The abrasive particulates on the cutting wheel influence the quality of cut. The surface finish, and the temperature raise during the cutting processes is governed by various parameters such as size of the particulates, its shape, roundness of edges at the particulates and strength of the bond between particulates and resins. The composite parting-off wheel is superior to that of commercial counterparts. A composite parting-off wheel was fabricated using powder metallurgy technique. The composite powders were prepared using an ingeniously designed and developed horizontal axis ball mill. The parting-wheel was able to cut metals bars such as aluminium, copper and mild steel with relative ease. It was found out that the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, hardness and tensile strength was better than conventional abrasive wheels. The cutting ratio was superior to the abrasive wheels and CZT was lower in comparison
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Optimization of the Process Parameters in Friction Stir Welding o...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study is describing a simple and systematic methodology for optimizing the Process parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) of (AA6105 and AA6082) aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique. The main focus of this review paper is to discuss FSW principle, process parameter and mechanical properties. The current study focuses on the friction stir welding of wrought aluminium alloys 6082 and aluminium alloy 6105 that are commonly used in the structural and automotive industries. Apart from this paper FSW process has been done on various aluminium alloys but dissimilar friction stir welding of these two materials are not reported in their research. A systematic study has been performed on the joint properties on the dissimilar welding of the selected materials and their relationships between various parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
“Rover - Remote Operated Vehicle for Extraction and Reconnaissance”IOSR Journals
Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose.
Use “pro-engineering software” for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.
Analysis of the Demand for Eggs in City Of MalangIOSR Journals
This research was aimed at determining the factors that influence the demand for eggs in the City of Malang and knowing the elasticity of demand in relation to the changes in price of the eggs in the City of Malang. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 to December 2012 from the consumers who purchase eggs at the traditional markets in the City of Malang (Dinoyo market and Pasar Besar market). The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling method. The data collected included the primary data from 200 respondents through direct observations and interviews and the secondary data that were obtained from certain relevant agencies. Data were then analyzed by using multiple linear regressions in logarithms. Regression analysis result showed that the independent variables together significantly affected (P < 0.01) the dependent variable with a value of R ² was 0.731. Partially that each of the prices of the eggs, household income, the family members, and education, affected the demand for eggs in the City of Malang. The price elasticity of demand for eggs is elastic with a value of -2.824. The value of the income elasticity of demand for eggs was 0.022 which was inelastic, which means that eggs are normal goods or commodity. The value of cross-price elasticity of demand for eggs to broiler meat was -4.451, which means that the broiler meat are not as substitutes (commodity) for eggs of egg-laying chickens.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Review on Optimization of the Process Parameters in Friction Stir Welding o...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study is describing a simple and systematic methodology for optimizing the Process parameters of friction stir welding (FSW) of (AA6105 and AA6082) aluminium alloy using Taguchi technique. The main focus of this review paper is to discuss FSW principle, process parameter and mechanical properties. The current study focuses on the friction stir welding of wrought aluminium alloys 6082 and aluminium alloy 6105 that are commonly used in the structural and automotive industries. Apart from this paper FSW process has been done on various aluminium alloys but dissimilar friction stir welding of these two materials are not reported in their research. A systematic study has been performed on the joint properties on the dissimilar welding of the selected materials and their relationships between various parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
“Rover - Remote Operated Vehicle for Extraction and Reconnaissance”IOSR Journals
Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose.
Use “pro-engineering software” for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.
Analysis of the Demand for Eggs in City Of MalangIOSR Journals
This research was aimed at determining the factors that influence the demand for eggs in the City of Malang and knowing the elasticity of demand in relation to the changes in price of the eggs in the City of Malang. Data collection was conducted from November 2012 to December 2012 from the consumers who purchase eggs at the traditional markets in the City of Malang (Dinoyo market and Pasar Besar market). The research method being employed in this study was a survey method. Sampling was conducted through purposive sampling method. The data collected included the primary data from 200 respondents through direct observations and interviews and the secondary data that were obtained from certain relevant agencies. Data were then analyzed by using multiple linear regressions in logarithms. Regression analysis result showed that the independent variables together significantly affected (P < 0.01) the dependent variable with a value of R ² was 0.731. Partially that each of the prices of the eggs, household income, the family members, and education, affected the demand for eggs in the City of Malang. The price elasticity of demand for eggs is elastic with a value of -2.824. The value of the income elasticity of demand for eggs was 0.022 which was inelastic, which means that eggs are normal goods or commodity. The value of cross-price elasticity of demand for eggs to broiler meat was -4.451, which means that the broiler meat are not as substitutes (commodity) for eggs of egg-laying chickens.
