Websites are a window for the world for looking in most of the Information and a gateway for many activities. Websites are not only a necessity but also mandatory for B-Schools. A B-School Website serves as portal to all stakeholders in addition to being an information placeholder. The Websites serves from being an administrative tool to a Learning Management system. The utility and the effectiveness of website depend on the quality of the service it provides to the surfer. A study was undertaken to survey the various features of a B-School Website that could serve as a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) touchstones. In addition, the influence of perceived quality on the user satisfaction was also studied. A focus group of B-School Students evaluated the Websites and scored a checklist cum questionnaire. The results highlight the most frequently found features and the least found features of a B-School Website. The factors that are important for creating a quality website are also found. This study will help the B-school administrators and the Website designers to create a quality and satisfying Websites.
Benchmarking level interactivity of Indonesia government university websitesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Website interactivity is increasingly essential for higher education institutions in maintaining their relationship with stakeholders. However, limited is known what the level interactivity of a university website is without comparing with other similar educational institutions. Through the use of website content analysis and benchmarking strategy, we evaluate 41 government university website for benchmarking purposes. Base on thirteen interactive criteria, we successfully benchmarked the government university websites and built a-five levels of websites interactivity with different features. Our study highlights that higher level interactivity of website contains more feature that support a two-way communication between university and consumers, while lower level of websites interactivity merely have basic features for communication. The findings suggest the highest level of websites interactivity, the more features they should have. More importantly, the findings suggest web developer to design more interactive features in developing a higher level of website interactivity.
Transformation Strategies for Higher EducationCognizant
Across the education ecosystem, the basic tenets of teaching and learning are being challenged by business and technology drivers -- compelling institutions in the higher education field to adopt a new playbook in order to remain relevant.
New Marketing & Social Network Initiatives for the Center for Civic Engagementauthors boards
has made significant progress on its charge to connect with and engage students, faculty, and staff in community-based activities and projects. The focus of CCE’s marketing and social media initiatives is twofold: to raise awareness of CCE’s services and offerings among Binghamton University (BU) students; as well as to stimulate and support campus-wide interest in service and engagement activities. Driving these efforts is the implementation of various information and communication technology (ICT) tools designed to inform students through methods they prefer, to promote interaction, ease student participation, and expand CCE’s digital visibility across various platforms. These new initiatives:
• Address evolving student preferences for information by providing services and offerings across various online and mobile platforms,
• Increase interest and make it easier for students to participate in meaningful service activities,
• Foster a spirit of service and community among students through online networks and collaborative events on and off campus,
• Present new and unique opportunities for students to interact with CCE’s offerings, and
• Raise awareness of the newly-formed CCE office and expand its reach among students
Current Trend of Placement Activity Control System in the CollegeAI Publications
This paper is about a technology that provides Placement Activity Control System in college unlike the traditional system where students as well as TPO may face many problems like insufficient details, less security, problems with manual working etc. The purpose of the Placement Activity Control System Website is to overcome the disadvantages of traditional placement system. It enables the end users to read and apply for the company of their choice and get frequent updates regarding the placements from college TPO. There is no chance of missing the placement opportunity updates. The college placement officers will not have to get the separately collect information of every student. It will automatically be updated when the student registers. The project is basically a website and application which can be easily accessed through mobile.
Benchmarking level interactivity of Indonesia government university websitesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Website interactivity is increasingly essential for higher education institutions in maintaining their relationship with stakeholders. However, limited is known what the level interactivity of a university website is without comparing with other similar educational institutions. Through the use of website content analysis and benchmarking strategy, we evaluate 41 government university website for benchmarking purposes. Base on thirteen interactive criteria, we successfully benchmarked the government university websites and built a-five levels of websites interactivity with different features. Our study highlights that higher level interactivity of website contains more feature that support a two-way communication between university and consumers, while lower level of websites interactivity merely have basic features for communication. The findings suggest the highest level of websites interactivity, the more features they should have. More importantly, the findings suggest web developer to design more interactive features in developing a higher level of website interactivity.
Transformation Strategies for Higher EducationCognizant
Across the education ecosystem, the basic tenets of teaching and learning are being challenged by business and technology drivers -- compelling institutions in the higher education field to adopt a new playbook in order to remain relevant.
New Marketing & Social Network Initiatives for the Center for Civic Engagementauthors boards
has made significant progress on its charge to connect with and engage students, faculty, and staff in community-based activities and projects. The focus of CCE’s marketing and social media initiatives is twofold: to raise awareness of CCE’s services and offerings among Binghamton University (BU) students; as well as to stimulate and support campus-wide interest in service and engagement activities. Driving these efforts is the implementation of various information and communication technology (ICT) tools designed to inform students through methods they prefer, to promote interaction, ease student participation, and expand CCE’s digital visibility across various platforms. These new initiatives:
• Address evolving student preferences for information by providing services and offerings across various online and mobile platforms,
• Increase interest and make it easier for students to participate in meaningful service activities,
• Foster a spirit of service and community among students through online networks and collaborative events on and off campus,
• Present new and unique opportunities for students to interact with CCE’s offerings, and
• Raise awareness of the newly-formed CCE office and expand its reach among students
Current Trend of Placement Activity Control System in the CollegeAI Publications
This paper is about a technology that provides Placement Activity Control System in college unlike the traditional system where students as well as TPO may face many problems like insufficient details, less security, problems with manual working etc. The purpose of the Placement Activity Control System Website is to overcome the disadvantages of traditional placement system. It enables the end users to read and apply for the company of their choice and get frequent updates regarding the placements from college TPO. There is no chance of missing the placement opportunity updates. The college placement officers will not have to get the separately collect information of every student. It will automatically be updated when the student registers. The project is basically a website and application which can be easily accessed through mobile.
Virtual Reality: Using Technology to Increase Enrollment at Western Oregon Un...David Compton
The use of new technology can greatly enhance your ability to recruit new students to college. This paper discusses the use of Virtual Reality when recruiting students to Western Oregon University
Successful international student recruiting draws on regional market knowldege and specific digital marketing skills. Positioning your institution, allocating your resources and adjusting your message and outreach to the country environment will lead to sustainable and scalable recruitment activities.
International students live on their mobile devices and
interact on social media daily. This interactive session
is specifically designed to de-mystify mobile marketing
complexities in new markets. Topics addressed include:
mobile website design; audience engagement; mobile lead
generation tools;. specific data about mobile marketing
opportunities in the Middle East; and mobile marketing in
the context of a larger student engagement plan.
Which international markets are now the best recruiting
targets for your international student enrollment plans?
The College Board and Intead present
the latest data available on trends in international student
mobility and how to use the data to inform your digital and
off-line marketing efforts.
