Religious fundamentalism
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This document defines and discusses religious fundamentalism. It begins by defining fundamentalism from different sources and exploring the roots of the term in Christianity. It then examines different types of religious fundamentalism like Islamic, Christian, Hindu and Jewish fundamentalism. The document discusses the effects of fundamentalism, like spreading terrorist activities and violence. It concludes by noting that while some see fundamentalism as threatening modern society, religions generally do not promote war or killing except in self-defense.
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Fundamentalism
This document discusses communalism and fundamentalism. It defines fundamentalism as embracing a central religious text as infallible and taking religious tenets so seriously that evidence cannot dissuade one's views. Fundamentalism often arises from fear of change, modernization, and loss of influence. The document outlines different types of fundamentalism like Islamic, Christian, and Hindu fundamentalism and their effects like spreading terrorism and violence. Common traits of fundamentalist groups are basing beliefs strictly on revealed texts, rejecting other beliefs, and fearing education, media, and an uncertain future.
definition of Fudamentalism & its type & effects in simple words by matiullah
The document defines fundamentalism as a movement that strictly maintains religious doctrines and principles. It discusses both positive and negative types of fundamentalism. Positive fundamentalism includes protecting Muslim culture, while negative fundamentalism involves using religion for personal gain. The document examines religious fundamentalism in Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, providing examples of each. Some effects of fundamentalism mentioned are threats to government stability, violence, and exploiting democracy through terrorism.
Religious Fundamentalism and Cultural Defence
The document discusses religious fundamentalism and its relationship to globalization. It identifies five key characteristics of religious fundamentalism, including seeking to return to traditional beliefs and avoiding contact with those holding different views. Fundamentalism is seen as a reaction against a globalizing world that undermines traditional social norms by providing certainty in an uncertain environment. Two types of responses to postmodernity are identified: resistant identity through fundamentalism and project identity through engagement with social movements. Criticisms of analyses of fundamentalism are discussed, including that they overlook hybrid religious movements and differences between types of fundamentalism. The document explores the origins and examples of fundamentalism in the West and Third World.
Social movement
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
Theories of Religion
This document discusses several theories of religion, including substantive, functional, and social constructionist definitions. It outlines Durkheim's functionalist view that religion serves to reinforce social solidarity and the collective conscience. Durkheim believed worship of sacred symbols and totems represented worship of society. The document also discusses Marxist views that religion acts as an ideology used by the ruling class to oppress workers, and feminist perspectives that see religion as reflecting and perpetuating patriarchal social structures and the subordination of women. Criticisms of several of these perspectives are also presented.
Gramsci and hegemony
Gramsci introduces the concept of hegemony to explain how the ruling class maintains dominance over society through ideas and values, not just coercion. He argues the proletariat must develop its own counter-hegemony through organic intellectuals and a political party to overcome the ruling class's hegemony and lead society. Gramsci believed change comes through new ideas that affect individuals, not just economic forces, and the ruling class relies on consent through influential institutions to maintain control, even during economic crises, until society no longer accepts their hegemony.
Fundamentalism
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Fundamentalism for PS 240 introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Religion and Its Role in Society
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
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Fundamentalism
This document discusses communalism and fundamentalism. It defines fundamentalism as embracing a central religious text as infallible and taking religious tenets so seriously that evidence cannot dissuade one's views. Fundamentalism often arises from fear of change, modernization, and loss of influence. The document outlines different types of fundamentalism like Islamic, Christian, and Hindu fundamentalism and their effects like spreading terrorism and violence. Common traits of fundamentalist groups are basing beliefs strictly on revealed texts, rejecting other beliefs, and fearing education, media, and an uncertain future.
definition of Fudamentalism & its type & effects in simple words by matiullah
The document defines fundamentalism as a movement that strictly maintains religious doctrines and principles. It discusses both positive and negative types of fundamentalism. Positive fundamentalism includes protecting Muslim culture, while negative fundamentalism involves using religion for personal gain. The document examines religious fundamentalism in Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, providing examples of each. Some effects of fundamentalism mentioned are threats to government stability, violence, and exploiting democracy through terrorism.