An Effective Model for Evaluating Organizational Risk and Cost in ERP Impleme...IOSR Journals
Enterprise Resource planning (ERP) implementations in the context of small medium size enterprises is discussed in this paper. It is essential for small businesses to success implementation an ERP system to maintain control of their risks. ERP implementation is costly and risky for small and medium enterprises. Paper identified from archived literature, ERP implementation risk in selecting and implementing an ERP system. Authors hypothesized a relationship between two elements of organizational risk factors, adequate system and business processes re-engineering. The study also examines the relationship between ERP implementation cost and ERP project success in order to better manage enterprises ERP projects in context of SMEs.
Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School WebsitesIOSR Journals
Websites are a window for the world for looking in most of the Information and a gateway for many activities. Websites are not only a necessity but also mandatory for B-Schools. A B-School Website serves as portal to all stakeholders in addition to being an information placeholder. The Websites serves from being an administrative tool to a Learning Management system. The utility and the effectiveness of website depend on the quality of the service it provides to the surfer. A study was undertaken to survey the various features of a B-School Website that could serve as a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) touchstones. In addition, the influence of perceived quality on the user satisfaction was also studied. A focus group of B-School Students evaluated the Websites and scored a checklist cum questionnaire. The results highlight the most frequently found features and the least found features of a B-School Website. The factors that are important for creating a quality website are also found. This study will help the B-school administrators and the Website designers to create a quality and satisfying Websites.
Wind Turbine Power Generation: Response PredictionIOSR Journals
The worldwide interest has been increasing about wind energy for power generation purpose due to
continue increase in fuel cost and the need to have clean source of energy. Wind energy may enhance the power
generation capabilities and maximize its capacity factor, inurn participate in generating power at lower cost. It
has also been notice that renewable power generation through wind energy is also the fast growing energy
technology. The optimization of the efficiency of wind turbine is prudent to complete the conventional power
sources. Wind Turbine Power Generation (WTPG) is a complex phenomenon to understand since the real
process has depends upon the Wind Velocity and the relative turbine dimensions and the outside climatological
parameter like Wind Velocity (WV) nature of wind, etc. In this paper an effort has been made to develop a fuzzy
logic approach to predict an appropriate WTPG considering the WV, AD and Chord Length of Turbine Blades
(CLTB) as input parameters. The complexities of the parameters and the imprecision of linguistic expressions
are taken into consideration; the application combining linguistic variable to optimize WTPG under multiple
conditions is presented in this study.
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
The contribution of Sport and Physical activity towards the achievement of co...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last two decades Zimbabwe suffered severe socioeconomic and political crisis. The crisis was
characterised by unprecedented rates of inflation which were exacerbated by political instability and economic
sanctions. The economic challenges led to severe brain drain of Zimbabwe health professionals. The elements of
a previously well maintained health care system severely deteriorated. Community health was therefore
seriously compromised. Now that Zimbabwe seem to be on the recovery path this article critiques, reviews and
justifies the potential contribution which sport and physical activity can make towards the achievement of
community healthy objectives in Zimbabwe in line with millennium development goal number six. The content
analysis and review identified that sport and physical activity can play a significant role in improving the health
of members of the Zimbabwean community. It is apparent from the review that Sport and physical activity can
help reduce the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension and many other
health problems bedevilling the Zimbabwean society today and hence contribute towards the achievement of
Millennium Development Goal number six.
Keywords: Community health, Physical activity, Sport, MDGs, Zimbabwe
The Effect Of Planning And Control To Bureaucracy Behavior In The Improving S...IOSR Journals
The main problem in this study is the service quality in the Department of Population and Civil Registration Jakarta is considered optimal. Bureaucratic behavior, presumably as a result of poor planning and oversight that cannot be implemented properly. The purpose of this research is to gain any influence planning on the bureaucratic behavior, monitoring on bureaucratic behavior, and the influence of bureaucratic behavior on the service quality and to obtain a new concept for the development of science and useful and can be applied in the community, especially in the Department of Population and Civil Jakarta. The method used in this study is non-experimental survey method with sampling Stratified Random Sampling. Technical analysis is the data used path analysis. Test the validity of the instrument using the Pearson correlation test product moment and reliability of the instrument using Cronbach alpha The results showed that the positive effect the planning on the bureaucracy behavior, oversight positive effect controlling on the behavior of bureaucracy and positive effect bureaucratic behavior on service quality. The findings in this study are not routinely conducted surveillance dimension thus potentially deviant bureaucracy behavior is not optimal to improve the service quality. The implications of this research are bureaucratic behavior is important in improving Service quality.