WSO-LINK: Algorithm to Eliminate Web Structure Outliers in Web PagesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Web Mining is specialized field of Data Mining which deals with the methods and techniques of data
mining to extract useful patterns from the web data that is available in web server logs/databases. Web content
mining is one of the classifications of web mining which extracts information from the web documents
containing texts, links, videos and multimedia data available in World Wide Web databases. Further, web
structure mining is a kind of web content mining which extracts patterns and meaningful information from the
structure of hyperlinks contained in web documents having the same domain. The hyperlinks which are not
related to content or the invalid ones are called web structure outliers. In this paper the basic aim is to find out
these web structure outliers.
Keywords- Outliers, web outlier mining, web structure mining, Web mining, web structure documents
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
Virtual Reality: Using Technology to Increase Enrollment at Western Oregon Un...David Compton
The use of new technology can greatly enhance your ability to recruit new students to college. This paper discusses the use of Virtual Reality when recruiting students to Western Oregon University
Successful international student recruiting draws on regional market knowldege and specific digital marketing skills. Positioning your institution, allocating your resources and adjusting your message and outreach to the country environment will lead to sustainable and scalable recruitment activities.
International students live on their mobile devices and
interact on social media daily. This interactive session
is specifically designed to de-mystify mobile marketing
complexities in new markets. Topics addressed include:
mobile website design; audience engagement; mobile lead
generation tools;. specific data about mobile marketing
opportunities in the Middle East; and mobile marketing in
the context of a larger student engagement plan.
Which international markets are now the best recruiting
targets for your international student enrollment plans?
The College Board and Intead present
the latest data available on trends in international student
mobility and how to use the data to inform your digital and
off-line marketing efforts.
WSO-LINK: Algorithm to Eliminate Web Structure Outliers in Web PagesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Web Mining is specialized field of Data Mining which deals with the methods and techniques of data
mining to extract useful patterns from the web data that is available in web server logs/databases. Web content
mining is one of the classifications of web mining which extracts information from the web documents
containing texts, links, videos and multimedia data available in World Wide Web databases. Further, web
structure mining is a kind of web content mining which extracts patterns and meaningful information from the
structure of hyperlinks contained in web documents having the same domain. The hyperlinks which are not
related to content or the invalid ones are called web structure outliers. In this paper the basic aim is to find out
these web structure outliers.
Keywords- Outliers, web outlier mining, web structure mining, Web mining, web structure documents
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
The Effect Of Planning And Control To Bureaucracy Behavior In The Improving S...IOSR Journals
The main problem in this study is the service quality in the Department of Population and Civil Registration Jakarta is considered optimal. Bureaucratic behavior, presumably as a result of poor planning and oversight that cannot be implemented properly. The purpose of this research is to gain any influence planning on the bureaucratic behavior, monitoring on bureaucratic behavior, and the influence of bureaucratic behavior on the service quality and to obtain a new concept for the development of science and useful and can be applied in the community, especially in the Department of Population and Civil Jakarta. The method used in this study is non-experimental survey method with sampling Stratified Random Sampling. Technical analysis is the data used path analysis. Test the validity of the instrument using the Pearson correlation test product moment and reliability of the instrument using Cronbach alpha The results showed that the positive effect the planning on the bureaucracy behavior, oversight positive effect controlling on the behavior of bureaucracy and positive effect bureaucratic behavior on service quality. The findings in this study are not routinely conducted surveillance dimension thus potentially deviant bureaucracy behavior is not optimal to improve the service quality. The implications of this research are bureaucratic behavior is important in improving Service quality.
On Fuzzy - Semi Open Sets and Fuzzy - Semi Closed Sets in Fuzzy Topologic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of fuzzy - semi open and fuzzy - semi closed sets of a fuzzy topological space. Some characterizations are discussed, examples are given and properties are established. Also, we define fuzzy - semi interior and fuzzy - semi closure operators. And we introduce fuzzy
- t-set, -SO extremely disconnected space analyse the relations between them.
MSC 2010: 54A40, 03E72.
Impact of Trade Associations on Entrepreneurial Traits in Nigeria’s Transport...IOSR Journals
The focus of this study is to determine the extent to which the roles of trade associations foster entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s road transport industry. This paper offers an analytical assessment of the contribution of trade associations towards development of entrepreneurial traits. To do this, the survey method was adopted for the study and questionnaires were used as data collection method. A random of one hundred and forty four (144) trade associations in Nigeria’s road transport industry were selected for the study out of a population of two hundred and twenty four (224) trade associations with seven hundred and twenty (720) respondents. For completeness, a sample of six hundred and fifty seven (657) related organizations (infinite population) were included in the study. Therefore a total of one thousand, three hundred and seventy seven (1377) questionnaires were used for the study. The data collected were measured in 5-point likert scale with a hypothesized mean of 3.00. data analysis revealed that overall mean scores of trade associations’ pro-competitive and anti-competitive roles on entrepreneurial traits were 1.9346 and 4.4188 respectively. The test of hypothesis using two sample z-test showed that the Z- calculated value for differences in the two mean scores was 216.0147 with significance probability of ˂ 0.0001 which is less than 0.05. Thus the test was significant at 5% level of significance (P˂0.05). We therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Consequently we conclude that the effect of anticompetitive role is significantly higher than that of pro-competitive role of trade associations on the development of entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s transport industry
The abrasive particulates on the cutting wheel influence the quality of cut. The surface finish, and the temperature raise during the cutting processes is governed by various parameters such as size of the particulates, its shape, roundness of edges at the particulates and strength of the bond between particulates and resins. The composite parting-off wheel is superior to that of commercial counterparts. A composite parting-off wheel was fabricated using powder metallurgy technique. The composite powders were prepared using an ingeniously designed and developed horizontal axis ball mill. The parting-wheel was able to cut metals bars such as aluminium, copper and mild steel with relative ease. It was found out that the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, hardness and tensile strength was better than conventional abrasive wheels. The cutting ratio was superior to the abrasive wheels and CZT was lower in comparison
Analytical Optimization of Chassis Frame for 40ft Dual-Axle Flatbed Trailer D...IOSR Journals
This article will review a design and analysis study that reduces trailer chassis mass while
minimizing the total cost impact. Design approaches, material selections and proposed section were reviewed.
The Trailer chassis main member were quantified and summarized to create an overall mass and weighted cost
estimate for a low mass Trailer.
Study on Coefficient of Permeability of Copper slag when admixed with Lime an...IOSR Journals
Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting
trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables
provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and
therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper
slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been
estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste.
Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping
space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of
coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed
with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective
results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0%
to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement
increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When
copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon
mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing
pozzolanic reactions.