Religious Fundamentalism and Cultural Defence
The document discusses religious fundamentalism and its relationship to globalization. It identifies five key characteristics of religious fundamentalism, including seeking to return to traditional beliefs and avoiding contact with those holding different views. Fundamentalism is seen as a reaction against a globalizing world that undermines traditional social norms by providing certainty in an uncertain environment. Two types of responses to postmodernity are identified: resistant identity through fundamentalism and project identity through engagement with social movements. Criticisms of analyses of fundamentalism are discussed, including that they overlook hybrid religious movements and differences between types of fundamentalism. The document explores the origins and examples of fundamentalism in the West and Third World.
Social movement
Social movements are group actions focused on political or social issues in order to create or resist social change. They involve networks of individuals and organizations engaged in political or cultural conflicts based on shared identities. There are various definitions but they generally involve sustained interactions between ordinary people and those in power to make collective claims. Social movements employ tactics like protests, demonstrations, and petitions. They have historically emerged alongside broad economic and political changes. Key processes that facilitated their growth include urbanization, industrialization, education, and new communication technologies. Social movements can be classified based on their goals, methods, targets, and whether they aim to reform or radically transform society. Theories have attempted to explain their emergence and development. In India, new social movements emerged
Theories of Religion
This document discusses several theories of religion, including substantive, functional, and social constructionist definitions. It outlines Durkheim's functionalist view that religion serves to reinforce social solidarity and the collective conscience. Durkheim believed worship of sacred symbols and totems represented worship of society. The document also discusses Marxist views that religion acts as an ideology used by the ruling class to oppress workers, and feminist perspectives that see religion as reflecting and perpetuating patriarchal social structures and the subordination of women. Criticisms of several of these perspectives are also presented.
Gramsci and hegemony
Gramsci introduces the concept of hegemony to explain how the ruling class maintains dominance over society through ideas and values, not just coercion. He argues the proletariat must develop its own counter-hegemony through organic intellectuals and a political party to overcome the ruling class's hegemony and lead society. Gramsci believed change comes through new ideas that affect individuals, not just economic forces, and the ruling class relies on consent through influential institutions to maintain control, even during economic crises, until society no longer accepts their hegemony.
Fundamentalism
Presentation prepared for a series of lectures on Fundamentalism for PS 240 introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Religion and Its Role in Society
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Nationalism
Nationalism is a political ideology that promotes a national identity based on shared characteristics. It holds that a nation should govern itself independently and maintain its unique culture and national symbols. There are different types of nationalism such as civic nationalism which defines the nation based on shared political values rather than ethnicity, and ethnic nationalism which ties national identity to a shared heritage and ancestry. Nationalism is seen by some as a way for a threatened nation to unite against external threats but others criticize it as an artificial construct that can marginalize minorities and increase conflict.
Role of religion in society and humanitarian action
Religion plays an important role in society and humanitarian action in three key ways:
1) Religion influences many societies' underlying values and no country has a complete separation of religion and state.
2) The number of faith-based organizations (FBOs) involved in humanitarian work is growing, though their roles and impacts depend on the specific context and crises.
3) FBOs are motivated to both spread their religious influence and assist suffering communities based on their core values, and their presence can help facilitate access to populations in need during humanitarian crises.
Functions of religion
This document outlines several key functions of religion. It states that religion provides mental peace and emotional support during times of crisis by consoling individuals and encouraging them to face life's problems. It also asserts that religion inculcates important social virtues like honesty, non-violence, and service, and promotes social solidarity through shared beliefs, worship, and rituals. Additionally, the document discusses how religion acts as an agent of socialization and social control by regulating behavior and preserving social norms.
Ideology
Ideology is a system of ideas that aims to explain the world and change it. It contains explanatory theories about human experience and the external world. An ideology sets out generalized programs for social and political organization and conceives of their realization requiring struggle. Rather than merely persuading, an ideology seeks to recruit loyal adherents committed to its ideas. While addressing the public, an ideology may become associated with intellectuals or politicians who take on political roles to implement its programs.
Sociology of Religion
This document discusses several key topics related to the sociology of religion:
1) It defines religiosity and the different ways people can express or experience religion.
2) It outlines Ernst Troeltsch's typology of religious organizations as ecclesia, church, sect, and cult. It then describes the characteristics of each type.
