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Five kingdom classification
- 1. Five kingdom classification SankritaGaonkar Assistant Professor in Botany sankrita002@gmail.com
- 2. Contents • Five kingdomclassification • General characteristics of kingdoms • References
- 3. Five kingdom classification • Proposedby R.H. Wittaker in 1969. • Criteria for classification: • Complexity of cell structure – prokaryote, eukaryote • Complexity of organism – unicellular, multicellular • Mode of nutrition – autotrophs, heterotrophs, saprophytes Robert Harding Wittaker 1920-1980
- 4. Monera Protista PlantaeFungi Animalia Five Kingdom
- 5. Comparison between 5kingdoms Parameters Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Cell Unicellular Unicellular Multicellular Multicellular Except yeast Multicellular Nucleus absent Present Present Present Present Organelle absent Present Present Present Present Cell wall Present In some absent In some present Present Present Absent Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Saprophytic Autotrophic Saprophytic Heterotrophic
- 6. Monera: • All prokaryoticorganisms • Primitive nucleus • Organelles absent – no membrane bound structures • Enzymes present in cyctoplasm • Occurrence – varied habitats – very cold, hot water spring, inside living body as endosymbionts • Divided into 3 classes based on habitat: • 1) Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria – survive in extreme conditions • 2) Eubacteria – true bacteria – modern bacteria • 3) Cyanobacteria – photosynthetic bacteria • 4) Mycoplasma – PPLO (Pleuro Pneumonia like Organisms) – smallest cell without cell wall • Shape – cocci (round), bacillus (oval), vibrio (comma-shaped), spirullum (spiral), mycelial (thread-like).
- 7. General characteristics of5 kingdoms: 1) Monera: • Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms • Microscopic in nature • Some have cell wall • Cell wall – peptidoglycan • Mode of nutrition – autotrophic, heterotrophic (parasites), saprophytic • Reproduction – sexual, asexual
- 8. Protista: • Unicellular eukaryotes •Primarily aquatic • Divided into 3 classes: • 1) Photosynthetic protists – autotrophs • a) Chrysophyta – golden algae – eg. Diatoms (siliceous skeleton) • b) Pyrrophyta – fire algae – bioluminescence – eg. Dinoflagellates • c) Euglenophyta – connecting link between plants and animals – eg. Euglena • 2) Saprophytic protists – slime moulds – plasmodium • 3) Protozoan protists – heterotrophs • a) Sarcodina – amoeboid protists (locomotion by pseudopodia) – eg. Amoeba • b) Ciliata - -eg. Paramoecium • c) Flagellata or zooflagellate – eg. Trypanosoma • d) Sprozoa – no locomotive structure, endoparasite – eg. Plasmodium
- 9. Fungi: • Eukaryotic, multicellular(except yeast) organisms • Filamentous structure – except in yeast • Consists of long thread-like structure called hyphae (together form mesh-like structure – mycelium) • Cell wall – chitin • Mode of nutrition – saprophytic – parasitic or symbiotic • Reproduction – sexual and asexual Plantae: • All eukaryotes and multicellular • Have chloroplast • Cell wall – cellulosic • Mode of nutrition – autotrophic • Reproduction – sexual and asexual
- 10. Animalia: • All multicellulareukaryotes • Cell wall absent • Mode of nutrition – heterotrophic • Reproduction – mostly sexual
- 11. Merits of 5kingdom classification: • Prokaryotes differ from all other living organisms in their cellular structure • Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separately • Fungi are placed in separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition differs • Better than 2 kingdom classification Demerits of 5 kingdom classification: • Unicellular algae are kept in protista, whereas multicellular algae are kept in plantae – similar organisms must be kept together • No place for viruses and lichens • Mycoplasma differ from bacteria but are kept in same kingdom
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