This document discusses communalism and fundamentalism. It defines fundamentalism as embracing a central religious text as infallible and taking religious tenets so seriously that evidence cannot dissuade one's views. Fundamentalism often arises from fear of change, modernization, and loss of influence. The document outlines different types of fundamentalism like Islamic, Christian, and Hindu fundamentalism and their effects like spreading terrorism and violence. Common traits of fundamentalist groups are basing beliefs strictly on revealed texts, rejecting other beliefs, and fearing education, media, and an uncertain future.