3) It discusses some of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology on how religion affects society and individuals, such as the functionalist, conflict theory, and rational choice perspectives. Religion can both unite and divide society.
Sanskritization by m.n.srinivas
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
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Nationalism is the belief that the nation should be the central principle of political organization and that nations have the right to self-determination and independent statehood. There are different forms of nationalism including political, cultural, ethnic, liberal, conservative, expansionist, and anticolonial nationalism. While nationalism can promote social cohesion and independence, it is also seen by some as inherently divisive and a potential source of conflict between groups.
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The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
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- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
Clash of civilizations
1. The document summarizes Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory which argues that after the Cold War, cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of global conflict, with the major divisions occurring between civilizations like Western, Islamic, and Sinic.
2. Huntington believed that while ideology was no longer driving global politics, cultural conflicts would replace ideological conflicts as the major lines of division. He argued the primary axis of future conflicts would be along cultural and religious lines between civilizations.
3. The document provides context on Huntington's theory and outlines some of the major civilizations he defined, while also noting criticism that his view was too simplistic and ignored other important drivers of conflict
A2 Sociology: Marxist Theories of Religion
Marxist theories view religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling capitalist class to justify the suffering of the working class and prevent class uprising. Religion tells the poor their suffering will be rewarded in the afterlife. Feminist theories also see many religions as patriarchal institutions that reflect and perpetuate the subordination of women through religious beliefs, organizations, texts, and customs. However, some feminists argue religion has not always oppressed women and it does not do so in all forms. The role of women in some religions is changing as certain churches now allow women to hold positions of religious authority.
Religion and politics
The document discusses several major world religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It explores the basic beliefs and practices of each religion as well as common misconceptions. The relationship between religion and politics is also examined, noting how some religions have influenced government and society both positively through social justice movements and negatively through increased sectarian tensions and civil wars.
Theory of class conflict
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Sociology of-religion
Sociology of religion can be summarized as follows:
1) Sociology of religion studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using sociological tools like surveys, interviews, and analysis of historical documents.
2) Early founders like Durkheim analyzed religion to distinguish sociology from other disciplines. Marx and Weber also studied the relationship between religion and social structure.
3) Contemporary debates center around issues like secularization, civil religion, and how religion operates in a globalized and multicultural world. Sociologists view religion both as a belief system and a social institution that shapes social action.
Marxism
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx that examines the effect of capitalism on labor. It argues that the struggle between social classes, specifically the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, will lead to a worker revolution replacing capitalism with communism. Marx discovered that throughout history, class and its relation to the means of production defined societal structures. He believed the inherent inequalities between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would cause the working class to revolt and seize control of production. Marxism helped inspire labor movements and was the basis for revolutionary doctrines in Russia and China. Films like Charlie Chaplin's The Tramp embodied the popular recognition of class inclusion and exclusion according to Marxism.
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Marxist theories of religion
Marx saw religion as a feature that arises only in class-divided societies as a way for the ruling class to control the working class and justify their suffering. Religion creates a false consciousness by masking the real problems of exploitation under capitalism and distracting people with promises of reward in the afterlife. However, Marx ignores positive functions of religion and neo-Marxists argue some forms can assist class consciousness.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Religion of humanity
Auguste Comte was a 19th century French philosopher who is considered the founder of sociology. In his later works, he devoted himself to developing a "Religion of Humanity" that was intended to be a replacement for traditional religions. Some key aspects of this religion included having morality and devotion to humanity at its core rather than a belief in God, and establishing a new social order based on justice, harmony and equity. However, Comte's Religion of Humanity was widely criticized by scholars for being more of a moral code than an actual religion, and for bearing strong similarities to Catholicism without Christianity.
