polyethylene with different densities (800, 875 and 900 kg/m3) as floating cover to the water filling cylindrical container with 8 cm diameter led to reduce the evaporation rate. A suitable trash density of 800 kg/m3 gave reduction in evaporation rate of 57% from the theoretical results calculated using equation (4) which is a good result if compared with previous researches
Idiosyncratic Effect of Corporate Solvency Management Strategies on Corporate...IOSR Journals
The study identifies and evaluates the association among corporate solvency management strategies and the corporate performance valuation in Chemical industry of Pakistan. The study uses purposive sampling or judgmental sampling for selecting 30 sample companies from the sector; covering 10 years financial statements data ranging from year 2002 to 2011. Balanced panel data is taken for the purpose of study. Levin, Lin & Chu test is used to check the stationarity of data whereas White Test is used to check the heteroskedasticity of data. Panel Least square technique with fixed effects is used to generalize the relationship between studied variables. The study observed that the performance of the chemical sector in terms of market to book value is affected by internal firm and industry specific factors related to solvency management strategic decisions. Findings of the study provide with the overview of historic performance and the potential performance of the selected sector to help policy makers including finance, economics and industry experts for creating value through the idiosyncratic resources.
Organizational citizenship Behavior as Attitude Integrity in Measurement of I...IOSR Journals
Quality of Human Resource represent one of the factor which to increase performance productivity an institution or organization. Therefore, needed Human Resource having high interest because interest or membership will be able to support the make-up of employees performance achievement. During the time at generally in governance institution not yet had officer with adequate interest, proved with still lower officer productivity and is difficult measure officer performance [in] governance institution scope. Performance Management System in a modern concept of human resource management is an objective and transparent performance measurement model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in giving reward to individual’s sacrifice for organization. Three main elements of individual’s sacrifice performed in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) are compliance, loyality, and participation.The organization shoud appreciate these attitudes by giving clear job description and brief rewardsystemcriteriato encourage the individual’s job motivation. Combined with theindividual assessment of job description, job grading is used to compile a correct Key Performance Indexand a precise salary component. The aim of this action research is to give a comprehensive solution for Hospital X, in order to determine a Key Performance Indexsmodel, in response to some problems such as jobmotivation, work stress and performance. An interviews with hospital’s director and Human Resources section was conducted to compile the KPI. The results of this research can be recommended to the hospital to make a comprehensive performance assessment consist of the review of employee's job descriptions, Key Performance Indicator (KPI), job grading, specifying fundamental salary based on work,Bonus Scame and score summary
An Effective Model for Evaluating Organizational Risk and Cost in ERP Impleme...IOSR Journals
Enterprise Resource planning (ERP) implementations in the context of small medium size enterprises is discussed in this paper. It is essential for small businesses to success implementation an ERP system to maintain control of their risks. ERP implementation is costly and risky for small and medium enterprises. Paper identified from archived literature, ERP implementation risk in selecting and implementing an ERP system. Authors hypothesized a relationship between two elements of organizational risk factors, adequate system and business processes re-engineering. The study also examines the relationship between ERP implementation cost and ERP project success in order to better manage enterprises ERP projects in context of SMEs.
Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School WebsitesIOSR Journals
Websites are a window for the world for looking in most of the Information and a gateway for many activities. Websites are not only a necessity but also mandatory for B-Schools. A B-School Website serves as portal to all stakeholders in addition to being an information placeholder. The Websites serves from being an administrative tool to a Learning Management system. The utility and the effectiveness of website depend on the quality of the service it provides to the surfer. A study was undertaken to survey the various features of a B-School Website that could serve as a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) touchstones. In addition, the influence of perceived quality on the user satisfaction was also studied. A focus group of B-School Students evaluated the Websites and scored a checklist cum questionnaire. The results highlight the most frequently found features and the least found features of a B-School Website. The factors that are important for creating a quality website are also found. This study will help the B-school administrators and the Website designers to create a quality and satisfying Websites.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Fiscal Deficits and Selected Macroeco...IOSR Journals
This study investigates the relationship that exists between the Government Deficit Spending and selected macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Exchange Rate, Inflation, Money Supply and Lending Interest Rate. The period covered is 1970 (when the civil war ended) and 2011. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique was adopted to analyze the relationships. The study concludes that Government Deficit Spending (GDS) has positive significant relationship with GDP. Government Deficit Spending also has positive significant relationship with Exchange Rate, Inflation, and Money Supply. Government Deficit has negative significant relationship with Lending Interest Rate and most likely crowd-out the private sector by raising the cost of funds. Deficit spending has been known to have adverse effects on the economy and government is advised to curtail excessive deficit spending. It is recommended that further research is done to establish other variables that are affected by government deficit spending.
Study on Coefficient of Permeability of Copper slag when admixed with Lime an...IOSR Journals
Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting
trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables
provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and
therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper
slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been
estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste.
Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping
space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of
coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed
with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective
results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0%
to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement
increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When
copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon
mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing
pozzolanic reactions.
The contribution of Sport and Physical activity towards the achievement of co...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last two decades Zimbabwe suffered severe socioeconomic and political crisis. The crisis was
characterised by unprecedented rates of inflation which were exacerbated by political instability and economic
sanctions. The economic challenges led to severe brain drain of Zimbabwe health professionals. The elements of
a previously well maintained health care system severely deteriorated. Community health was therefore
seriously compromised. Now that Zimbabwe seem to be on the recovery path this article critiques, reviews and
justifies the potential contribution which sport and physical activity can make towards the achievement of
community healthy objectives in Zimbabwe in line with millennium development goal number six. The content
analysis and review identified that sport and physical activity can play a significant role in improving the health
of members of the Zimbabwean community. It is apparent from the review that Sport and physical activity can
help reduce the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension and many other
health problems bedevilling the Zimbabwean society today and hence contribute towards the achievement of
Millennium Development Goal number six.
Keywords: Community health, Physical activity, Sport, MDGs, Zimbabwe
An Empirical Study on Patient Delight and the Impact of Human and Non-Human F...IOSR Journals
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Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension System
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 2 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 43-48
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower
Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension System
Prof. A. M. Patil1
, Prof. A.S. Todkar2
, Prof. R. S .Mithari3
, Prof. V. V. Patil4
1234
Mechanical Engineering Department, T.K.I.E.T. Warananagar, Shivaji University,
Tal. Panhala, Dist. Kolhapur, India.
Abstract : The Wishbone control arm is a type of independent suspension used in motor vehicles. The general
function of control arms is to keep the wheels of a motor vehicle from uncontrollably swerving when the road
conditions are not smooth. The control arm suspension normally consists of upper and lower arms. The upper
and lower control arms have different structures based on the model and purpose of the vehicle. By many
accounts, the lower control arm is the better shock absorber than the upper arm because of its position and load
bearing capacities. It has an “A” shape on the bottom known as wishbone shape which carries most of the load
from the shock received. The lower control arm takes most of the impact that the road has on the wheels of the
motor vehicle. It either stores that impact or sends it to the coils of the suspension depending on its shape.
During the actual working condition, the maximum load is transferred from upper wishbone arm to the lower
arm which creates possibility of failure in the arm. Similarly, impact loading produces the bending which is not
desirable. Hence it is essential to focus on the stress strain analysis study of lower wishbone arm to improve and
modify the existing design. The present study will contribute in this problem by using finite element analysis
approach.
Keywords – Lower Wishbone Arm, Independent suspension, Finite Element Analysis, ANSYS software.