Effects of Variable Fluid Properties and MHD on Mixed Convection Heat Transfe...IOSR Journals
The effects of variable Fluid Properties like variation of permeability, porosity, thermal conductivity and magnetic field on Mixed Convection Heat transfer from Vertical Heated Plate Embedded in a Sparsely Packed Porous Medium have been approached numerically. The boundary layer flow in the porous medium is governed by Lapwood – Forchheimer – Brinkman extended Darcy model and the Lorentz force. The natures of these equations are highly non-linear and coupled each other. The non-linear differential equations are non-dimensionalised using the non-dimensional parameter involving Grashoff number Gr, Prandtl number Pr, Hartmann number M, Eckert number E and so on. Similarity transformations are employed and the resulting ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using shooting algorithm with Runge – Kutta and Newton – Raphson method to obtain velocity and temperature distributions. Besides, skin friction and Nusselt number are also computed for various physical parameters governing the problem under consideration. It is found that the inertial parameter has a significant influence in decreasing the flow field, whereas its influence is reversed on the rate of heat transfer for all values of permeability considered. The effect of Magnetic field is diminution with velocity of the fluid flow. Further, the obtained results under the two limiting conditions were found to be in good agreement with the existing results
“Rover - Remote Operated Vehicle for Extraction and Reconnaissance”IOSR Journals
Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose.
Use “pro-engineering software” for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.
Study of Mitotic Index and DNA profile when exposure to He-Ne laser and UVC r...IOSR Journals
In vitro, He-Ne laser show a modifying response of cells to ionizing radiations. So there is a need to show the effect of He-Ne laser (632.8nm), Ultraviolet radiation UVC (250nm) and He-Ne laser pre and post irradiation against the UVC radiation of Mitotic index of femur and in vivo to DNA of testis in Mice. In this study 100 albino male mice were divided into five groups, the first group Control which have (10) number of mice, the second group Laser which have (27) number of mice were divided into three groups different time periods (5, 10, 15 min), the third group Ultraviolet radiation (UVC) which have (9) number of mice and duration of exposure one hour, the fourth group laser (5, 10 and 15 min) + UVC (1h) which have (27) number of mice, with ½ hour time interval between the two irradiations and the finally group UVC (1h) + laser (5, 10, 15 min) which have (27) number of mice, with ½ hour time interval between the two irradiations was monitor the effect of radiation on mice according to the classification totals above after various time periods (7, 14, 21 days). Mitotic index as shown increase the percentage of Mononucleus and less increase of Dinucleus after exposure of the radiation according to the classification totals above. The He-Ne laser per-irradiation show a protection properties, which appeared the DNA damage against UVC light irradiation. But the He-Ne laser pre-irradiation against UVC irradiation farther more reduce the DNA testis damaging. UVC shows a damaging effect on the DNA. This damage was reduced by the He-Ne laser pre- irradiation. Thus Laser pre-irradiation may be attributed to the induction of endogenous of radio protectors or which may be involved in DNA damage repair.
Enhanced Mobile Node Tracking With Received Signal Strength in Wireless Senso...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Node localization is important parameter in WSN. Node localization is required to report origin of
events which makes it one of the important challenges in WSN. Received signal strength (RSS) is used to
calculate distance between mobile node and reference node. The position of the mobile node is calculated using
multilateration algorithm (MA). Extended Kalman filter (EKF) is utilized to estimate the actual position. In this
paper, the implementation and enhancement of a tracking system based on RSS indicator with the aid of an
Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is described and an adaptive filter is derived.
Keywords - Extended Kalman filter (EKF), mobile node tracking, multilateration algorithm (MA), received
signal strength (RSS), Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
The efficacy of strategic management processes: An empirical study of Nationa...IOSR Journals
The purpose of this study was to appraise the adequacy of strategic management processes of National Sports Associations (NSAs) in Zimbabwe. Most of Zimbabwe NSAs perform poorly as evidenced by the perennial failure of national teams to qualify for major regional and international tournament. Their strategic management processes appear to be inadequate to meet the modern day environmental challenges. The study used the descriptive survey as the design. A sample of fifty three National Sports Association and Provincial Sports Association chairpersons were randomly selected from a population of seventy nine chairpersons. Hand delivered questionnaires with both open ended and closed questions were used to collect data. Results from the study indicate that most NSAs have core values, corporate objectives, policies and make use of physical structures. However the results also show that the majority of NSAs do not have strategic plans, do not practice strategic management and do not conduct strategic reviews. The results led to the conclusion that the strategic management processes in NSAs are inadequate. The study recommended that NSAs should prioritize strategic management and that both the Sports and Recreation Commission and Zimbabwe Olympic Committee should assist NSAs technically and financially to facilitate the adoption of strategic management principles
Javanese Traditional Market Cultural Value in Accounting WorldIOSR Journals
This study explores the accounting values of Javanese traditional market and the potential extinction of those values that now are being marginalized by modern accounting. Modern accounting notions that only focus on economic value have lack meaning to a society whose need not only economic but also non economic value. This study uses grounded theory method to explore the Javanese traditional market values. This study found that tolerance which is consisted of hesitate and trust among traders in Javanese traditional market are the values that can be used in accounting as a concept to challenge the marginalization and domination of modern accounting notions.
Feature Extraction of an Image by Using Adaptive Filtering and Morpological S...IOSR Journals
Abstract: For enhancing an image various enhancement schemes are used which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering and Histogram Equalization, Where Histogram equalization is one of the well known image enhancement technique. It became a popular technique for contrast enhancement because it is simple and effective. The basic idea of Histogram Equalization method is to remap the gray levels of an image. Here using morphological segmentation we can get the segmented image. Morphological reconstruction is used to segment the image. Comparative analysis of different enhancement and segmentation will be carried out. This comparison will be done on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Subjective parameter is visual quality and objective parameters are Area, Perimeter, Min and Max intensity, Avg Voxel Intensity, Std Dev of Intensity, Eccentricity, Coefficient of skewness, Coefficient of Kurtosis, Median intensity, Mode intensity. Keywords: Histogram Equalization, Segmentation, Morphological Reconstruction .
A survey on context aware system & intelligent Middleware’sIOSR Journals
Abstract: Context aware system or Sentient system is the most profound concept in the ubiquitous computing.
In the cloud system or in distributed computing building a context aware system is difficult task and
programmer should use more generic programming framework. On the basis of layered conceptual design, we
introduce Context aware systems with Context aware middleware’s. On the basis of presented system we will
analyze different approaches of context aware computing. There are many components in the distributed system
and these components should interact with each other because it is the need of many applications. Plenty
Context middleware’s have been made but they are giving partial solutions. In this paper we are giving analysis
of different middleware’s and comprehensive application of it in context caching.
Keywords: Context aware system, Context aware Middleware’s, Context Cache
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
A Fuzzy Expert System for Assessing the InternetStores Based on Web Site Attr...IDES Editor
Purpose of this research is determining the success
of online shopping stores by an intelligent system. Here a
Fuzzy Expert System has been designed with the consideration
of website attributes as input variables. The web site success
level is determined in this system as output.
