Five kingdom classification
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This document discusses Robert Whittaker's five kingdom classification system which divides organisms into five kingdoms - Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia - based on cell structure, complexity of organism, and mode of nutrition. It provides an overview of the general characteristics of each kingdom, including whether cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular, presence of organelles and cell walls, and whether organisms are autotrophic, heterotrophic, or saprophytic. The classification system helped distinguish prokaryotes from other organisms but had limitations such as separating similar unicellular algae and not accommodating viruses or lichens.
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This document provides information on biological classification systems. It discusses why classifying living things is important, provides a brief history of classification methods, and describes the current system of classification. The current system is based on 3 domains - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya - which are further divided into kingdoms based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and whether organisms are unicellular or multicellular. The 6 kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Each kingdom has distinguishing features that are described.
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Protists are eukaryotic, one- or many-celled organisms that live in aquatic environments. They can be plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like. Protists reproduce both sexually and asexually. Major groups of protists include algae, which use photosynthesis, protozoa which are single-celled animal-like protists, and ciliates which use cilia for movement. Fungi are many-celled organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter and reproduce via spores. Lichens are symbiotic organisms consisting of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria.
Protist fungi power
1) Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Protists are categorized as animal-like, fungus-like, or plant-like.
2) Animal-like protists, or protozoans, are unicellular heterotrophs that move using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods. Pseudopods allow amoebas to move and engulf food.
3) Fungi are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes onto food sources, then absorbing the breakdown products. They reproduce using spores.
I unit part 1
This document provides information about biology and the classification of living organisms. It discusses the following key points:
- Biology is the science of living organisms and life processes. Modern biology integrates with other fields like chemistry and physics.
- Characteristics of living things include growth, reproduction, metabolism, response to stimuli, homeostasis, and evolution.
- Organisms are classified and grouped into a hierarchy of taxa including species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
- The five kingdom system classifies organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure, nutrition, and lifestyle. Examples of groups within each
Five kingdom classification.pptx
This document discusses the major systems of biological classification that have been proposed over time. It begins by outlining Linnaeus' original two kingdom system (plants and animals), followed by Haeckel's three kingdom system (adding protists), Copeland's four kingdom system (splitting protists and adding monera), and Whittaker's influential five kingdom system (monera, protista, fungi, plants, animals). It then provides characteristics of each kingdom in Whittaker's five kingdom system and compares their key attributes.
Protist & Fungi
1) Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. They include protozoans, algae, and fungus-like organisms.
2) Protozoans are classified based on their methods of movement, which include pseudopods, cilia, and flagella. Pseudopods allow amoebas to move and engulf food, while cilia and flagella provide locomotion for other protozoans like paramecium.
3) Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into their food through threadlike hyphae structures. They reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually by budding or releasing spores
Kingdom protista
This document summarizes the characteristics of protists and describes the three major groups of protists - animal-like protists, plant-like protists, and fungus-like protists. Protists are eukaryotic, can be unicellular or multicellular, and can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Animal-like protists include protozoans that move on their own and are classified by their type of movement. Plant-like protists include algae that can photosynthesize and produce oxygen. Fungus-like protists are heterotrophs that reproduce via spores and include water molds and slime molds.
Taxonomy
This document describes Carl Linnaeus' system for classifying living organisms into a taxonomic hierarchy consisting of Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. It provides details on the three Domains of Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, and describes key distinguishing characteristics used for classification such as cell structure, number of cells, mode of nutrition and habitat.
Period 6 2016
Archaea are single-celled prokaryotes that live in oxygen-free environments like hot springs, salty waters, and black mud. They reproduce through binary fusion and obtain nutrients by transferring molecules through protein pumps. Important examples include methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles. Archaea were once considered bacteria but have distinct cell structures and were some of the earliest life forms on Earth.
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Kingdom classification and details classification of kingdom and phyllum
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Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Marsilea
- Marsilea is a genus of aquatic ferns found worldwide, especially in tropical regions. There are about 53 species, with 9 reported in India.
- The sporophyte plant is differentiated into a creeping rhizome, roots, and quadrifoliate leaves. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through tubers or sexually through heterosporous sporocarps containing microsporangia and megasporangia.
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General characteristics of fungi
Fungi have either unicellular or filamentous thalli. The filamentous thallus is made of hyphae that collectively form the mycelium. Mycelia can be aseptate or septate. Hyphae undergo various modifications including plectenchyma, rhizomorphs, sclerotia, stromata, and haustoria. Fungi obtain nutrients either saprophytically by absorbing from dead organic matter or parasitically by absorbing through host tissues. Fungi reproduce vegetatively, asexually through spores, and sexually.
Classification of algae
Lee (1999) classified algae into four groups based on the structure of their chloroplasts. Group 1 contains cyanobacteria, which have prokaryotic cells. Group 2 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two chloroplast envelope membranes. Group 3 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by a single membrane. Group 4 algae have chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The document then discusses the taxonomic classification system used for algae and provides characteristic features of different algal groups.