I. Introduction
The Lower Wishbone is also called A-arm. Wishbones can be used in an all wheel independent
suspension setup. Read on to know more a wishbone has two mountings on the chassis of a car and one to locate
the wheel it is connected to. Because two rods are used on the two mounting points it is called a double
wishbone setup. Double wishbones provide more stability to wheel movements at high speeds which reduces
camber angle as the wheel moves up and down over uneven surfaces. Wishbones can be very easily adjusted as
every joint can be tweaked for optimal wheel movement. In automobiles, a double wishbone (or upper and
lower A-arm) suspension is an independent suspension design using two (occasionally parallel) wishbone-
shaped arms to locate the wheel.
During the actual working condition, the maximum load is transferred from upper wishbone arm to the
lower arm which is possibility of failure & bending of lower wishbone arm at the ball joint location as well as
control arm because of high impact load by produces road condition which is not desirable. Hence it is essential
to focus on the stress strain analysis study of lower wishbone arm to improve and modify the existing design.
Also current conventional material (mild steel) is replaced by composite materials (Carbon fiber polymer).
The current car used double wishbone suspension arm built from mild steel and it can affect the weight of
vehicle. Therefore, in order to make new improvement and overcome this problem, a study about car suspension
has been carry away and it involving composite material. Carbon fiber polymer has proven for it strength
beyond the steel and provide less weight. By apply this fact; the study about car suspension in composite form
has taken place.
II. Solid Modeling Of Lower Wishbone Arm In Catia V5 R17
To carry out FEM analysis of any component, the solid model of the same is essential. It is also called
body in white. So the solid model of Independent Suspension is require and this can be done in special CAD
package like CATIA V5 R17.
2. Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension
www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Fig. 1.1 CATIA Modeling of Lower Wishbone Arm.
III. Stress Analysis Procedure In Fea:-
The load applied on Lower Wishbone Arm is W1 = 4900N. Then stress analysis by ANASYS Software the
results are given by following fig.
Fig. 1.2 Stress in Lower Wishbone Arm in structural steel & composite material.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STRESS AT DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS IS
GIVEN BY.
SR.
NO.
LOAD (N) STRUCTURAL STEEL (Pa) COMPOSITE MATERIAL
(Pa)
1. 4900 5.1421e8 6.3719e8
2. 5500 5.7717e8 7.1522e8
3. 6000 6.2964e8 7.8024e8
3. Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension
www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
STRESS (108
PA) VS LOAD (N) CURVE:-
The load applied on Lower Wishbone Arm is W1 = 4900N. Then maximum & minimum strain values are
found by ANASYS the results are given by following fig.
Fig. 1.3 Strain in Lower Wishbone Arm in structural steel & composite material.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF STRAIN AT DIFFERENT LOAD CONDITIONS IS
GIVEN BY.
SR. NO. LOAD (N) STRUCTURAL STEEL COMPOSITE MATERIAL
1. 4900 0.002571 0.12804
2. 5500 0.002885 0.14372
3. 6000 0.0031482 0.15679
STRAIN VS LOAD (N) CURVE:-
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
4200 5200 6200
Stress108Pa
Load N
SturcturalSteel
(Pa)
Composite
Material(Pa)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
4200 4700 5200 5700 6200
Strain
Load (N)
Composite
Material
Sturctural
Steel
4. Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension
www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
The load applied on Lower Wishbone Arm is W1 = 4900N. Then maximum & minimum total deformation
values are found by ANASYS the results are given by following fig.
Fig. 1.4 Total deformation in Lower Wishbone Arm in structural steel & composite material.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TOTAL DEFORMATION AT DIFFERENT LOAD
CONDITIONS IS GIVEN BY.
SR. NO. LOAD (N) STRUCTURAL STEEL(m) COMPOSITE MATERIAL (m)
1. 4900 0.0056037 0.24123
2. 5500 0.0062898 0.27076
3. 6000 0.0068616 0.29538
GRAPH OF TOTAL DEFORMATION (M) VS LOAD (N)
Natural Frequency measurement by FFT Analyzer:
Frequency response Function of Independent Suspension Link gives the natural frequency at the peaks with
corresponding amplitude at respective location of accelerometer on the Link.