With the emergence of supermarkets, kirana stores have been depleting day by day. Government is in the grave situation to decide whether to allow 50% FDI or not in the retail sector. There are certain retail outlets such as Walmart, Metro which are better in quality, cheaper in rates, and offering a range and variety of products under one roof. These malls have entered in India but they are into cash and carry business only and not in the multi brand retail sector. Many of them have entered through joint ventures. If government allow them to enter in India, it can be said that all the small shops and kirana stores will not be able to stand in the market. They cannot compete with them. Now the question arise how the kirana stores can be saved from these big giants in the market. It is the need of the hour today to save these kirana stores because in a developing country like India where the income of an average man is low, such types of small business can make them able to earn their living. The present research is an attempt to find out the weaknesses of kirana stores as compared to the malls and to find out the solutions for the betterment of the stores. The research is conducted on various kirana stores in Punjab. The study identifies the problems being faced by kirana merchants such as recovery of credit, inventory management, goodwill in terms of quality, low space, and lack of variety etc. But during the research it has been found out that there are certain areas where these kirana stores have an edge over the market such as emotional attachment with the customer, to fulfil the timely need of credit of the customer, easy availability etc. It is concluded that both kirana stores and malls are important to the Indian economy. FDI is important for the growth of the economy but it should come for the rescue of the existing business and not as a threat. Secondly government intervention is seeked to make improvements in the functioning of the kirana stores. If kirana stores starts using their strategic advantages to the optimum level, they can make can make their existence strong in the market.
An Empirical Study on Patient Delight and the Impact of Human and Non-Human F...IOSR Journals
Health, one of the Fundamental Human Rights has been accepted in the Indian Constitution. Today the healthcare industry has emerged as one of the most challenging sectors as well as one of the largest service sector industries in India. Patient perceived service quality become the prominent aspect to choose between hospitals. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate patient perceived service quality in Indian hospitals. Further the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight is examined. A questionnaire was administered to the in-patients and multiple regression analysis has been used to examine the impact of the dimensions on patient satisfaction and patient delight. Findings emphasize eight distinct dimensions of patient perceived service quality and the impact on patient satisfaction and patient delight. A positive and significant relationship with patient satisfaction and patient delight has been found, except two dimensions. The results of this study are limited, as they are based on Indian hospitals. The contribution of this research paper, incorporate patient delight in health care sector. In addition, this paper highlights the importance of emotional attachment for patient satisfaction and patient delight in health care.
Revealing the Agency Cost, Management Behavior in the Practice of Tri Hita Ka...IOSR Journals
The research aims to dig and explain the practice of Tri Hita Karana (THK) cultural values implemented at LPD in relation to the agency costs. Ethnomethodology method is used in the research to understand principle’s and agent’s behavior with respect to THK cultural values. Research result shows that indexicality of THK cultural values such as parahyangan, pawongan and palemahan form reflexivity of agency cost items. The reflexivity of agency cost of parahyangan raises cost of pura development, ceremonial and donation for ceremonies. The reflexivity of agency cost of pawongan raises cost of education, health, ngaben-nyekah and funeral charity. The reflexivity of agency cost of palemahan raises cost of market, village hall, and sport facilities development, and beach arrangement. THK values and agency cost are important aspects to be considered in company management in order to maintain a balance relationship between God, Human and Environment to create harmonization in an organization.