Systematic position and life cycle of puccinia
Puccinia graminis is a fungus that causes stem rust disease in cereal crops such as wheat and barley. It has a complex life cycle involving two hosts - wheat is the primary host and barberry is the secondary host. On wheat, it forms brown to black pustules above ground that result in reduced growth and seed size. On barberry, it forms flask-shaped structures on one side and spore-producing structures on the other. Its life cycle involves five different spore types that allow it to complete its life cycle between the two hosts.
Classification of fungi
This document provides an overview of the classification and characteristics of major fungal phyla: Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota, and Deuteromycota. It describes their reproductive structures, modes of reproduction, examples of fungi from each phylum, and their economic importance in areas like medicine, industry, and agriculture.
Nostoc and chara
This document summarizes the distribution, systematic position, and life cycle of the cyanobacteria Nostoc and the charophyte alga Chara.
Nostoc is a terrestrial or aquatic cyanobacteria that grows in gelatinous colonies of trichomes containing vegetative cells, heterocysts, and akinetes. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen and reproduces through hormogonia formation or budding.
Chara is a submerged freshwater charophyte alga that attaches to substrates via rhizoids. It has a branched thallus with nodes bearing short branches, stipulodes, and longer axillary branches. It reproduces vegetatively through amylum stars and bulbils or
General characteristics of algae
This document provides an overview of the general characteristics of four divisions of algae - Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta. It describes their cellular organization, thallus structure, pigments, reproduction methods, and other distinguishing features. References are provided for additional information on the classification and characteristics of these algal groups.
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Five kingdom classification
- 1. Five kingdom classification Sankrita Gaonkar Assistant Professor in Botany sankrita002@gmail.com
- 2. Contents • Five kingdom classification • General characteristics of kingdoms • References
- 3. Five kingdom classification • Proposed by R.H. Wittaker in 1969. • Criteria for classification: • Complexity of cell structure – prokaryote, eukaryote • Complexity of organism – unicellular, multicellular • Mode of nutrition – autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes Robert Harding Wittaker 1920-1980
- 4. Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Five Kingdom
- 5. Comparison between 5 kingdoms Parameters Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Cell Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Except yeast Multicellular Nucleus absent Present Present Present Present Organelle absent Present Present Present Present Cell wall Present In some absent In some present Present Present Absent Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Saprophytic Heterotrophic
- 6. Monera: • All prokaryotic organisms • Primitive nucleus • Organelles absent – no membrane bound structures • Enzymes present in cyctoplasm • Occurrence – varied habitats – very cold, hot water spring, inside living body as endosymbionts • Divided into 3 classes based on habitat: • 1) Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria – survive in extreme conditions • 2) Eubacteria – true bacteria – modern bacteria • 3) Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacteria • 4) Mycoplasma – PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like Organisms) – smallest cell without cell wall • Shape – cocci (round), bacillus (oval), vibrio (comma-shaped), spirullum (spiral), mycelial (thread-like).
- 7. General characteristics of 5 kingdoms: 1) Monera: • Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms • Microscopic in nature • Some have cell wall • Cell wall – peptidoglycan • Mode of nutrition – autotrophic, heterotrophic (parasites), saprophytic • Reproduction – sexual, asexual
- 8. Protista: • Unicellular eukaryotes • Primarily aquatic • Divided into 3 classes: • 1) Photosynthetic protists – autotrophs • a) Chrysophyta – golden algae – eg. Diatoms (siliceous skeleton) • b) Pyrrophyta – fire algae – bioluminescence – eg. Dinoflagellates • c) Euglenophyta – connecting link between plants and animals – eg. Euglena • 2) Saprophytic protists – slime moulds – plasmodium • 3) Protozoan protists – heterotrophs • a) Sarcodina – amoeboid protists (locomotion by pseudopodia) – eg. Amoeba • b) Ciliata - -eg. Paramoecium • c) Flagellata or zooflagellate – eg. Trypanosoma • d) Sprozoa – no locomotive structure, endoparasite – eg. Plasmodium
- 9. Fungi: • Eukaryotic, multicellular (except yeast) organisms • Filamentous structure – except in yeast • Consists of long thread-like structure called hyphae (together form mesh-like structure – mycelium) • Cell wall – chitin • Mode of nutrition – saprophytic – parasitic or symbiotic • Reproduction – sexual and asexual Plantae: • All eukaryotes and multicellular • Have chloroplast • Cell wall – cellulosic • Mode of nutrition – autotrophic • Reproduction – sexual and asexual
- 10. Animalia: • All multicellular eukaryotes • Cell wall absent • Mode of nutrition – heterotrophic • Reproduction – mostly sexual
- 11. Merits of 5 kingdom classification: • Prokaryotes differ from all other living organisms in their cellular structure • Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separately • Fungi are placed in separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition differs • Better than 2 kingdom classification Demerits of 5 kingdom classification: • Unicellular algae are kept in protista, whereas multicellular algae are kept in plantae – similar organisms must be kept together • No place for viruses and lichens • Mycoplasma differ from bacteria but are kept in same kingdom