The rules of systems have been extracted from some ecommerce
experts and the systems have been developed with
the use of FIS tool of MATLAB software. The final result
contains an anticipating model for evaluating level of web
site success of shopping centers based on website factors
situation. The presented steps have been run in four online
bookstores as the empirical study.
Effectiveness of Website Dashboard Monitoring Quality PT. Satuvisi Inovasi Me...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In digital era, technology is one of the society neededs. Internet technology is important
because it provides more benefits for its users. Information technology is important to manage information so
that information could be searched easily and accurately. The technology that is often considered not much
needed is the website. Website is one of the important factors in the establishment of an organization or a
company. In this study, researchers used the Webqual 4.0 method to assess the quality of websites at PT. The
Media Innovation Unit using a quantitative approach. Data collection was carried out by distributing
questionnaires to all employees of PT. The Media Innovation Division is 50 respondents and uses several tests
to see the effect of the website on the monitoring dashboard website users. The results of this study indicate that
the research on the quality of the website gets positive results and it can be said that the internal website has an
effect on user satisfaction
KEY WORDS: Technology, Information, WebQual 4.0, User Satisfaction
University Website Quality Ranking using Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Program...IJECEIAES
The current tight competition in developing University websites forces developers to create better products that meet users needs and convinient. There are at least two factors representing university websites; accessibility and usability. We test three criteria of accessibility and usability that are called stickiness, backlink, and web page loading time. Usability and accessibility are closely related to subjective user judgments. Human judgment cannot be valid. Thus the use of fuzzy numbers are expected to provide solutions in calculating the results. In this research, the question of usability is a multi criteria decision-making problem that is caused by its complex structure. We use the Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming (LFPP) method, which is a refinement of the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process method, to solve this problem. This research aims to re- assess the rank of five Indonesian university websites. Based on LFPP method, we obtain that the equation of model gets high consistency of the set priority matching to fuzzy pairwise comparison matrix of three selection criteria. The calculation results show that stickiness is the most significant factor that affects the quality of the websites.
TOWARDS UNIVERSAL RATING OF ONLINE MULTIMEDIA CONTENTcscpconf
Most website classification systems have dealt with the question of classifying websites based on
their content, design, usability, layout and such, few have considered website classification
based on users’ experience. The growth of online marketing and advertisement has lead to
fierce competition that has resulted in some websites using disguise ways so as to attract users.
This may result in cases where a user visits a website and does not get the promised results. The
results are a waste of time, energy and sometimes even money for users. In this context, we design
an experiment that uses fuzzy linguistic model and data mining techniques to capture users’
experiences, we then use the k-means clustering algorithm to cluster websites based on a set of
feature vectors from the users’ perspective. The content unity is defined as the distance between
the real content and its keywords. We demonstrate the use of bisecting k-means algorithm for
this task and demonstrate that the method can incrementally learn from user’s profile on their
experience with these websites.
TOWARDS UNIVERSAL RATING OF ONLINE MULTIMEDIA CONTENTcsandit
Most website classification systems have dealt with the question of classifying websites based on
their content, design, usability, layout and such, few have considered website classification
based on users’ experience. The growth of online marketing and advertisement has lead to
fierce competition that has resulted in some websites using disguise ways so as to attract users.
This may result in cases where a user visits a website and does not get the promised results. The
results are a waste of time, energy and sometimes even money for users. In this context, we design
an experiment that uses fuzzy linguistic model and data mining techniques to capture users’
experiences, we then use the k-means clustering algorithm to cluster websites based on a set of
feature vectors from the users’ perspective. The content unity is defined as the distance between
the real content and its keywords. We demonstrate the use of bisecting k-means algorithm for
this task and demonstrate that the method can incrementally learn from user’s profile on their
experience with these websites.
The increased trend to use websites for various purposes has also increase in different domains such
as education, health, government and business. Organizations seeking to obtain benefits from their
websites need to create and maintain websites that are successful in supporting the interaction and
communication of the organization with their users. The main goal of this paper is to design the website
evaluation framework for academic websites. For this purpose the study of academic websites, website
quality models and their quality factors. A new quality evaluation framework consisting of five high level
quality factors namely: Usability, Content, Presentation, Functionality and Reliability
Generating a Domain Specific Inspection Evaluation Method through an Adaptive...Waqas Tariq
The growth of the Internet and related technologies has enabled the development of a new breed of dynamic websites and applications that are growing rapidly in use and that have had a great impact on many businesses. These websites need to be continuously evaluated and monitored to measure their efficiency and effectiveness, to assess user satisfaction, and ultimately to improve their quality. Nearly all the studies have used Heuristic Evaluation (HE) and User Testing (UT) methodologies, which have become the accepted methods for the usability evaluation of User Interface Design (UID); however, the former is general, and unlikely to encompass all usability attributes for all website domains. The latter is expensive, time consuming and misses consistency problems. To address this need, new evaluation method is developed using traditional evaluations (HE and UT) in novel ways.
The lack of a methodological framework that can be used to generate a domain-specific evaluation method, which can then be used to improve the usability assessment process for a product in any chosen domain, represents a missing area in usability testing. This paper proposes an adapting framework and evaluates it by generating an evaluation method for assessing and improving the usability of a product, called Domain Specific Inspection (DSI), and then analysing it empirically by applying it on the educational domain. Our experiments show that the adaptive framework is able to build a formative and summative evaluation method that provides optimal results with regard to the identification of comprehensive usability problem areas and relevant usability evaluation method (UEM) metrics, with minimum input in terms of the cost and time usually spent on employing UEMs.
DEVELOPMENT OF WEB APPLICATION FOR PACKAGING DESIGNijma
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1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 12, Issue 1 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 92-102
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 92 | Page
Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
N. Elangovan
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Christ University, Bangalore
Abstract: Websites are a window for the world for looking in most of the Information and a gateway for many
activities. Websites are not only a necessity but also mandatory for B-Schools. A B-School Website serves as
portal to all stakeholders in addition to being an information placeholder. The Websites serves from being an
administrative tool to a Learning Management system. The utility and the effectiveness of website depend on the
quality of the service it provides to the surfer. A study was undertaken to survey the various features of a B-
School Website that could serve as a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) touchstones. In addition, the
influence of perceived quality on the user satisfaction was also studied. A focus group of B-School Students
evaluated the Websites and scored a checklist cum questionnaire. The results highlight the most frequently
found features and the least found features of a B-School Website. The factors that are important for creating a
quality website are also found. This study will help the B-school administrators and the Website designers to
create a quality and satisfying Websites.