Evaluations of the Effect of Workshop/Laboratory Accidents and Precautionary ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: A good number of scientist, engineers, laboratory or workshop users have lost their lives and the
lives of others due to accidents in the workshop caused by ignorance, neglect or carelessness. This paper focus
on the incident and prevalence rate of workshop and laboratory accidents in twenty (20) schools within Cross
River State, Nigeria. The investigation took place between January 2008 and December 2012 (a period of five
years). A total of 66 departments were investigated. The data was source with the help of the technologist and
head of Department of each of the schools. Based on these data, using descriptive analysis, multiple bar chart
and Trend analysis (Analysis of variance-SPSS) to show the growth and decline of laboratory or workshop
accidents across various departments over the years of study. The result revealed that the average number of
accidents occurred most in chemistry department; UNICAL and CRUTECH at 25 and 18 respectively, (table 1
and 2). And that of 18 secondary schools indicated that Bekwara Local Government Area was the highest
numbers of accidents (20.0) table 3, while Biase Local Government Area had the least (10.2), physics and
biology had recorded less accidents (table 3). In the two universities, computer/Maths statistic Department had
less laboratory accident due to not being exposed to heavy chemical. Hence, from this result, 40 workshop
safety and precautionary steps are release to avoid or minimize accidents in the laboratory or workshop towards
a healthy carrier.
Key Word: workshop accidents, Technology, Scientist, Engineers, Safety and precautions
Javanese Traditional Market Cultural Value in Accounting WorldIOSR Journals
This study explores the accounting values of Javanese traditional market and the potential extinction of those values that now are being marginalized by modern accounting. Modern accounting notions that only focus on economic value have lack meaning to a society whose need not only economic but also non economic value. This study uses grounded theory method to explore the Javanese traditional market values. This study found that tolerance which is consisted of hesitate and trust among traders in Javanese traditional market are the values that can be used in accounting as a concept to challenge the marginalization and domination of modern accounting notions.
Computations of the Ground State Cohesive Properties Of Alas Crystalline Stru...IOSR Journals
A density functional theory codes FHI-aims is used to investigate the material properties of AlAs bulk crystalline structures. The code has several input parameters or variables some of which should be optimized. In the FHI-aims code we study different phases of AlAs crystalline structure and the ground state cohesive properties of the most stable structure of AlAs was computed within GGA and LDA of the density-functional theory. The results of computations shows that the ground state equilibrium properties of and AlAs such as Lattice constants, cohesive energies and Bulk modulus are in agreement with experimentally found values within reasonable percentage errors.
Study on Coefficient of Permeability of Copper slag when admixed with Lime an...IOSR Journals
Production of waste in unpredictable amounts is almost in every part of metal and non metal casting
trade. These wastes can be converted to material goods if processed for vital improvement of valuables
provided it is cost-effective. Random dumping of these wastes may lead to environmental problems and
therefore, presently the reuse of the waste materials in various fields is seen for fairly various periods. Copper
slag is a waste product generated during the smelting process for the production of copper. It has been
estimated that for every tonne of copper produced, about 1.8-2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated as a waste.
Due to increase in production capacity of copper, copper slag getting accumulated require additional dumping
space and causing wastage of good cultivable land. The present paper discusses the laboratory test results of
coefficient of permeability tests conducted on copper slag mixed with cement and lime. The copper slag mixed
with lime and cement in various percentages were kept for curing and then tested after 7, 14, 28 days. Effective
results were observed for the coefficient of permeability of copper slag on addition of lime and cement from 0%
to 10%. There is a decrease in coefficient of permeability value as the percentage of addition of lime and cement
increases and with the curing period. The coefficient of permeability is very high for copper slag alone. When
copper slag is mixed with a binding material like lime or cement, there is a reduction in permeability. Also upon
mixing the same with an expansive soil, it may be suitable to reduce the swelling characteristics by developing
pozzolanic reactions.
Organizational citizenship Behavior as Attitude Integrity in Measurement of I...IOSR Journals
Quality of Human Resource represent one of the factor which to increase performance productivity an institution or organization. Therefore, needed Human Resource having high interest because interest or membership will be able to support the make-up of employees performance achievement. During the time at generally in governance institution not yet had officer with adequate interest, proved with still lower officer productivity and is difficult measure officer performance [in] governance institution scope. Performance Management System in a modern concept of human resource management is an objective and transparent performance measurement model of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in giving reward to individual’s sacrifice for organization. Three main elements of individual’s sacrifice performed in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) are compliance, loyality, and participation.The organization shoud appreciate these attitudes by giving clear job description and brief rewardsystemcriteriato encourage the individual’s job motivation. Combined with theindividual assessment of job description, job grading is used to compile a correct Key Performance Indexand a precise salary component. The aim of this action research is to give a comprehensive solution for Hospital X, in order to determine a Key Performance Indexsmodel, in response to some problems such as jobmotivation, work stress and performance. An interviews with hospital’s director and Human Resources section was conducted to compile the KPI. The results of this research can be recommended to the hospital to make a comprehensive performance assessment consist of the review of employee's job descriptions, Key Performance Indicator (KPI), job grading, specifying fundamental salary based on work,Bonus Scame and score summary
manufacturers are facing the challenges of
higher Quality and productivity are two
important . Productivity can be interpreted
in terms of material removal rate in the
machining operation and quality represents
satisfactory yield in terms of product
characteristics as desired by the customers.
but conflicting criteria in any machining
operations. In order to ensure high
productivity, extent of quality is to be
compromised.
