This is my talk presented at IOT NCR Developer community on 12th may 2018 This presentation covers some introductory portion regarding the basics of electronics, IOT Hardware sensors, Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller, linear and SMPS Power supplies. Interfacing protocols used with integrating IOT sensors.

1. IOT HARDWARE
“If you think that the internet has changed your life, think
again. The Internet of Things is about to change it all over
again!”
Vikrant Thakur
Vikrant Thakur
12 May 2018
@geek_explorer

2. WHAT IS IOT? Integration of devices over common network and
Manipulation of the data that is being received by devices
without the interventions of any humans.
Fundamentals of IOT
• Hardware
• Software
• Communication
Infrastructure
@Intel

3. AGENDA OF THE SESSION
• Basic of Electronics
• Resistances, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes, Transistors, LEDs
• SMPS, LSP
• Sensors and Actuators.
• Microcontroller Vs Microprocessors.
• Open Source hardware development board.
• Overview
• Insight
• Interfacing of sensors with Arduino.

4. BASIC OF
ELECTRONICS
• Resistance is a two terminal passive component that is used for various
application in circuits such as voltage divider, control amount of rush
current flowing in the circuits, heaters, fuses and sensors.
• The SI Unit of Resistance is ohms.
Different type of Resistances
 Light Dependent resistance.
 Metal Film Resistance and Wire Wound.
 Pencil Resistance.
 Variable Resistances
@EL-PRO-CUS

5. •Application of Resistances
1.Touch Sensor 2. Current Limiting Resistance 3.LDR
circuit
4.Voltage Divider circuit 5. Thermistor Based circuit
@Electronics for You

6. HOW TO CALCULATE THE RESISTANCE
VALUE
ADDITIONAL
STUFF
Multimeter can
also be used to
calculate the
value of
resistances.
@Electronics for You

7. CAPACITORS
• It is a two terminal passive component that is used to store electrical
energy in the form of electrical field.
• It allows the AC component to flow from it and blocks DC components.
• Used for various applications like filters, batteries, starters, tuned
circuits, oscillating leading current in AC circuits etc.
• The SI Unit of capacitance is Farad(F).
Different type of capacitors:
Dielectric Capacitor
Variable Capacitor Symbols
Ceramic Capacitors
Electrolytic Capacitors @Sparkfun

8. APPLICATIONS OF CAPACITORS
1. Use capacitor to light
up LED
3. Capacitors used as
Filter
2. Charging and discharging
concepts
4. Capacitors used as
oscillators
@ Electronics for You

9. HOW TO CALCULATE THE CAPACITANCE
VALUE?
Capacitor value reference.
Marking Value (μF) Marking Value (μF)
xx (number
from 01 to 99)
xx pF
101 0.0001 331 0.00033
102 0.001 332 0.0033
103 0.01 333 0.033
104 0.1 334 0.33
221 0.00022 471 0.00047
222 0.0022 472 0.0047
223 0.022 473 0.047
224 0.22 474 0.47
Ceramic capacitors values Electrolytic capacitors values
Electrolytic capacitor values are
mentioned along with positive
and negative Sign.
Standard electrolytic capacitor
are 330uf and 470uf
@ Electronics for You

10. • To check the capacitance is in good shape or not, we first
connect the multimeter positive and negative probes to
the capacitor be setting the rotary switch to 2k or 1k rating
.
(The capacitance first get charged)
• Then set the multimeter rotary switch to 2000m . If the
display valued is decreasing with respective to time then
capacitance is in good condition.
(The capacitance is discharging with respect to time) .
HOW TO CHECK THE CAPACITANCE WHETHER IT IS GOOD
CONDITION OR NOT?

11. INDUCTORS
• A inductor is a passive electrical component consist of a coil which is
used to store the magnetic potential energy.
• It allows DC to pass but oppose AC current.
• It follows faraday law of electromagnetic Induction.
• The SI Unit of inductor is henry.
• These are used as Filters, sensors, Transformers, Motors and energy
storage and provide lag in current in AC circuits.
• Different Type of Inductors:
Air Core Inductor Iron Core Inductor Ferrite Core
Inductor
Iron Powder Inductor Laminated Core Inductor Variable
Inductor
@ EL-PRO-CUS

12. APPLICATION OF INDUCTORS
1.Inductor
Sensors
2. Inductors as
Filters
3. Inductor as a storage
energy element
4. Inductor used as a controlling
switch(relay) @Electronics for You

13. • When a small DC voltage is applied through connecting leads of
multimeter to the inductor while the rotary switch is moved to
resistance measurement area then the resistance of the inductor
is measured.
• A working Inductor should have some resistance value when
measured through multimeter.
How to check the Inductor using
Multimeter