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Unit 3 Sociology: Beliefs in society
Religion plays complex and varied roles in society according to different sociological perspectives. Functionalists view religion as primarily serving conservative functions by promoting social solidarity and stability. However, Marxists see religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling class to legitimate inequality. Feminists argue that most religions reflect and reinforce patriarchal values and the subordination of women. Some sociologists such as Weber view religion as capable of driving social change, while others see it more as a conservative force seeking to maintain traditional beliefs and social structures. Debates also exist around secularization and the declining importance of religion in modern societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides an overview of key sociologists and concepts related to beliefs in society. It discusses substantive and functional views of religion, as well as social constructivist perspectives. The document also outlines theories of religion such as Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Additional topics covered include defining religion, religion as a conservative or changing force, and arguments regarding the secularization thesis. Links to exam materials like question papers and mark schemes are also provided.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is a political ideology that promotes a national identity based on shared characteristics. It holds that a nation should govern itself independently and maintain its unique culture and national symbols. There are different types of nationalism such as civic nationalism which defines the nation based on shared political values rather than ethnicity, and ethnic nationalism which ties national identity to a shared heritage and ancestry. Nationalism is seen by some as a way for a threatened nation to unite against external threats but others criticize it as an artificial construct that can marginalize minorities and increase conflict.
Role of religion in society and humanitarian action
Religion plays an important role in society and humanitarian action in three key ways:
1) Religion influences many societies' underlying values and no country has a complete separation of religion and state.
2) The number of faith-based organizations (FBOs) involved in humanitarian work is growing, though their roles and impacts depend on the specific context and crises.
3) FBOs are motivated to both spread their religious influence and assist suffering communities based on their core values, and their presence can help facilitate access to populations in need during humanitarian crises.
Functions of religion
This document outlines several key functions of religion. It states that religion provides mental peace and emotional support during times of crisis by consoling individuals and encouraging them to face life's problems. It also asserts that religion inculcates important social virtues like honesty, non-violence, and service, and promotes social solidarity through shared beliefs, worship, and rituals. Additionally, the document discusses how religion acts as an agent of socialization and social control by regulating behavior and preserving social norms.
Ideology
Ideology is a system of ideas that aims to explain the world and change it. It contains explanatory theories about human experience and the external world. An ideology sets out generalized programs for social and political organization and conceives of their realization requiring struggle. Rather than merely persuading, an ideology seeks to recruit loyal adherents committed to its ideas. While addressing the public, an ideology may become associated with intellectuals or politicians who take on political roles to implement its programs.
Sociology of Religion
This document discusses several key topics related to the sociology of religion:
1) It defines religiosity and the different ways people can express or experience religion.
2) It outlines Ernst Troeltsch's typology of religious organizations as ecclesia, church, sect, and cult. It then describes the characteristics of each type.
3) It discusses some of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology on how religion affects society and individuals, such as the functionalist, conflict theory, and rational choice perspectives. Religion can both unite and divide society.
Sanskritization by m.n.srinivas
Sanskritization is a concept proposed by Indian sociologist M.N. Srinivas that describes the process whereby a lower caste or tribe seeks upward social mobility by emulating the rituals and practices of upper or dominant castes. It involves the imitation of language, beliefs, rituals, and deities of the Brahmins and the twice-born castes in an effort to gain social advancement or prestige. Some key characteristics include it being a process of cultural change and social mobility that is not confined to Hindu castes and can operate in two directions by allowing borrowing of ideology.
1.1 what is nationalism
Nationalism is the belief that the nation should be the central principle of political organization and that nations have the right to self-determination and independent statehood. There are different forms of nationalism including political, cultural, ethnic, liberal, conservative, expansionist, and anticolonial nationalism. While nationalism can promote social cohesion and independence, it is also seen by some as inherently divisive and a potential source of conflict between groups.
Identity politics
The document discusses identity politics and its role in academia from a postmodern perspective. It covers several key topics:
- Identity politics refers to political positions based on social identities like gender, race, class, etc. It shaped the divisions between communist and capitalist blocs after World War 2.
- Philosophers like Marx, Foucault, and others influenced how identity is understood. Foucault was critical of universal metanarratives and viewed them as tools of oppression.
- Postmodernism challenged academic standards and hierarchies. It promoted a more student-centered approach in education theory.
- The document outlines the three waves of western feminism and some of the important events and developments
Clash of civilizations
1. The document summarizes Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" theory which argues that after the Cold War, cultural and religious identities will be the primary sources of global conflict, with the major divisions occurring between civilizations like Western, Islamic, and Sinic.
2. Huntington believed that while ideology was no longer driving global politics, cultural conflicts would replace ideological conflicts as the major lines of division. He argued the primary axis of future conflicts would be along cultural and religious lines between civilizations.