Keywords: B-School, Website features, WebQual
I. Introduction
The Internet has become ubiquitous in the modern world. As Carr (2003), in his article, ―IT Doesn't
Matter‖ argues that the strategic importance of information technology in business has diminished as IT has
become more commonplace, standardized and cheaper. The advancement in the technology and its utility makes
it very difficult for a business to survive without a website. Businesses without a website in today's date tend to
lose large number of its potential customers. Therefore having a web site is not just a commodity for businesses
nowadays, but a must. Need for quality website for schools, universities and other educational institutions is
constantly increasing, as online technologies become a bigger part of the educational process as well as decision
support for prospective students in selecting their place of study. The website also reflects the professional
image of the institution. This makes it important for institutions to work on making their web sites attractive,
informative, student –friendly and easy to navigate and with up-to-date technology, so surfers can easily locate
what they are looking for. A website that creates positive influence in the users gets more exposure by hits
created by the new users and returning users. The positive influence is created by different features embedded in
the Website and the quality of such features and the services provided.
This study focuses on enumerating the features of a Business School Website using a checklist. This
will highlight the most frequently found features and the ones found only in a few B-Schools Websites.
However, the outcome of the study can rank the most important features required in the B-School Websites.
This also throw light on the gap in designing the desirable features in a website that can really create an
experience to the surfer. In addition, this study also measures the Website quality using the WebQual-4
parameters and helps to understand the factors that influence the user satisfaction in the Website. The outcome
of this study will help the B-Schools in designing a website with features that will provide the users with various
information and utilities, thereby making the Website a gateway to all the stakeholders and create a satisfaction
in them.
The structure of the paper is as follows. The next section describes the theoretical background that
supports this study and describes background of the development of WebQual. In the third section the
framework and the methodology of the study are explained. In the fourth section, the results of the data analysis
are presented. In the fifth section the outcome of the study and its implications are discussed. The last section
draws conclusions and makes recommendations for future work.
II. Review of Literature
Zhang and Von Dran (2002) noted that the website functions as a ‗window‘ through which users have
their initial interaction with the organisation. With the advancement in technology, sophistication of customers‘
needs and the environment becoming more competitive, the focus is towards the quality of the web site. Liang
and Lai (2002) have found that the likelihood and the frequency of visitors to the website are positively
correlated to the web site quality. A tool for evaluating the website quality is also required for number of
reasons, such as a reviewing tool to the hosting organizations and to novice web developers as quality
touchstones in order to create usable Websites.
2. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
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The concept of quality is consisting of many criteria: quality of service perspective, a user perspective,
a content perspective or indeed a usability perspective (Jati & Dominic, 2009). However, for software testers
Webmasters, Web applications developers, and Website quality assurance managers need tools and methods that
are technical and spell the specification for engineering the Website. Kopcso, Pipino and Rybolt, (2001)
categorized the tools of website quality into 6 groups: (a) works that present prescriptions for good web site
design, (b) academic research that has addressed design issues, (c) work that focuses on the end users‘
perceptions and evaluations of the quality of a web site such as WebQual, (d) work that examines
communication effectiveness and benefits delivered by commercial sites, (e) investigations into the applicability
of data quality research in the traditional database and data warehouse contexts to a web environment and (f)
commercial sites, such as gomez.com, that rate other sites.
Bressolless and Nantel (2004) categorised the quality measurement tools on the perspective of
researchers and practitioners. The researcher‘s tools are again grouped into behavioural and attitudinal
measures. Behavioural measures focus on the measurement of the commercial activity of the site: number of
clicks, number of unique visitors or conversion rate of new visitors, analysis of log files, analysis of navigation
protocols or ongoing verbalization of consumers in a navigation situation. Attitudinal measures are traditional
measurement scales that evaluate perceptions of consumers or that rely on professional experts to measure these
perceptions. Under this category falls two approaches. The first one generally based on experts‘ evaluation or
interstitial surveys seem more common among practitioners. The second one, more grounded in psychometric
theory, is more prevalent among scholars. Bressolless and Nantel are of the opinion that practitioners have
adopted various approaches to measure perceptions of quality or efficacy of commercial websites: questioning
consumers after their purchase (Bizrate.com, Directpanel.com), or using professional experts to evaluate sites
(Gomez.com). However, they feel that these methods have problems of conceptualization of constructs or the
validity and reliability of the measures used.
Bressolles and Nantel (2008) described and compared various tools used for evaluation of Websites.
They compare:
a) EtailQ, developed by Wolfinbarger and Gilly (2003) that included 14 items divided into 4 dimensions
(design, customer service, reliability/compliance with commitments and security/privacy),
b) Webqual-4 developed by Barnes and Vidgen (2003), composed of 22 items on 3 dimensions (quality of
information, quality of interactivity /confidence and empathy, and usability of the site / usability and
design),
c) Sitequal developed by Yoo and Donthu (2001), that included 9 items distributed over 4 dimensions (ease of
use, design, processing speed and security) and
d) NetQual (Bressolles, 2006).
There are other studies that utilise the popular TAM based models to evaluate the quality, and to predict
the usage of the website (Loiacono, Watson, & Goodhue, 2002).
Context specific evaluation of quality has been done on Websites. The table -1 shows the streams of
research in different areas. Institutional web sites have become a major source of academic information to the
outside world, so it is essential for an institution to have a strong web presence. Website design for academic
institutions offers an insight into their and acts as a portal for all its stakeholders. The primary users of an
academic websites are students. They look for information at various levels: a prospective student is interested
in understanding what the institution provides, its programmes, infrastructure, knowledge resources etc. An
enrolled student look at the website for the course details, calendar and schedules, events, connects to library
and learning management system etc. A past student visits to have a network of alumni and track his alma
mater. The faculty use a website to disseminate information and learning material to the students. They host
their material for distribution and even discuss with students on blogs. The promoters and administrators use
website as a promotion tool for internal and external communication. Legal system requires B-Schools to
disclose certain mandatory information on their websites. Parents keep track of their ward progress at the school
by looking at their grade sheets and feedbacks. An employer connects to a B-School website to look for
prospective candidates.
2.1 About Webqual-4 tool
WebQual is basically used as an instrument for assessing user perceptions of the quality of Web sites.
WebQual is based on quality function deployment (QFD) and is different from other studies that emphasize on
the site characteristics or features (Kim & Eom 2002). Therefore, the instrument measures the qualities
subjectively. However, it can be coded and can be analysed using quantitative techniques. Previous applications
of WebQual include UK Business School sites, Internet bookshops, and a longitudinal study of small to medium
sized enterprises in the market intelligence sector (Barnes & Vidgen, 2001a).
3. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
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Table 1. Various contexts of Website Quality evaluation
Context Authors
Academic web sites Barnes and Vidgen (2000); Gullikson et al (1999); Tate et al (2007)
Small companies Barnes and Vidgen (2001b); Thelwall (2000)
Online auction houses Barnes and Vidgen (2001c),
Internet bookshops Barnes and Vidgen (2001a);
Barnes and Vidgen (2002)
Airline industry Shchiglik et al (2003)
e-Governance Alanezi, Kamil and Basri (2010); Barnes and Vidgen (2002)
e-Commerce websites Longstreet (2010); Loiacono et al (2002); Gehrke and Turban
(1999); Carlson, Voola, and Sinnapan (2003); Long and McMellon
(2004); Yoo and Donthu (2001); Webb and Webb (2004)
Hotel Website Sigala and Christou (2006)
B2C Cosmetic Website Durova and Amin (2009)
Stock Exchange Tarigan (2008)
Museum Website Fotakis, Th. & Economides (2008)
Banking Arientawati (2010)
WAP Websites Barnes, Liu, and Vidgen (2001)
Forum on Strategic Management Knowledge
Exchange (FSMKE) Web site
Barnes and Vidgen (2003)
Public accounting (PA) firms Fink and Nyaga (2009)
Public www Bauer and Scharl (2000)
Travel services Nusair and Kandampully (2008)
Categorise the features Huang, Le, Li, and Gandha (2006)
Apparel Websites Kim and Stoel (2004)
Comparison of tools Bressolles and Nantel (2008)
Cross-cultural aspects of web sites Kim and Lee (2006)
E-Loyalty in e-commerce Websites García et al (2005)
While WebQual 1.0 was strong on information quality, it was weak on interaction. Similarly, where
WebQual 2.0 emphasized interaction quality it lost some of the information quality richness of WebQual 1.0.
WebQual 3.0 brings together the information quality of WebQual 1.0 and the interaction quality of WebQual
2.0. Quality is viewed in three dimensions: Information quality, Interaction Quality, and Site Design Quality.
The instrument is tested in the domain of online auctions (Amazon, eBay, and QXL) and involved a high degree
of interaction of the subjects and the web sites evaluated (Barnes & Vidgen, 2001a). Replacing site quality with
usability, WebQual- 4.0 emphasizes the user and his/her perceptions rather than those of the designer. WebQual
has developed into the next version and today known as eQual-5 and used as an instrument for assessing user
perceptions of the quality of e-commerce Web sites (Barnes & Vidgen, 2005).
III. Methodology
Webqual is usually used to analyze website among purchase or commercial website, education and
internet banking website. In this study, the WebQual method is used to evaluate the quality of the B-School
website and the overall satisfaction of the users. Under this model, the quality of the website is measured for the
Service quality, Usability and the Information quality. The model is depicted in Figure below.
In the WebQual -4, Barnes & Vidgen (2005) explained that the dimension of Information quality is
adopted from the mainstream Information System (IS) research. This construct is built on literature focused on
information, data and system quality, including Bailey and Pearson (1983), Strong et al. (1997) and Wang
(1998). The dimension of Interaction and service quality are sourced from marketing, e-commerce and IS
service quality research. This construct is built on the SERVQUAL (Parasuraman, 1995, Zeithaml et al. 1990,
1993) and IS SERVQUAL (Pitt et al. 1995, 1997, Kettinger & Lee 1997, Van Dyke et al. 1997) and is based on
the Shostack‘s (1985) definition of a service encounter as ―a period of time during which a consumer directly
4. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
www.iosrjournals.org 95 | Page
interacts with a service‖. The dimension of Usability is drawn from literature in the field of human computer
interaction (Davis 1989, 1993, Nielsen 1993) and Web usability (Nielsen 1999, 2000, Spool et al. 1999).
3.1 Instrument Development
The instrument is designed in two parts, Section A and Section B. The section A is a check list of
features of a B-School Website. This was developed by exhaustively collecting the features of various B-School
Websites and consolidating them. 34 features were identified to be present in B-School Websites and these were
devised into a check list. This checklist will score the availability of the listed features in each of the B-School
Websites taken for the study. The section B of the instrument is adopted from the WebQual-4. A user‘s
perception of a ―good‖ information system would be a system where a user is satisfied with the qualities of the
website. The previous researches suggest the dimensions of WEBQUAL are predictive of user satisfaction and
the intention of user to reuse the website (Barnes & Vidgen, 2002; Loiacono et al, 2002).
There are three independent variables in the standard WebQual, where the dimension usability,
information quality and service interaction quality are measured by 23 questions. Besides that, this study also
has one dependent variable, which is user satisfaction. Three items relates more to a commercial website where
there will be transaction of products or service. Therefore these item are removed since the B-School websites
do not transact any commercially valuable goods are services. Two new items are included to reflect the
technical service quality of the websites such as; ‗The web page loads faster‘, and ‗Website is compatible with
all platforms‘ (Table 2). The measurement scale use in this study is five-point Likert scale. Respondents will be
asked to rate the website for each quality using a scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
3.2 Sample Design
The business schools in India that are offering postgraduate programme business management are taken as the
population for the study. There are over 4000 B-Schools in India of which 3,500 management institutes alone
approved by the AICTE, of which 3,000 offer MBA programmes and 500 offer diplomas1
. Business India B-
School Survey2
listed around 350 top institutions and their URL name. Having this database as a representative
population, the list is used as the sample framework. Within this sample framework, the of B-School website
were randomly selected. Totally 240 B-School websites were identified and assigned to a group of students.
The participants of the focus group for the study were selected students of postgraduate programme of
Business Administration (MBA). The students had to browse through the website and verify the items in a
checklist. After they have thoroughly explored and experienced the web pages, they were provided with a
questionnaire that elicited their opinion and perception on the quality of the website. Only 206 usable responses
were received which are used for the further analysis.
IV. Data Analysis and Results
This chapter shows the descriptive results of data collection and presents the findings of data analysis
associated with research hypotheses. It contains four sections of empirical results. The first section is the
descriptive statistics of the features of the website. The numbers of B-School websites that have each of the
features are consolidated and are presented in a table. The second section is the results of the WebQUal
measures showing their mean and the distribution. The third section is the reliability tests of measurement
scales. It consists of the evaluations of the coefficient alpha. The fourth section depicts the relationship between
the constructs using multivariate regression analysis.
First the responses that were received are coded and entered into a spreadsheet. For the part-A of the
questionnaire, which is a checklist that evaluates the availability of various features in the B-School website, the
values is scored as one for features available and zero for features not available. The part-B of the questionnaire,
which measures the website quality on a five-point Likert scale is coded as ‗1‘ for strongly disagree, ‗2‘ for
disagree, ‗3‘ for Neutral, ‗4‘ for agree and ‗5‘ for strongly agree.
4.1 Features of the B-School Websites
The respondents were first asked to browse through the given website and were asked to score a
checklist for availability and non-availability of the listed features. The results are consolidated and are
presented in table 2.