Machining Of an Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Using Tungsten Carbide Insertstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace magnesium and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. It was performed on 4 mm thickness AZ91 Magnesium alloy. Magnesium alloy have more advantage than aluminum such as light weight, softer, tendency to bend easily, cost effective in terms of energy requirements so magnesium alloy has selected in this FSW technique. In friction stir welding (FSW), a momentous residual stress is present in weld due to complex nature of fixturing system compared to fusion welding. These residual stresses can affect properties of welded components during service. Therefore, for estimating magnitude of welding residual stresses and their nature of distribution along with thermal history, a three dimensional non- linear thermo-mechanical finite element (NLTMFE) model using ABAQUS/ CAE package was developed for butt welded magnesium alloy AZ91. The objective of this work is to predict the temperature distribution in both materials and evaluate the mechanical properties during the friction stir welding on magnesium alloy. Keywords: Fsw, Nltmfe, Abaqus, Cae, Az91.
Numerical simulation of friction stir butt welding processes for az91 magnesi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Journals
Abstract The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing the tool life, and productivity. Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
Friction stir processing is a technique for improving the characteristics of metals by causing local, severe plastic deformation. This deformation is achieved by forcing a non-consumable tool into the workpiece and rotating it in a stirring action while being pushed laterally through it. The primary goal of this experiment is to investigate Friction Stir processing parameters, surface composite production using friction stirs, and material mechanical characteristics. The various ceramic particles, such as SiC and Al2O3, were used as reinforcement particles. The parameter for this experiment is considered as the traveling speed, tool rotation speed, and tilt angles.
It is a near net shape process in which casting and forging is done in single step.
It is Referred by many names such as “squeeze casting” , “pressure infiltration”, “liquid metal forging”, “extrusion casting”, “liquid pressing'', “pressure crystallization”.
Similar to Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 9, Issue 4 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 01-08
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-
Production
S. JayaveluAssistant Professor, B. Lokeshwaran Student
Department of Mechanical engineering, Veltech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and
Technology, Avadi, Chennai, India-600062
Table of Contents
Abstract: ................................................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction:.......................................................................................................................................................1
2. Experimental Work: ...........................................................................................................................................2
2.1 Fabrication of specimen:...................................................................................................................................2
2.2 Metal cutting using a composite wheel:.............................................................................................................3
3. Result & discussion:...........................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Density:............................................................................................................................................................4
3.2 Compressive strength:.......................................................................................................................................4
3.3 Hardness test: ...................................................................................................................................................4
3.4 Tensile strength: ...............................................................................................................................................4
3.5 Stress-strain relationship:..................................................................................................................................5
3.6 Cutting ratio: ....................................................................................................................................................5
3.7 Cutting Zone Temperature(CZT): .....................................................................................................................7
4.Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................................................7
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................................................................8
Abstract: The abrasive particulates on the cutting wheel influence the quality of cut. The surface finish, and
the temperature raise during the cutting processes is governed by various parameters such as size of the
particulates, its shape, roundness of edges at the particulates and strength of the bond between particulates and
resins. The composite parting-off wheel is superior to that of commercial counterparts. A composite parting-off
wheel was fabricated using powder metallurgy technique. The composite powders were prepared using an
ingeniously designed and developed horizontal axis ball mill. The parting-wheel was able to cut metals bars
such as aluminium, copper and mild steel with relative ease. It was found out that the mechanical properties
such as compressive strength, hardness and tensile strength was better than conventional abrasive wheels. The
cutting ratio was superior to the abrasive wheels and CZT was lower in comparison.
