The document discusses several key aspects of counseling including: 1. The counseling relationship is centered on helping the client through difficulties and behavioral changes with a focus on confidentiality. 2. Effective counseling depends on the client's readiness for change and the therapeutic relationship between counselor and client. 3. Counseling aims to be a permissive learning situation where the client can freely discuss issues without judgment and makes their own decisions.

1. FUNDAMENTAL OF
COUNSELING
PART I: COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP.
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2. DEFINITION OF
COUNSELLING
 American Counseling Association
defines it as „ the application of mental
health, psychological or human
development principles, through
cognitive, affective, behavioral or
systemic interventions, strategies that
address wellness, personal growth, or
career development as well as
pathology.‟
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3. 2010 DEFINITION BY ACA
 “Counseling is a professional
relationship that empowers diverse
individuals, families, and groups to
accomplish mental
health, wellness, education, and
career goals.”
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4. GUIDANCE
 What is Guidance?
◦ “Guidance is a process of helping
people make important choices that
affect their lives, such as choosing a
preferred lifestyle”
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5. PSYCHOTHERAPY
 What is Psychotherapy?
◦ Traditionally focuses on serious
problems associated with
intrapsychic, internal, and personal
issues and conflicts. It deals with the
“recovery of adequacy”
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6. SUMMARY
 Deals with wellness, personal
growth, career & pathological
concerns.
 Conducted with normally functioning
people or people with serious
problems.
 Theory based.
 Process that may be developmental /
intervening.
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7. :
 Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the
client.
 Counseling is a learning situation which
eventually results in a behavioral change.
 Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on
the readiness of the client to make changes and
the therapeutic relationship with the counselor.
 The counseling relationship is confidential.
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8. MEANING OF COUNSELING
RELATIONSHIP
 A process where C facilitate a change
of attitude & behavior of client.
 It‟s an interactive process. Focusing
on:
a. Behavior of client.
b. Beilef‟s & values.
c. Level of emotional distress.
Note: connection is imp. Relationship
between C & c is imp.
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9.  Pepinsky &Pepinsky define
relationship “as a hypothetical
construct to designate the inferred
affective character of the observable
interaction between 2 individuals.”
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10. Process Model:
RELATING
UNDERSTANDING
CHANGING
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11. Respect Empathy Concreteness
Congruence Immediacy
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12. EMPATHIC
UNDERSTADING
RESPECT &
WARMTH POSITIVE
REGARD
CONCRETENESS GENUINESS
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13. LEVELS OF EMPATHY
 Primary Empathy:
Responding in such a way that it is
apparent to both the client & counselor
the counselor has understood the client‟s
major themes.
 Advanced Empathy:
This takes the relationship one step further.
You are exploring
themes, issues, meanings, and emotions
that are below the surface of what is being
shared by the client.
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14. FACILITATIVE CONDITIONS
Rogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions
required for therapeutic change:
Therapist-Client Psychological Contact
Client incongruence, or Vulnerability
Therapist Congruence, or Genuineness
Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR)
Therapist Empathic understanding
Client Perception
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15. Stage II- In-depth
Exploration Stage.
Stage III-
Stage I- Initial
Commitment to
Disclosure Stage
Action
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16. :
 Goals within counseling help to set the
tone and direction one travel’s with their
client.
 Without goals, the sessions will wander
aimlessly.
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17.  Mutually agreed on by the client
and counselor.
 Specific.
 Relevant to behavior.
 Achievement & success oriented.
 Quantifiable & measurable.
 Behavioral & observable.
 Understandable & can be re-stated
clearly.
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18. Psycho Adjustment
Support educational &Resource
Guidance Provision
Crisis Problem solving
Symptom
intervention & Decision
Amelioration
&Mgmt Making
Insight & Self - Transcendental
Understanding Actualization Experience
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19.  Advice Giving
 Lecturing
 Excessive Questioning
 Storytelling
 Asking “Why?”
 Asking “How did that make you
feel?”
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20.  When working with a client, you want
to send a message that you are
listening.
 This can be done by being attentive
both verbally (responding to the client) and
nonverbally.
 SOLER is an acronym which serves to
remind us how to listen.
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21.  S: Face the client squarely; that is, adopt a posture
that indicates involvement.
 O: Adopt an open posture. Sit with both feet on the
ground to begin with and with your hands
folded, one over the other.
 L: As you face your client, lean toward him or her.
Be aware of their space needs.
 E: Maintain eye contact. Looking away or down
suggests that you are bored or ashamed of what
the client is saying. Looking at the person
suggests that you are interested and concerned.
 R: As you incorporate these skills into your
attending listening skills, relax.
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22. DIAGNOSTIC SKILLS
 To understand if the c has any
psychological problems.
 Identification of specific problems is 1st
step for treatment planning.
 It can be informal /formal procedures.
 Detailed history leads to generating
hypothesis which leads to final
inferred.
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23.  The 1st step is to conduct thorough
intake interview .
 Understanding Antecedents and other
associated factors is important.
 If no diagnosis is derived then use
psychological assessment.
 Questioning
 Probing and leading
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24. MOTIVATIONAL SKILLS
 MI developed by William Miller &
Stephen Rollnick.
 Semi-directive client-centered
approach,
 Non-judgemental, non-confrontational
&non-adversial.
 To create more insight & awareness
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25. 4 General Principles
 Express Empathy
 Develop Discrepancy
 Roll with Resistance
 Support Self-Efficacy
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26. GOALS:
 To establish Rapport
 To elicit change talk
 To establish commitment language
from the client.
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27. SKILLS- OARS
OPEN-ENDED QTS.
AFFIRM
REFLECTIVE LISTENING
• -SIMPLE
• -AMPLIFIED
• -FEELINGS.
SUMMARIZE
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28. COMMUNICATION
VERBAL VOCAL BODILY TOUCH
TAKING ACTION
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
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29. DIMENSIONS
BODILY
VERBAL VOCAL - FACIAL EXPRESSION
-GAZE
-LANGUAGE - VOLUME -EYE-CONTACT
-CONTENT -ARTICULATION -GESTURES
-AMT.OF SPEECH -PITCH -POSTURE
-OWNERSHIP OF SPEECH -EMPHASIS -PHYSICAL CLOSENESS
-RATE -CLOTHES
-GROOMING
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30. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
 It involves observable behavior
 It comprises of both verbal &non-
verbal communication pattern.
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31. SKILLS
Attending &
Encouraging
Restating &
Paraphrasing
Reflecting Content
& Reflecting
feeling.
Clarifying &
Perception
Checking
Summarizing.
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32. DEEPER LEVELS OF
COMMUNICATION
SELF-DISCLOSURE
RESPONDING TO
NON –VERBAL CONFRONTATION
CUES
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33. IMPEDIMENT TO
COMMUNICATION
C‟s
predisposition.
Premature
Advice Giving
Story Telling. Lecturing
Excessive
Questioning
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34. Some Basic Principles
 Each client must be accepted as an individual
and dealt with as such (the counselor does not
necessarily approve of all behavior, but still
accepts the client as a person).
 Counseling is basically a permissive
relationship; that is, the individual has
permission to say what they please without
being reprimanded or judged.
 Counseling emphasizes thinking with; not for
the individual.
 All decision-making rests with the client.
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35.  Counseling is centered on the difficulties of the
client.
 Counseling is a learning situation which
eventually results in a behavioral change.
 Effectiveness in counseling depends largely on
the readiness of the client to make changes and
the therapeutic relationship with the counselor.
 The counseling relationship is confidential.
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