14. DIODES
• It is a semiconductor device which allows the flow of current in one
direction only when the voltage value cross threshold value.
• Current increase non linear with voltage therefore it is a active
component.
• It does not store any energy rather it allows the flow of current only
when it is forward bias. If its reverse bias then negligible amount of
current flows.
• Diode are used in power supplies as a rectifier logic gates circuits,
voltage multiplier circuits, Reverse current protections, voltage
reduction spikes.
• Different type of Diodes
• 1N4007 Zener Diode
• Schottky diode PN junction diode . @EL-PRO-CUS

15. I-V
characteristi
cs of diode.
@Electronics hub

16. Application of
diodes
Diodes as a
Rectifier
Diode as a logic Gate
IC
Diodes as a Voltage
Multiple
Diode as a
protection
@Electronics hub

17. TRANSISTORS
• It is a semiconductor device use to switch or amplify certain
input power applied to its terminal
• It is a three terminal, two junction device
• It used in various circuits for amplification and control. There
are more than two fifty billons transistor in world
• These are used in control power supply, logic gate design,
opams, sensors etc
@ EL-PRO-CUS

18. APPLICATION OF TRANSISTOR IN
CIRCUITS
1.Transistor as a
switch
2. LED lights when the
LDR is dark
3.LED lights when the
LDR is light
4.Transistor as a
audio amplifier circuit
5.Transistor used to control
speed of dc motor
@Electronics Hub
@Gadgetronicx

19. • Rotate the rotary switch in multimeter to the diode mode.
Connect one probe to basic of the transistor and another one
with any other terminal.
• If we observe some value when negative probe is connect to
base and positive probe is connect to any one terminal then it
is a PNP Transistor.
• If we observe some value when positive probe is connect to
base and negative probe is connect to any one terminal then it
is a NPN Transistor.
HOW TO TEST YOUR TRANSISTOR WHETHER IS NPN OR
PNP USING MULTIMETER

20. DC POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITS
There are two type of power supply circuits:
• Linear power supply
• Switch mode power supply
• Linear mode power supply are frequently used in circuits to
convert 230v AC to 5V,12V,24V DC.5V DC is used to power the
microprocessor and microcontroller based circuits along with
peripherical interfaced with it.
• SMPS power supply is an electronic circuit that converts power
using switching devices that are turned on and off at high
frequencies. It can convert to higher DC voltages. These are
used in various devices such as laptops, computers etc.

21. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SMPS AND LINEAR
POWER SUPPLY
• Linear power supplies require more electronics components,
therefore it makes circuit more bulky and heat dissipation is quite
large as compare to SMPS power supplies.
• SMPS power supplies are compact , less heat dissipation is low
and unlike linear power supply it can bear great power
fluctuations in the circuit.
• SMPS power supply output have large amount of noise therefore ,
we need to design filters in such a way it can remove great noise
effects otherwise it is dangerous for sensitive loads.

22. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER
SUPPLIES
Linear power supply SMPS power supply
@EL-PRO-CUS
@SUNPOWER

23. LINEAR POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM
@EL-PRO-CUS
@SUNPOWER

24. OPEN SOURCE MICROCONTROLLERS AND
MICROPROCESSORS DEVELOPMENT BOARDS

25. MICROCONTROLLERS AND
MICROPROCESSORSMicrocontrollers Microprocessors
• Microcontroller is a single chip IC
in which it contains a CPU in
addition to the fix amount of
RAM,ROM,I/O Ports, timer and
controllers.
• It makes ideal for many
applications in which cost and
space are critical.
• Microcontrollers have less
computation speed, less power
consumption and require less
space.
• Microcontrollers are designed in
such a way that the pins are
• Microprocessor only contains a CPU
embedded in a chip. A system
designer needs to embedded
RAM,ROM,I/O and timers to make
them externally functioning.
• Microprocessors have larger
computation speed therefore, they
can control various task in single
time. Power consumption is more as
compare to microcontrollers.
• Microprocessor are designed in such
a way that they can perform complex
data analysis projects where there is
larger amount of data, processing

26. Overview Arduino Microcontroller
Development board Arduino microcontroller
development board contains
built:
• External Crystal oscillator
• External power supply circuit
• GPIO pins connectors ICSP
connector which can be used
with serial devices.
• AT Mega 16U2(USB to serial
converter).
• ADC pins AREF
• On Board LEDS
• M7 Diode used for polarity
protection
• Polyfuse which protects your
USB port from excess current
draw.
Rating :550 Ma
• Two Layer PCB
@Arduino