3. The document provides context on Huntington's theory and outlines some of the major civilizations he defined, while also noting criticism that his view was too simplistic and ignored other important drivers of conflict
A2 Sociology: Marxist Theories of Religion
Marxist theories view religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling capitalist class to justify the suffering of the working class and prevent class uprising. Religion tells the poor their suffering will be rewarded in the afterlife. Feminist theories also see many religions as patriarchal institutions that reflect and perpetuate the subordination of women through religious beliefs, organizations, texts, and customs. However, some feminists argue religion has not always oppressed women and it does not do so in all forms. The role of women in some religions is changing as certain churches now allow women to hold positions of religious authority.
Religion and politics
The document discusses several major world religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It explores the basic beliefs and practices of each religion as well as common misconceptions. The relationship between religion and politics is also examined, noting how some religions have influenced government and society both positively through social justice movements and negatively through increased sectarian tensions and civil wars.
Theory of class conflict
The Marxist theory of class conflict centers around several key ideas: (1) Society is divided into two main conflicting classes - the bourgeoisie who own the means of production and exploit the proletariat working class. (2) This exploitation occurs through surplus value, where workers generate more value than what they are paid. (3) This conflict and exploitation intensifies over time, eventually leading to revolution where the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish socialism. Marx saw class conflict and struggle as inherent to capitalism and leading inevitably to its destruction and replacement with a communist, classless society.
Sociology of-religion
Sociology of religion can be summarized as follows:
1) Sociology of religion studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using sociological tools like surveys, interviews, and analysis of historical documents.
2) Early founders like Durkheim analyzed religion to distinguish sociology from other disciplines. Marx and Weber also studied the relationship between religion and social structure.
3) Contemporary debates center around issues like secularization, civil religion, and how religion operates in a globalized and multicultural world. Sociologists view religion both as a belief system and a social institution that shapes social action.
Marxism
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx that examines the effect of capitalism on labor. It argues that the struggle between social classes, specifically the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, will lead to a worker revolution replacing capitalism with communism. Marx discovered that throughout history, class and its relation to the means of production defined societal structures. He believed the inherent inequalities between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would cause the working class to revolt and seize control of production. Marxism helped inspire labor movements and was the basis for revolutionary doctrines in Russia and China. Films like Charlie Chaplin's The Tramp embodied the popular recognition of class inclusion and exclusion according to Marxism.
structuration theory
Structuration theory attempts to understand human social behaviour by resolvig the competing viewsof structure-agency & macro-micro perspective.
Neoliberalism
The document provides an overview of neo-liberalism, which advocates for free market capitalism and reduced restrictions on trade. It discusses how neo-liberalism emerged in response to economic crises in the late 20th century and was advanced by powerful international institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO. While neo-liberalism aims to maximize profits and economic growth, the document notes it can negatively impact inequality, public services, and local industries in developing countries.
Marxist theories of religion
Marx saw religion as a feature that arises only in class-divided societies as a way for the ruling class to control the working class and justify their suffering. Religion creates a false consciousness by masking the real problems of exploitation under capitalism and distracting people with promises of reward in the afterlife. However, Marx ignores positive functions of religion and neo-Marxists argue some forms can assist class consciousness.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Religion of humanity
Auguste Comte was a 19th century French philosopher who is considered the founder of sociology. In his later works, he devoted himself to developing a "Religion of Humanity" that was intended to be a replacement for traditional religions. Some key aspects of this religion included having morality and devotion to humanity at its core rather than a belief in God, and establishing a new social order based on justice, harmony and equity. However, Comte's Religion of Humanity was widely criticized by scholars for being more of a moral code than an actual religion, and for bearing strong similarities to Catholicism without Christianity.