1
http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-branded-capital-of-fake-business-schools/1/151794.html accessed on May 15,2013
2
http://www.seaastandards.org/bschools2011/Alphabetical%20List.pdf accessed on February 20, 2013.
5. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
www.iosrjournals.org 96 | Page
Table 2 – Frequency Table for availability of features in the website
S.No. Website Features
Frequency
N=206
Percent
1 About The Institute 206 100.0
2 Contact Details 192 93.2
3 Admission Details 186 90.3
4 Program 171 83.0
5 Placement 171 83.0
6 Application Download 169 82.0
7 Events And Programme 169 82.0
8 News And Diary 161 78.2
9 About The Management 159 77.2
10 Courses 154 74.8
11 Publications 148 71.8
12 Alumni Connections 148 71.8
13 Infrastructure Details 145 70.4
14 Faculty Directory 136 66.0
15 Site Map 128 62.1
16 Departments 125 60.7
17 Research Centre 118 57.3
18 Academic Calendar 112 54.4
19 Students Community 111 53.9
20 Repository 110 53.4
21 Details of Office And Service 107 51.9
22 Industry Connect 100 48.5
23 Examination And Results 99 48.1
24 Mail Services 94 45.6
25 Accreditation Information 92 44.7
26 Life At Campus 91 44.2
27 Curriculum 90 43.7
28 Search Engine 90 43.7
29 Location Map 89 43.2
30 Staff Directory 88 42.7
31 Link To Library Resources 71 34.5
32 Feedback System 52 25.2
33 Web2.0 40 19.4
34 Link To Learning Management System 34 16.5
The table shows the number of websites which has the listed features. All the websites (100%) are
generous with complete information saying about the institution. Around 90% of the websites have the
admission details in them. In general around 80% of the websites furnish the information regarding the program,
a link to application download, details about the events and program, news & diary, placement information and
the contact details. On Average 50 to 79% of the websites provide information About The Management,
Academic Calendar, Alumni Connections, Students Community, Repository, Site Map, Details of Office And
Service, Departments, Courses, Faculty Directory, Research Centre, Publications. Around 20 to 49% of the
websites carry information‘s like Location Map, Curriculum, Staff Directory, Link to Library Resources,
Examination and Results, Life at Campus, Industry Connection, Accreditation Information, Mail Services,
Search Engine, Feedback System. Only 19.4% of the websites provide Web2.0 feature and 16.5% of the
websites provides a link to their learning management system (Table 2).
4.2 Website quality parameters
The perception on the various quality parameters of the B-School website was obtained on a five-point
Likert Scale of agreeableness. On a scale of 1 to 5 and mid value of 3, the mean values of the items are
interpreted to be high or low. The results are presented in the table 3. The participants report that the B-School
websites are better in terms of ease to learn, ease to navigate, ease to use, faster loading and clear interaction.
The participants feel that the websites are low in security, personalization and in providing a sense of
community. However the overall opinion on the B-School websites were Satisfactory
6. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
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Table 3 - Descriptive statistics of the WebQual Measures
N
Mean
Std.ErrorofMean
Std.Deviation
Skewness
Kurtosis
Easy to learn 206 3.65 .068 .970 -.643 .312
Interaction clear 206 3.50 .068 .977 -.494 .198
Easy to Navigate 206 3.55 .064 .919 -.697 .515
Easy to use 206 3.55 .071 1.024 -.669 .330
Attractive appearance 206 3.35 .070 1.000 -.215 -.299
Appropriate design 206 3.43 .066 .948 -.326 -.279
Competency 206 3.25 .062 .890 -.173 -.586
Positive experience 206 3.42 .063 .911 -.275 -.033
Accurate 206 3.32 .064 .923 -.255 -.160
Believable 206 3.20 .065 .934 -.770 .161
Timely 206 3.33 .071 1.016 -.446 -.146
Relevant 206 3.41 .068 .972 -.284 -.168
Understandable 206 3.40 .070 1.001 -.407 -.172
Detail 206 3.23 .066 .948 .014 -.268
Format 206 3.25 .066 .953 -.310 -.032
Secure 206 2.97 .056 .799 -.113 -.125
Personalised 206 2.99 .061 .881 .072 -.009
Sense of community 206 2.99 .065 .934 .247 -.268
Communicate 206 3.34 .064 .912 -.310 -.051
Loads faster 206 3.51 .062 .887 -.488 .289
Compatible 206 3.33 .060 .854 -.217 .467
Overall satisfaction 206 3.61 .059 .847 .122 -.692
Cronbach alpha is the general standard for measuring a group indicator from second or many variables.
This value range from 0 to 1, where value of high alpha shows high reliability between the indicators
(Boudreau, Gefen, & Straub, 2001). As a rule of thumb, the value of cronbach's alpha over 0.7 is adequate for
the research of social science. The reliability of the three constructs used in the study is presented in the table- 4.
The result show that the cronbach's alpha values of the WebQual variables are all above 0.742, which are above
the minimum acceptable level. This shows that the multi item measures reliably measure the intended construct.
Table 4 - Reliability Statistics for the WebQual Variables
Construct Cronbach's Alpha N of Items Variables
Usability .890 8
Easy To Learn
Interaction Clear
Easy To Navigate
Easy To Use
Attractive Appearance
Appropriate Design
Competency
Positive Experience
Information
Quality
.854 7
Accurate
Believable
Timely
Relevant
Understandable
Detail
Format
Service
Integration
.742 6
Secure
Personalized
Sense Of Community
Communicate
Loads Faster
Compatible
Before doing an inferential study of the WebQual model, the correlations between the constructs are
verified. The linearity of the relationship between dependent and independent variables represents the degree to
which the change in the dependent variable is associated with the independent variable. If the constructs have a
lower correlation, the regression equation will be inconclusive. This will mean that the independent constructs
will have high discriminance and each will explain the dependent variables in a different degree and perspective.
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Similarly, high correlation (generally 0.90 and higher) between variables will result in multicollinearity that will
reduce any single independent variable‘s predictive power by the extent to which it is associated with the other
independent variables. A value between 0.3 and 0.7 will result in a predictable model with a good fit.
Table 5 - Correlations
Usability Quality Service
Usability 1 .490**
.443**
Quality .490**
1 .446**
Service .443**
.446**
1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 5 presents the correlation between the three independent variables used in the study. The values
lie between 0.443 and 0.490 with a significant value of p<0.001, which shows a significant but moderate
correlation perfectly suitable for the regression analysis.
The constructs, service interaction, Information quality and usability are next entered into regression
with overall satisfaction as dependent variable. The results of the regression analysis are presented in the table 6.
All the three dependent variable are found to significantly explain the variance in the overall user satisfaction.