Fig.1.5 frequency graph at position near front control arm
0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.3
4600 4900 5200 5500 5800 6100
TotalDeformation(m)
Load (N)
Composite
Material(m)
SturcturalSteel
(m)
FRIST POSITION FREQUENCY GRAPH
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
FREQUENCY
ACCELRATION
5. Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension
www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Fig.1.6 frequency graph at position near rear control arm.
Fig.1.7 frequency graph at position near wheel centre
Fig.1.8 frequency graph at all three position near front control arm
IV. Comparisons of Natural frequencies by FEM and Experimental Method.
In the present study modal analysis of Independent Suspension Link is done by Fem as well as
Experimental method. Now to obtain the validation for FEM result we can compare those with the experimental
results. The below table gives the comparison of natural frequencies obtained by Fem and Exponential method
along with percentage difference at error obtained for Independent Link.
SECOND POSITION FREQUENCY
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
FREQUENCY
ACCELRATION
THIRD POSITION FREQUENCY GRAPH
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
FREQUEN CY
ACCELRATION
Series1
FREQUENY GRAPH OF ALL THREE POSITION
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
FREQUENCY
ACCELRATION
FRIST POSITION SECOND POSITION THIRD POSITION
6. Experimental & Finite Element Analysis of Left Side Lower Wishbone Arm of Independent Suspension
www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
Sr.
No.
Natural Frequency by ANSYS
in Hz
Experimental Natural
Frequency in Hz
Percentage deviation
1 577.76 481.125 16.72
2 694.05 596.875 13.99
3 826.55 793.75 3.96
4 842.33 859.375 -2.02
5 1023.7 1071.875 -4.7
6 1185.1 1184.375 0.0061
7 1245.9 1378.125 -1
8 1329.3 1428.125 -7.38
9 1363.6 1490.46 -9.3
10 1485.1 1556 -4.7
Table 7.3: Comparison of Natural Frequencies by FEM and Experimental Method.
Fig.1.9 Comparison of Natural Frequencies
Remark: The Four channel F.F.T. Analyzer is used for experimentation. The average percentage deviation in
experimental natural frequencies and natural frequencies by ANSYS software are found to be 6.3756 %.
IV. Conclusion
Under the static load conditions deflection and stresses of steel lower wishbone arm and composite
lower wishbone arm are found with the great difference. Carbon fiber suspension control arms that meet the
same static requirements of the steel ones they replace. Deflection of Composite lower wishbone arm is high as
compared to steel lower wishbone arm with the same loading condition. The redesigned suspension arms
achieve an average weight saving of 27% with respect to the baseline steel arms. The natural frequency of
composite material lower wishbone arm is higher than steel wishbone arm.
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to my Co-author Prof. A .S. Todkar and Prof. R. S. Mithari in Mechanical Engineering Dept.,
TKIET, Warananagar, for their encouragement and support to carry out this work.
References
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A/Solids 21 (2002) 167–174.
[2] J.C. Fauroux, B.C. Bouzgarrou, „Dynamic obstacle-crossing of a wheeled rover with double wishbone suspension.‟ French Institute
for Advanced Mechanics (IFMA), EA3867, FR TIMS / CNRS 2856.
[3] J. S. Hwang, S. R. Kim and S. Y. Han, ‘Kinematic design of a double wishbone type front suspension mechanism using multi-
objective optimization‟,5th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics‟, ACAM 2007,10-12 December 2007, Brisbane, Australia.
[4] V.V. Jagirdar, M.S. Dadar, and V.P. Sulakhe, „Wishbone Structure for Front Independent Suspension of a Military Truck‟, Defence
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[5] G. Fourlaris, R. Ellwood, T.B. Jones, „The reliability of test results from simple test samples in predicting the fatigue performance of
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[6] Jihui Liang, Lili Xin, „Simulation analysis and optimization design of front suspension based on ADAMS‟ MECHANIKA. 2012
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