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Unit 3 Sociology: Beliefs in society
Religion plays complex and varied roles in society according to different sociological perspectives. Functionalists view religion as primarily serving conservative functions by promoting social solidarity and stability. However, Marxists see religion as an ideological tool used by the ruling class to legitimate inequality. Feminists argue that most religions reflect and reinforce patriarchal values and the subordination of women. Some sociologists such as Weber view religion as capable of driving social change, while others see it more as a conservative force seeking to maintain traditional beliefs and social structures. Debates also exist around secularization and the declining importance of religion in modern societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides an overview of key sociologists and concepts related to beliefs in society. It discusses substantive and functional views of religion, as well as social constructivist perspectives. The document also outlines theories of religion such as Functionalism, Marxism, and Feminism. Additional topics covered include defining religion, religion as a conservative or changing force, and arguments regarding the secularization thesis. Links to exam materials like question papers and mark schemes are also provided.
Islamic Fundamentalism: Religion of Struggle, Ideology of Terror
Essay I wrote in 1986 for Yale College seminar on "Terrorism and Democracy" taught by Admiral Stansfield Turner, former director of the CIA.
Introduction: "In discussing the relationship of Islamic Fundamentalism to terrorism, one may ask: 'How is the United States to stop radical Islamic terrorism?' Alternately, one may ask: 'How are Muslims to free themselves from the anti-Islamic terrorism of the U.S. and its client-states?' The first of these questions has been at the top of the U.S foreign policy agenda since hostage crisis in 1979; the second has been at the top of the Islamic fundamentalist agenda since the overthrow of the Shah the same year.
"Neither of the above questions will ever yield an answer that will bring the region closer to peace and stability, for the moral imperatives on which they are based are mutually exclusive. Secretary of State George Shultz has stated: 'We must understand above all that terrorism is a form of political violence. Wherever it takes place, it is directed in an important sense against us, the democracies—against our most fundamental values … individual rights, equality under the law, freedom of thought and expression, and freedom of religion.' Ayatollah Khomeini has written: 'the Imams not only fought against tyranical rulers, oppressive governments, and corrupt courts themselves; they also summoned the Muslims to wage jihad against those enemies… The Muslims will be able to live in security and tranquility and preserve their faith and morals only when they enjoy the protection of a government based on justice and law, a government whose form, administrative system, and laws have been laid down by Islam.'
"Secretary Shultz is correct in claiming that the primary values of Western society are under attack by Islamic fundamentalists. Yet the Secretary, and others of like mind, is mistaken in further stating that therefore the' fundamentalist are 'uncivilized,' 'roguish,' 'crazy' and 'unpredictible." While fundamentalist ideolggy is profoundly antagonistic to western values, it is also at once complex, coherent, and internally consistent. The fundamentalists are not emotional fanatics; they are calculating, rational actors. Their objectives are clear: the establishment of Islamic governments across the globe, and the elimination of Western-capitalist and Eastern-communist influence in the Muslim world. Their greatest weapons are not military or political, they are ideological. Consequently, A understanding the context and content of fundamentalist ideology is a pre-requisite to responding effectively to the challenge which they pose to democratic societies."
St. Mary The Child
This document provides information about Saint Mary as a child. It describes how her parents, Joachim and Anna, were unable to have children and prayed to God. In response, the archangel Gabriel appeared to Joachim and said Anna would give birth to a girl named Mary. When Mary was 3 years old, her parents fulfilled their vow to dedicate her to God's service in the temple. Mary served in the temple until age 12, praying and helping the priests. The document explains that God chose Mary to be the mother of Jesus because of her purity, humility, and obedience. When the archangel Gabriel told Mary she would give birth to Jesus, Mary responded with joy and acceptance.
Defining feminism
Feminism refers broadly to the doctrine advocating equal social, political, and other rights for women as men. It describes both a philosophy and a cultural/political movement. In its narrow political sense, feminism is the struggle to achieve institutional and economic equality between the sexes. In the late 19th century, women had fewer rights and opportunities than men. They were excluded from many professions and politics. Progress was made in the late 19th century through better education and some legal reforms, but the right to vote in all elections, or suffrage, was still denied to women. This led to the emergence of suffrage movements advocating for women's right to vote.
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Globalization has led to rapid economic growth and rising prosperity in India, creating an urban middle class. However, contrary to predictions, this class has become more religious rather than less. Hinduism legitimates Indian nationalism and the middle class's newfound consumerism. It reconciles traditional renunciation of desires with materialism by teaching that desires reflect divinity when used to motivate work. Similarly, modernized versions of Hinduism allow rituals to "spiritually balance" consumerism. This has contributed to a "Hindu ultra-nationalism" but also widening divisions with religious minorities.