Using the beta coefficients, it can be understood that the usability is the most important factor that influence the
satisfaction. Followed to that Service interaction is next important factor and Information quality is also having
an influence on user satisfaction. The model is also found to be significant and fit to the data very well. The
model R-Square value is 0.444, which means that the three independent variables explain 44.4% of the variance
in the dependent variable. This shows that a good amount of user satisfaction can be influenced by managing the
usability, service interaction and information quality. The rest of the user satisfaction can be understood to be
created by unknown factors or by variables not included in this study.
Table 6 - Regression analysis of the WebQual
Variables Entered Variables Removed Method
Service, Usability, Quality . Enter
R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate
.666a
.444 .436 .636
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Regression 65.333 3 21.778 53.768 .000a
Residual 81.817 202 .405
Total 147.150 205
Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) .075 .284 .263 .793
Usability .397 .074 .337 5.363 .000
Quality .219 .076 .182 2.891 .004
Service .450 .089 .308 5.038 .000
V. Discussion
This study looks at the quality requirements of the B-School Websites and tries to develop a model that
predicts the user satisfaction in the website. Initially a check list is used to verify the availability of various
features in a B-School Website. The results highlight the major features that are found in the Websites and also
present an understanding to the website builders a list of features that are required to an academic website to
create a user satisfaction. About the institute, Contact details, Admission details, the details of programmes
offered, Placement services and application download are basic features that are found in an academic Website.
About the management, Infrastructure details, Courses offered, events and programme, news and diary,
publications and Alumni connections are frequently found in academic websites. Location map, Link to learning
management systems, Web 2.0 features and feedback system are some of special features that are found in only
a few Websites.
This study shows that most of the B-School has their Websites as a static information channel or an
information placeholder. The strategic use of website is not being done by many B-Schools. However, a few B-
Schools websites are being use as a gateway for all the stakeholders like, students, industry, parents, faculty, the
administrators and the management. This makes everyone to get into the website for all their information
requirements and transactions. The websites being more dynamic, versatile and more users friendly make it a
most visited site and provide satisfaction to the users. Apart from the features of a Website the user satisfaction
depends on the quality of the Website. Quality is the fitness for purpose. Though a Website may have many
features, do the features serve the real purpose they are intended for. Building a Website with huge graphics
leaves it slow in loading and annoys the user. However, to be more informative and attractive the Websites need
8. Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School Websites
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to use charts and pictures. Therefore, a balance is required in providing a Website that gives an ultimate
satisfaction in terms of both information quality and service quality. The websites were tested with the
WebQual- 4 measures to understand the quality level and to what degree the users are satisfied from the use of
the Website. The usability factors such as easy to learn, easy to navigate, clear interaction and easy to use are
found in more websites. These variables are also found to influence the user satisfaction to a larger extend. The
Service interactions such as security, personalization, sense of community are all found to be low in the B-
School websites. However, the influence of these variables are found be more prominent on the user
satisfaction. Therefore the Websites should be designed such that they are secure in holding information and
users will not hesitate in providing sensitive information. Similarly, instead of building a website on the
promoter‘s perspective, they need to be developed more on the user centric requirements. This will help in
providing a personalize feel to the user who visit the Website and also a feeling of belongingness to the B-
School community.
The information quality is also found be good in the B-School websites. This reflects the learned
community and their versatility in the messages and effectiveness in communication. However, the influence of
these factors on the user satisfaction is found to be significant, its degree is secondary to the usability and
Service interaction requirements of the Website. This can interpreted that the B-School websites are expected to
provide accurate, timely, accurate, understandable, detailed, well-formatted information and they stand to the
expectations and provide them in a better level. Therefore their influence on user satisfaction is found to be
obvious but to a lesser extent. The previous studies on user satisfaction on various features of Information
Technology (IT) and Information system (IS) like software packages, Internet utilities, technological devices has
shown that a satisfied user will utilize the technology more frequently and thereby become more efficient.
Therefore the necessities of the user satisfaction in the B-School Websites are important to bring them to the site
and make them utilize the various features, so that information is disseminated more effectively and efficiently.
VI. Conclusion
Understanding the need and importance of a website for a B-School, this study was proposed to survey
the various features available in the B-School Website. In addition, the factors that lead to the satisfaction of the
user are also studied. With a focus group formed from the students of Post Graduate Business Management
programme, the Websites were tested. The findings rank the most prominently found feature and the least found
features in a B-School Website. The perceived quality of the Websites were also evaluated and found that
usability and the service interaction are the most predicting factors of user satisfaction in the Websites. The
information quality is also has a significant influence on the user satisfaction. This study helps the B-Schools
and the designers of the B-School Websites to understand the various requirements of a Website, and how to
build them with quality such that users visiting the Website are satisfied and visit them frequently.
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16.
ANNEXURE - I
WEB SITE CONTENTS CHECK LIST
ReferencesName of the B-School
URL
Google search by Name (Number of total results)
1 About the institute
2 About the Management
3 Location Map
4 Infrastructure details
5 Details of office and services
6 Departments
7 Program
8 Curriculum
9 Courses
10 Admission details
11 Application download
12 Faculty directory
13 Staff Directory
14 Link to library resources
15 Link to Learning management system (LMS like Moodle)
16 Examination and results
17 Research centre
18 Publications
19 Students community
20 Alumni connection
21 News and diary
22 Events and programmes
23 Academic calendar
24 Life at campus
25 Industry Connect
26 Placement
27 Repository (Lecture notes, Presentations, Podcast, Video, etc.)
28 Accreditation information
29 Web 2.0 features (Blog, social networking etc)
30 Mail service
31 Search engine
32 Site Map
33 Contact details
34 Feedback system
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ANNEXURE - II
THE WEBQUAL 4.0 INSTRUMENT
Strongly
Disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly
Agree
Usability
1 I find the site easy to learn to operate
2 My interaction with the site is clear and understandable
3 I find the site easy to navigate
4 I find the site easy to use
5 The site has an attractive appearance
6 The design is appropriate to the type of site
7 The site conveys a sense of competency
8 The site creates a positive experience for me
Information quality
9 Provides accurate information
10 Provides believable information
11 Provides timely information
12 Provides relevant information
13 Provides easy to understand information
14 Provides information at the right level of detail
15 Presents the information in an appropriate format
Service interaction
16 Any personal information is secure
17 Creates a sense of personalization
18 Convey s a sense of community
19 Makes it easy to communicate with the organization
20 The web page loads faster
21 Website is compatibility with all platform
Overall
22 As a whole I am satisfied with the website
BIOGRAPHY
Elangovan. N is an assistant professor at Department of Management Studies, Christ University,
Bangalore. He holds a B.E. degree in Mechanical Engineering and an MBA Degree with specialization in
Marketing. He has also received M.Sc. and M.Phil. degrees in Psychology. His primary teaching interest is in
Marketing and Information Systems. His area of interest and research is in strategic information systems
management.