Fungi- Yeast and Molds- Dr C R Meera
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This document summarizes key information about fungi. It begins by defining fungi as eukaryotic spore-bearing protists that lack chlorophyll and consist of yeasts and molds. Yeasts are described as unicellular, while molds are filamentous. The document then discusses the importance of fungi as decomposers, industrial applications, and parasites that cause disease. Key distinguishing characteristics of fungi are that they are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms with cell walls that may exhibit dimorphism. The structures of yeasts and molds are described in detail.
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13.introduction_to_mycology ppt regarding mycology
Here are the answers to the exercises:
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Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that differ from bacteria in having true nuclei and organelles. Most fungi are multicellular and have cell walls containing chitin. Fungi can be classified based on their morphology and reproductive structures. Important characteristics include whether they are molds, yeasts, or dimorphic. Laboratory identification of fungi involves microscopic examination of stained smears and cultures as well as culture characteristics. Direct visualization with KOH preparations and histopathology are used to diagnose fungal infections.
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This document provides an overview of mycology (the study of fungi). It discusses that fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and can exist as unicellular or multicellular forms. It describes the cell structure of fungi including their cell walls made of chitin and cell membranes containing ergosterol. It covers the taxonomic classification of fungi into phyla and discusses the structures and reproduction of different types of fungi including yeasts, molds, and thermally dimorphic fungi. It also addresses the laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections through microscopy, staining, culture and the clinical manifestations of different fungal infections.
FUNGI FULL NEW.pdf
This document describes the key characteristics of fungi. It discusses that fungi are a diverse group of chemoheterotrophs, with over 100,000 identified species, of which about 100 are human pathogens. Fungi can be saprophytes that digest dead organic matter, or parasites that obtain nutrients from living tissues. Most fungi are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. The document also summarizes fungi morphology, noting they have cell walls containing chitin, are eukaryotic, and can be unicellular or multicellular. It provides details on hyphal growth and structure, mycelium, and types of asexual and sexual spores.
Five kingdom classification
This document discusses Robert Whittaker's five kingdom classification system which divides organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia - based on cell structure, complexity of organism, and mode of nutrition. It provides an overview of the general characteristics of each kingdom, including whether cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, presence of organelles and cell walls, and whether organisms are autotrophic, heterotrophic, or saprophytic. The classification system helped distinguish prokaryotes from other organisms but had limitations such as separating similar unicellular algae and not accommodating viruses or lichens.
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION-RH Whittaker
The document discusses the five kingdom classification system proposed by Whittaker in 1969. The five kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotes), Protista (unicellular eukaryotes), Fungi (includes molds and mushrooms), Plantae (multicellular plants), and Animalia (includes animals). Each kingdom is defined based on characteristics such as cell structure, nutrition, and lifestyle. Monera includes bacteria and blue-green algae. Protista includes organisms like amoebas and euglenas. Fungi are saprophytic and include yeasts and molds. Plantae are autotrophic and multicellular. Animalia are heterotrophic and include insects,
Lec 9. Intro myco1.pptx
This document provides an introduction to mycology, the study of fungi. It defines fungi as eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and produce filamentous structures and spores. There are over 100,000 known fungal species, with around 300 pathogenic to humans. Fungi have cell walls containing chitin rather than peptidoglycan and cell membranes with ergosterol rather than cholesterol. Many medically important fungi can exist in both yeast and mold forms depending on temperature (dimorphism). Fungi are classified based on their morphology, life cycle and reproduction into groups such as zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes.
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Fungi have diverse forms ranging from unicellular yeasts to multicellular mushrooms. They obtain nutrients by absorption and break down organic material as decomposers. Fungi live in mutualistic relationships with plants and algae in mycorrhizae and lichens. They reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through vegetative growth. Major fungal groups are classified based on characteristics of sexual reproduction. Fungi interact with humans both beneficially through uses like food production and antibiotics, and harmfully as pathogens and causes of disease.
Introduction to Microbiology and Classification of Microorganisms.pptx
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms. Key developments included Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observing bacteria under a microscope in the 16th century. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch established the germ theory of disease and methods of culturing and staining bacteria in the 19th century. Modern microbiology involves classification of organisms, molecular biology, genetics, and applications like recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy. Emerging infectious diseases remain an important area of study.
Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.