27. SPI VS I²C VS SERIAL INTERFACE
PROTOCOLS
SERIAL PROTOCOL SPI PROTOCOL I²C PROTOCOL
Asynchronous Bit by bit data
transmission over a single
data bus is called Serial data
transverse.
It is faster protocol but there
is no guarantee that data is
being sent or the two device
is working at same precise
clock. To overcome this
problem, we have to sent a
start and stop bit along with
the data that is being
transmitted.
It contains a synchronous
data transmission which
means that it uses separate
lines for data and a “clock”
that keeps both sides in
perfect sync. Clock indicates
exactly when to extract the
data.
SPI is generally used to talk to
sensors that have a very
specific command structure.
We can connect multiple
slaves with one master.
I²C is one of most favoured
protocols because it requires
less no of transmission. In SPI
Protocol, four transmission
lines are required to interface
with one slave.
In I²C, we can interface 1008
devices.
Each I2C bus consists of two
signals: SCL and SDA. SCL is
the clock signal, and SDA is
the data signal

28. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
• Sensor is a electronic component that senses some signal and its
response in the form of electrical data.
• Actuators are those electronics components that converts
electrical signal in form of energy. It takes electrical Input and
convert into physical action
• Examples of sensors: Temperature sensor, Biomedical sensor,
Pressure sensor etc.
• Example of actuators: Piezo Actuator, speakers etc.
DIY Sensors Actuators
Sensors are the
source of IoT Data
@Electronics hub
@Texas Instruments

29. ACTUATOR AND SENSOR
@Bridgera

30. I²C ACCELEROMETER ADXL 345
• Accelerometers are electromechanical devices that sense either static or dynamic
forces of acceleration.
• It contains capacitive plates in which one of them is fixed and other is varied when
mechanical force is applied onto it. The change in capacitance value indicates the
varying acceleration.
• Some accelerometer also contains piezoelectric materials for measurement of
acceleration value.
• Accelerometer with digital interface communicates with SPI or I²C protocol.
• Analog Interfaced accelerometer interface show acceleration through various voltage
level fluctuations.
@Sparkfun

31. Reference block diagram
@Analog devices

32. INTERFACING CIRCUIT OF ADXL345 WITH
ARDUINO UNO R3
PIN DIAGRAM OF ADXL 345
@Sparkfun

33. DTH11 SENSOR
• DTH11 is a digital temperature and humidity sensor. It returns two values to the
output when interfaced to a controller.
• It contains a built in NTC thermistor sensor in which the resistance decrease as per
the increase in the temperature and the corresponding decrease indicates the
overall rise in temperature.
• It also contains two electrodes which contains moisture holding substrate .When
moisture changes the resistance across the substrate changes and corresponding
change is processed by the Integrated built in circuit in the sensor.
@circuit basics

34. • Overview of the Sensor.
@ how to Mechatronics
@Mouser Electronics
Timing diagram
Internal structure
Working Overview

35. INTERFACING OF ARDUINO WITH DTH11 SENSOR
@Arduino blog@Instructables blog

36. SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
• Soil moisture sensor measure the volume content of the soil.
• When the soil is having water shortage, the module output is at high level,
else the output is at low level.
• It measure dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric
permittivity is a function of the water content. The sensor creates a voltage
proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the water content of
the soil.
@circuitdigest@circuitstoday

37. INTERNAL REFERENCE DIAGRAM
ADDITIONAL STUFF
• MANY SOIL MOSITURE
SENSOR DON’T HAVE
COMPARTOR THEREFORE
THE VALUE THAT IS
RECEIVED FROM THE
SENSOR IS A ANALOG
VALUE.
• IF WE WANT A DIGITAL
VALUE THEN WE PASS
THE VALUE TO AREF PIN
OF ARDUINO
@Electronics Hub

38. INTERFACING CIRCUIT OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR WITH
ARDUINO
@circuitstoday

39. PIR SENSOR PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR
• PIR sensor detects the Infrared rays emitted from an object. The
range of the sensor lies between 5m to 12m.
7 areas of Applications of PIR Sensors
• All outdoor Lights
• Lift Lobby
• Multi Apartment Complexes
• Common staircases
• For Basement or Covered Parking Area
• Shopping Malls
• For garden lights
@Adafruit

40. INTERNAL CIRCUIT
• Whenever IR light falls onto the substrate, it generate the
electron hole pair.
• The free electrons starts moving towards the base of the
transistor and if the value exceed the threshold then current
flows through the transistor and analog output is receive.
@circuitstoday

41. INTERFACING CIRCUIT WITH ARDUINO
ADDITIONAL STUFF
THE PIR SENSORS
CONTAINS COMPARTOR
WHICH CONVERTS
ANALOG VALUE TO
DIGITAL.
@circuitstoday

42. THANK YOU
geek_explorer
CONTACT
https://www.linkedin.com/in/vikrant-thakur-b5125112a/