Keyword: Composite parting-off wheel, powder etallurgy, cutting speed
I. Introduction:
Metal cutting operation is basic in any industrial activity. Before the introduction of cutting wheel,
people relied on inferior techniques such as gas cutting, hack saw, band saw, shearing, etc. The metal cut by
these methods suffered degradation of its physical and mechanical properties alike. The high temperature during
gas welding operation altered the grain size and grain distribution, which subsequently affected the hardness
and other mechanical properties of the base metal. This takes place because the metal near the cutting zone
melt and recast. The band saw machines and power hack saw machines were able to eject cooling oil to reduce
the frictional heating near the cutting zone. Though this is superior in comparison with any metal cutting
operation, there is a major drawback that the machine is often bulky and heavy. So it cannot be transported from
place to place for on-spot metal cutting operation. However portable machines which use abrasive parting-off
wheel does not have this problem.
A portable machine with cutting wheel capable of cutting hard metals on spot is preferred by many
including workers and industrialists alike. The parting-off wheel is capable of cutting ferrous as well as non-
ferrous metals. It is now-a-days available as either metal discs having higher hardness and toughness than the
base metal or by using abrasive materials. Abrasive parting-off wheel is preferred over its metal counter part
because of its low cost as well as wide availability. The parting operation is carried out by rotating a parting
wheel at high speed while the work piece is rigidly held by vice in the machine. However, the major problem in
abrasive parting-off wheel is its tendency to fail prematurely and causing injury to workers nearby. Failure
occurs because of degradation of mechanical properties and catastrophic brittle fracture from routine sectioning
of work piece.
2. Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production
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Heat is generated due to friction between the rotating parting-off wheel and the work piece. A rational approach
in the selection of abrasive was developed, to determine minimum cost per cut. Since wheel wear has an
important bearing on cost, it is of major concern of surface finish and dimensional accuracy, which are
frequently of major importance in some other operations. Conventional abrasive wheels available in market
have low wear ratio, low flexural strength and may break or fail well before expected time. Due to high CZT
during the abrasive parting-off wheel operation may lead to thermal damage to the work surface, like
introduction of tensile residual stresses and development of micro cracks. When the cutting temperature within
the contact arc reaches 150⁰C or more, burnout occurs due to film boiling of cutting fluid and the temperature
suddenly increases to over 400⁰C. This means, frictional heat evaporates the coolant, and then it becomes dry
cutting as evident from the sudden increase in temperature.
Parting-off wheel made of composite materials such as silicon carbide particulate and glass fibre
reinforcements are able to cut granite stones easily.
II. Experimental Work:
A composite parting-off wheel is created for use in metal cutting operation. The composite wheel
avoids the disadvantages such as brittleness, loss of abrasive particles and lower lifetime of the cutting wheel.
2.1 Fabrication of specimen:
The fabrication of the cutting wheel was preceded by designing and fabrication of horizontal axis ball
mill. The composite parting-off wheel was fabricated using powder metallurgy technique. The steps for
manufacturing of the composite material cutting wheel are explained below.
Element A: A powder mixture of 35% Aluminium powder (50µ m), 63% Silicon carbide powder - SiCp
(120µm), 2% silica gel in crystal form. To create Aluminium powders and SiCp powders, a cluster of balls
ofsize 8mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm were filled into the horizontal axis ball mill Fig. 1.
It was then made to operate at constant speed 300 rpm for 8 hours.
Element B: A mixture of 70% resin, 25% hardener and 5% filler material were prepared by stirring this
composition. It is called epoxy resin.
Element C: Fibre glass whiskers with 1% of Magnesium for wet-ability.
Fig. 1. Ingeniously designed and developed ball mill
Element D: This is a mixture of Part A 70% and Part B 30%. The mixture was stirred well to get slurry of
composite material and epoxy resin.
Fig. 2. Die for manufacturing of composite material parting wheel
3. Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production
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A mild steel die Fig. 2 was used to fabricate the specimen. The composition of the wheel was laid in
three layers and allowed to cure for a period of 4 to 5 hours. A detailed procedure of fabricating the specimen is
shown in the flowchart Fig. 3. The wheel thus fabricated is shown in Fig. 4. The composite wheel thus
fabricated has a radius of 300 mm and thickness of 5 mm respectively.
Fig. 3. Flowchart of parting-off wheel fabrication
Fig. 4. Composite parting wheel
2.2 Metal cutting using a composite wheel:
The specimen i.e., composite parting wheel thus fabricated was used to cut an aluminium bar. The
parting wheel was attached to a portable cutting machine Fig.5 capable of operating at 3800 rpm. The
specification of the machine is shown in Table 1.
The cutting wheel was found to be capable of cutting rods and bars of Aluminium, Copper and Ferrous easily.