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Bacteria have a variety of morphologies and structures that allow them to survive in different environments. They reproduce through binary fission and have diverse shapes including spiral, spherical, and rod-like forms. Bacteria have a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm containing ribosomes and a nucleoid, and some have a capsule. They require various physical and chemical factors for growth including temperature, pH, nutrients, and water or oxygen levels depending on if they are aerobic or anaerobic. Bacteria can exist in associations as mutualists, commensals, or parasites with other organisms.
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Fungi- Yeast and Molds- Dr C R Meera
- 1. Fungi –Yeasts and Molds Dr C R Meera Assistant Professor Department of Microbiology St Mary’s College, Thrissur-20 Kerala
- 2. FUNGI • Eukaryotic spore bearing protists that lack chlorophyll • Consists of Yeasts and Molds • Yeasts: Unicellular Fungi • Molds: Filamentous Fungi • Reproduction: Sexually and Asexually • Exist as saprophytes, parasites or in beneficial association with plants (Mycorrhizae), algae (Lichens) • Mycology: Study of fungi
- 3. IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI • Heterotrophic saprophytes: Recycling of organic compounds and increase soil fertility • Mycorrhizae: Association with plant roots • Industrial applications Eg: Production of beer, wine, cheese, dough, antibiotics etc. • Research Tool • Decomposers of timber, textiles, food and other materials • Parasites : Human, animal and plant diseases
- 4. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI • Eukaryotic chemoorganotrophic heterotrophs • Thallus: Body of fungus • Yeast : Single celled thallus • Molds : Branched filamentous thallus • Surrounded by true cell wall • Some fungi show “Dimorphism” • Lab diagnosis : Demonstration of dimorphism
- 5. Image courtesy: Wikipedia YEASTS • Larger than bacteria – 1-5 µm in width & 5-30 µm in length • Shape – Egg shaped, elongated or spherical • No flagella or locomotory organelles • Each species has characteristic shape, but depends on age and environment • Reproduce by budding • Identified by buds or bud scars • Most widely used yeast: Saccharomyces cereviceae
- 6. MOLDS • Filamentous fungi • Thallus consists of two parts: Mycelium and spores • Hyphae/Mycelium : septate or non-septate • Spores: Resistant, resting dormant cells • Spores on germination puts out “germ tube” • Germ tubes elongate and branch to form “Hyphae” • Network of branched hyphae is called “Mycelium” Fungi on culture plates Image courtesy: Wikipedia Fungi under microscope Image courtesy: bio.libretext.org
- 8. • Hyphae is about 5-10 µm in width
- 9. • Have true cell wall Yeast Cell Morphology • Single cells • Cell wall • Periplasm • Plasma membrane • Cytosole • Nucleus • Peroxisome, Golgi, ER, Ribosome, Mitochondria, Vacuoles, Secretory vesicles, cytoskeleton etc. MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI NUCLEUS GOLGI BODIES MITOCHONDRIA PLASMA MEMBRANE SECRETORY VESICLES CELL WALL ER VACUOLE
- 10. MORPHOLOGY OF FUNGI Morphology of Molds • Multi cellular • Hyphae with outer tube like cell wall • Cavity of hyphae is called lumen which is filled with protoplasm • Plasmalemma- Double layered membrane between cell wall & protoplasm • Cell wall = Matrix + Micro fibrils • Matrix – Proteins, lipids and other substances • Micro fibrils – Hemicellulose, Chitin & true cellulose (lower fungi) • Nucleus and other cellular components
- 11. STRUCTURE OF FUNGAL HYPHAE
- 12. GROWTH OF FUNGAL HYPHAE • Growth at distal end • Division by cross wall formation by centripetal invagination • Cross walls grow inwards and constrict plasmalemma • Incomplete septum with central pores • Protoplasmic streaming is common • Cell division followed by Karyogamy CELL WALL SEPTUM CYTOPLASM SEPTAL PORE NUCLEI
- 13. FORMS OF FUNGAL HYPHAE Hyphae occur in three forms • Coenocytic - Non septate • Monokaryotic - Septate uninucleated cells • Septate Dikaryotic or Multinucleated cells Septate Multinucleate hypha
- 14. TYPES OF FUNGAL MYCELIA • Two types: Vegetative and Reproductive hyphae • Vegetative or submerged mycelium : To absorb nutrients, penetrate into medium • Reproductive mycelium : Spore production, protrude out from media AERIAL REPRODUCTIVE HYPHAEAR AERIAL VEGETATIVE HYPHAEAR SURFACE HYPHAEAR PENETRATIVE HYPHAEAR
- 15. THANK YOU