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This document provides an introduction to political ideologies by outlining what is ideology and discussing some of the core themes of liberalism and conservatism. It defines ideology as a more or less coherent set of ideas that provides the basis for organized political action. Liberalism emphasizes individual freedom, reason, justice, and tolerance, viewing each person as equally deserving of rights. Conservatism stresses the importance of tradition, human imperfection, hierarchy and authority in society, and private property as foundations of social order. The document examines some of the key beliefs and values of these two dominant Western ideologies.
MIddle East Unit, Islamic Fundamentalism
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Religious fundamentalism
- 1. RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM BY: Ali Haider Zain-Ul Islam Asadullah Ilyas Aamer Mehmood
- 2. CONTENTS Different definitions of fundamentalism Roots of the term fundamentalism Different types of fundamentalism Effects of fundamentalism Conclusion
- 3. DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS OF FUNDAMENTALISM Webster Dictionary: A movement in 20th century stressing strict adherence to a set of basic principles Oxford Dictionary: A movement for the strict maintenance of the doctrines of any religion After 9/11 term Fundamentalism was written as Muslim Fundamentalism
- 4. ROOTS OF THE TERM FUNDAMENTALISM Nigra Bible conference Things that were fundamental to the Christian Term fundamentalism is Christian in its origin
- 5. FUNDAMENTALISTS Members of the movement are known as fundamentalists The most energetic group but least educated are known as fundamentalists. (Wikipedia).
- 6. SOURCE OF THE FUNDAMENTALISM Religious issue is the source of fundamentalism These rules cannot be changed People are afraid to oppose the fundamentalists
- 7. BELIEFS OF THE FUNDAMENTALIST GROUPS There beliefs are based upon the divine and revealed texts, These texts are considered to be the perfect and cannot be changed. Members reject all other beliefs and religion except their own.
- 8. HISTORY ABOUT THE FUNDAMENTALISM Religious fundamentalism becoming the part of the government Greater potential of harm.
- 9. PURPOSE OF RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM Usually occur in all Religions Ways of life should be according to the rules as prescribed by God State should be subservient to God
- 10. DIFFERENT TYPES Islamic fundamentalism Hindu fundamentalism Jews fundamentalism Christian fundamentalism
- 11. ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM Links the spiritual world to the temporal world and provide guidance regarding religion and life Islamist movements like Hamas and Islamic Jihad Dec 1993 Hamas carried out a brutal kidnapping In the same week Hamas carried out the killings and brought their terrorist activities to a new peak
- 12. CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALISM In late 19th and early 20th century Christian Its main purpose was to reaffirm older beliefs of protestant Christianity and defend them against the challenges of the Darwinism Islamic and Christian Fundamentalist don’t like to be placed in the same category as Islamists saw no difference b/w the fundamentalists and non- fundamentalist group
- 13. HINDU FUNDAMENTALISM Recent phenomena in India was the rise of the Hindu Fundamentalism and it lead to the political mobilization against Muslims Shiv Sena founded in 1996 originally to express Hindu Fundamentalism Dec 1992 Hindu Fundamentalists destroyed the 450 year old Babri Mosque
- 14. EFFECTS Terrorist activities and violence spread throughout the Middle East and Asia Present a genuine danger to the stability of the government They are in tireless struggle to subvert the government authority by exploiting the democratic process through the terrorism
- 15. Some people thinks that there is a mysterious and unbelievable genetic revolution that they are not afraid of anything. Madrassas or religious schools are now teaching fundamentalist Islamist view and new meaning of Jihad Established a new standard for violence and terrorism from kidnapping, hijacking and bombing
- 16. SOME COMMON THINGS Fear is common denominator among them They fear change, modernization and loss of their influence They fear that young will be distracted from their paths Use of Holy Places for material and physical gratification
- 17. Especially fear the education if it undermine the teaching of the religion They also fear the future they cant control Fear of media and its abilities.
- 18. CONCLUSION Some says it the death of the capitalism Religious fundamentalism is a threat to our society Religions never ask for war or killing except in case of self defense
Editor's Notes
- Because people divert from religious path and these movements tries to get them back on the path.