The experiment was conducted with cutting of aluminium bars of 10 mm square cross section under two
conditions; one without coolant fluid and one with coolant fluid.
Max. blade diameter (mm) 355
Rated Voltage (V) 230
Rated frequency (Hz) 50/60
Rated speed (rpm) 3800
Table 1. Specification of portable parting-off wheel
4. Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production
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Fig. 5. Portable cutting machine
III. Result & discussion:
3.1 Density:
The theoretical density was determined by comparing the sum of volume (weight divided by the
density) of constituents and the volume of composite.
The volume of aluminium used was 274225 mm3
and mass was 0.402 kg. Weight density was calculated a
1.441 X 10-5
N/mm2
The volume of Titanium carbide used was 493605 mm3 and mass was 0.725 kg. Then weight density was
calculated as 1.439 X 10-5
N/mm2
Total weight densisty of the wheel material was 4.321 X 10-5
N/mm2
The above value is just for the compostion of composite material of the parting-off wheel. The presence of
epoxy resin and fibre glass increases the density of the parting-off wheel further
3.2 Compressive strength:
The compression test was performed on wheel material specimen with length to diameter ratio of 1.5.
This test was performed on Universal Testing Machine of 100 KN capacity. The sample was compressed
between two flat platens and the maximum failure load was recorded as 265 MPa. The compression test is
illustrated in Fig. 6. This reveals that the parting-off wheel is having considerable compression strength to resist
compressive load while cutting at very high speed.
Fig.6. Test specimen as per ASTM standards
3.3 Hardness test:
Three samples were extracted from the composite parting-off wheel and hardness was measured using
Brinell hardness testing machine. The average of the three readings revealed hardness as 90 BHN. This is
relatively good hardness to withstand extensive load while cutting ferrous metals and those with abrasive
materials.
3.4 Tensile strength:
The direct tensile strength of the wheel material was measured. For this purpose wheel material
samples were fabricated as per the ASTM standard as shown in Fig. 7. The tensile strength was measured on
100 KN universal testing machine. The tensile strength is considered less due to the presence of Titanium
carbide particulates and fibre glass reinforcement. This makes the composite parting-off wheel slightly brittle.
However, it is more tensile than that of abrasive wheels.
5. Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production
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Fig.7. Tensile test specimen as per ASTM standards
The results of all the above three tests are shown in Table 2
Density(N/mm2
) 4.321X10-5
Compressive strength (MPa) 265
Tensile strength (MPa) 100
Hardness (BHN) 90
Table 2. Properties of the composite parting-off wheel
3.5 Stress-strain relationship:
The abrasive wheels are subjected to a radial outward centrifugal force; therefore the material of the
wheel must have sufficient tensile strength to avoid catastrophic failure of the wheel during the rotation. The
material of the parting-off wheel should have high stiffness, i.e., for a given deflection, the load should be high
and vice- versa and also it should have flexibility.
The tensile strengths were measured by the help of Material Testing Machine, Zwick 010 model. Fig. 8
shows the tensile strength of the material of the wheel. The flexural strength of the wheel material was
measured by using three point loading system. The stiffness, i.e., load per unit deflection obtained for the
material of the wheel is 39.28 N/mm.
The graph reveals that the variation in stress and strain is linear. This means that the composite parting-
off wheel is still in its elastic limit even up to a stress of 65 MPa.
Fig. 8. Stress – Strain relationship in composite parting-off wheel
3.6 Cutting ratio:
Three materials aluminium, copper and mild steel bars were cut with the composite parting-off wheel
and abrasive wheel respectively. Correspondingly the cutting ratio was determined at four intervals of the work
piece. The intervals or position corresponding to the different depths of the aluminium bar while cutting with
the wheel is shown in Fig. 9. In the figure, the depth of the aluminium bar is 10 mm, readings are taken at four
locations (1,2,3,4) along depths 2.5 mm, 5 mm, 7.5 mm and 10 mm respectively.
Fig. 9. Cutting Aluminium bar using composite parting-off wheel
6. Aluminium + Ticp Matrix Composite Parting-Off Wheel-Production
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The cutting ratio was found by measuring the volume of the work piece and wheel after cutting operation. The
result obtained is discussed below. The comparison between cutting ratio by the composite parting-off wheel
and conventional abrasive wheel while cutting aluminium is shown in Fig. 10 a. & b. respectively.
Fig. 10. Cutting ratio comparison in cutting aluminium bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b)
Conventional abrasive wheel
The graphs reveal that cutting ratio increased proportional with the depth of cut. This is because with increase in
depth the compressive strength of the parting-off wheel provided additional force to aid in the cutting operation.
The use of coolant fluid also increased the cutting ratio, since lower temperature during cutting provided better
compressive force. It is found that cutting ratio by composite parting-off wheel was better than the abrasive
wheels. This is because; the TiCp was harder than abrasive particulates.
The cutting ratio while cutting copper bar is compared in the graph 11 a. & b. respectively. The influence of
coolant is also clearly visible in the same.
Fig. 11. Cutting ratio comparison in cutting copper bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b) Conventional
abrasive wheel
This graph reveals that the cutting ratio slightly less comparing with that on Fig. 10. Because copper is harder
and stronger than aluminium. However TiCp influences the cutting. The same is evident from abrasive wheel.
The use of coolant increased the cutting ratio because of lower temperature.
The cutting ratio of the composite parting-off wheel and the abrasive wheel are shown in Fig. 12 a. & b. The
influence of coolant fluid is clearly evident from the graph.
Fig. 12. Cutting ratio comparison in cutting mild steel bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b)
Conventional abrasive wheel
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3.7 Cutting Zone Temperature(CZT):
The CZT for the wheels during cutting of aluminium, copper and mild steel work pieces have been
illustrated in Fig. 13 a. 14 a. & 15 a. From the graphs it is evident that the using coolant reduced the CZT. It is
also found out that the CZT decreased with depth, because aluminium in the composite wheel had better
thermal conductivity which aided in better heat transfer during the cutting operation. In comparison while
cutting the three bars, the CZT was lower in case of aluminium bar because of higher thermal conductivity, and
then by copper bar because of its slightly lower thermal conductivity than aluminium, followed by mild steel
bar having the least thermal conductivity of the three.
The CZT of the abrasive wheels while cutting the three bars are shown in Fig. 13 b. 14 b. & 15 b.
Fig. 13. CZT in cutting aluminium bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b) Conventional abrasive wheel
Fig. 14. CZT in cutting copper bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b) Conventional abrasive wheel
Fig. 15. CZT in cutting mild steel bar (a) Composite parting-off wheel and (b) Conventional abrasive wheel
IV. Conclusion:
A triple layer composite parting-off wheel was fabricated. It was found to be superior to conventional
abrasive wheels. The cutting ratio of the composite parting-off wheel was analysed under different operating
conditions and CZT was found during cutting. The composite parting-off wheel was found to cut different
metals with relative ease.
The following properties of the composite parting-off wheel were identified:
Density was greater than abrasive wheels because of the composition in the composite parting-off wheel
The compressive strength was considerably greater because of the bonding between various compositions
of the wheel
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Tensile strength was lower because of compaction between the particulates in the wheel
Stress strain curve revealed that the variation between stress and strain in the composite parting-off wheel
was linear.
The cutting ratio was better when coolant was used.
The CZT was lower when compared with conventional abrasive wheels because the presence of aluminium
in its composition, heat dissipation was better.
Bibliography
[1]. M. Jayaraman, et.al., 2010, Establishing relationship between the base metal properties and friction stir welding process parameters of
cast aluminium alloys, Materials and Design, 31, 4567–4576
[2]. Rajagopalan, R., 1970, Abrasive Cutting off Wheel, Proc. of IVth AIMTDR Conference, IIT Madras, pp. 156-160
[3]. Sahu, P. and Sagar, R., 1999, Development of Abrasive Cut-off Wheel having side Grooves, The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology, in press pp. 23-27
[4]. Riga, A. T. and Scott, C. G., 2001, Failure Analysis of Abrasive Cut-off Wheel, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 8, pp. 237-243
[5]. Shaw, M. C., 1980,‘The Rating of Abrasive cut off wheels, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 96, pp. 138-146
[6]. Paul, S. and Chattopadhyay, A.B., 1995, A study of effect of cryocooling in grinding, Int J Mach Tool Manu, Vol. 35,109-117
[7]. Ebbrell, S. et al., 2000, the effects of cutting fluid application methods on the grinding process, Int J Mach Tool Manu, Vol. 40, 209-
223
[8]. Rajesh Purohit, 2006, To study the effect of grain size and die design on the cutting performance of glass fibre reinforced SiC abrasive
cut-off wheels, the 7th Asia pacific industrial engineering and management systems conference, pp. 1825-1834