The document discusses hazard and risk assessment techniques used in process industries, including HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) studies, LOPA (Layer of Protection Analysis), and determining Safety Integrity Levels (SIL). It provides descriptions of these techniques, including how HAZOP studies are conducted to identify hazards and safeguards, how LOPA uses likelihood and consequence categories to evaluate risk, and how SIL levels from 1 to 4 are assigned based on required safety system reliability. The document also covers international standards like IEC 61511 that provide requirements for safety instrumented systems.
Complying with New Functional Safety StandardsDesign World
Better understand functional safety and how it applies to the equipment you build and use. As EN ISO 13849-1 (EN 954) and IEC 62061 become more prevalent in North American design and industry segments request Safety Integrity Level (SIL), Control Category and Protection Level (PL) ratings, our approach to machine safety stands to change.
This webinar provides practical advice for adopting these new standards by providing an overview of:
- Market trends
- Applicable standards
- Considerations for applying relevant standards
- Determining your level of machine safety design
Hosted by Design World, this educational webcast helps original equipment manufacturers and end users better understand functional safety and how it applies to the equipment you build.
Process Safety Life Cycle Management: Best Practices and ProcessesMd Rahaman
Learn how to transform your current process safety program to deliver intelligent and integrated safety solutions that can directly affect the bottom line, while simultaneously improving process and personnel safety.
The combustion process has always been considered having the potential for a hazardous event which could lead to personnel injury or loss of production. To mitigate this risk, the process industry is now implementing Safety Instrumented Systems which can identify hazardous operating conditions and correctly respond in such a way to bring the combustion process back to a safe operating condition or implement an automatically controlled shutdown sequence to reduce the risk of operator error causing a catastrophic event. Oxygen and combustible flue gas analyzers are now being utilized in these combustion Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) to identify hazardous operating conditions and automatically return the process to a safe state. The standards of IEC 61511 and API RP 556 will be reviewed as they apply to flue gas analyzers, as well as the process variables of the oxygen and combustible analyzer available for implementation into the SIS system for combustion monitoring, and the resultant actions required to return the process to a safe condition.
The FDA has their Design Controls in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 820.30, then for outside the US, we have ISO 13485:2003 Medical devices – Quality management systems – Requirements for regulatory purposes, and finally there is ISO 14971 Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices.
How can the New Product Development (NPD) process make conforming to these standards into an advantage and accomplish the appropriate Reliability activities in their proper place and sequence to avoid those expensive “loopbacks” (which are really NPD rework)? Can a NPD project steer clear of situations requiring compromise in Reliability to avoid repeating clinical trials or to preserve the project schedule?
Can a company avoid recalls for Reliability issues by knowing what the Reliability will be before product release?
An optimal New Product Development process will be presented that successfully deals with these challenges.
Five Common Mistakes made when Conducting a Software FMECAAnn Marie Neufelder
The software FMECA is a powerful tool for identifying software failure modes but there are 5 common mistakes that can derail the effectiveness of the analysis.
A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized equipment in processing facilities due to material deterioration. These risks are managed primarily through equipment inspection.
Complying with New Functional Safety StandardsDesign World
Better understand functional safety and how it applies to the equipment you build and use. As EN ISO 13849-1 (EN 954) and IEC 62061 become more prevalent in North American design and industry segments request Safety Integrity Level (SIL), Control Category and Protection Level (PL) ratings, our approach to machine safety stands to change.
This webinar provides practical advice for adopting these new standards by providing an overview of:
- Market trends
- Applicable standards
- Considerations for applying relevant standards
- Determining your level of machine safety design
Hosted by Design World, this educational webcast helps original equipment manufacturers and end users better understand functional safety and how it applies to the equipment you build.
Process Safety Life Cycle Management: Best Practices and ProcessesMd Rahaman
Learn how to transform your current process safety program to deliver intelligent and integrated safety solutions that can directly affect the bottom line, while simultaneously improving process and personnel safety.
The combustion process has always been considered having the potential for a hazardous event which could lead to personnel injury or loss of production. To mitigate this risk, the process industry is now implementing Safety Instrumented Systems which can identify hazardous operating conditions and correctly respond in such a way to bring the combustion process back to a safe operating condition or implement an automatically controlled shutdown sequence to reduce the risk of operator error causing a catastrophic event. Oxygen and combustible flue gas analyzers are now being utilized in these combustion Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) to identify hazardous operating conditions and automatically return the process to a safe state. The standards of IEC 61511 and API RP 556 will be reviewed as they apply to flue gas analyzers, as well as the process variables of the oxygen and combustible analyzer available for implementation into the SIS system for combustion monitoring, and the resultant actions required to return the process to a safe condition.
The FDA has their Design Controls in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 Part 820.30, then for outside the US, we have ISO 13485:2003 Medical devices – Quality management systems – Requirements for regulatory purposes, and finally there is ISO 14971 Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices.
How can the New Product Development (NPD) process make conforming to these standards into an advantage and accomplish the appropriate Reliability activities in their proper place and sequence to avoid those expensive “loopbacks” (which are really NPD rework)? Can a NPD project steer clear of situations requiring compromise in Reliability to avoid repeating clinical trials or to preserve the project schedule?
Can a company avoid recalls for Reliability issues by knowing what the Reliability will be before product release?
An optimal New Product Development process will be presented that successfully deals with these challenges.
Five Common Mistakes made when Conducting a Software FMECAAnn Marie Neufelder
The software FMECA is a powerful tool for identifying software failure modes but there are 5 common mistakes that can derail the effectiveness of the analysis.
A risk assessment and management process that is focused on loss of containment of pressurized equipment in processing facilities due to material deterioration. These risks are managed primarily through equipment inspection.
Introduction to Functional Safety and SIL CertificationISA Boston Section
This overview session will acquaint attendees with the key concepts in the IEC 61508 standard for functional safety of electrical/electronic and programmable electronic systems. An introduction is provided to safety integrity levels (SIL), the safety lifecycle and the requirements needed to achieve a functional safety certificate. Information will be provided on documentation requirements and an introduction to the basic objectives of product design for functional safety.
Introduction of FMEA; Definition, Activities, important terms, factors, RPN; Process of FMEA; Steps of FMEA
Types of FMEA; FMEA Application; FMEA Related Tools:
Root Cause Analysis, Pareto Chart, Cause Effect Diagram
Regulatory modifications have raised important issues in design and use of industrial safety systems. Certain changes in IEC 61508, now being widely implemented, mean that designers and users who desire full compliance must give new consideration to topics such as SIL levels and the transition to new methodologies.
Basic understanding of HAZOP it covers:
-Basic understanding of HAZOP
-HAZOP requirements
-How it works
-Case study
-HAZOP team
-Advantage & disadvantage
1. HAZOP by DAMO
2. What is HAZOP? HAZOP is an acronym that stands for HAZARD and OPERABILITY Study It was pioneered at ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries, UK) during the late 1960s
3. What is HAZOP? ICI no longer exists today in its original form today (it was taken over by AkzoNobel) but the HAZOP technique that it pioneered survives, thrives and grows in importance every day. HAZOP is mainly a Risk Assessment Technique HAZOP is a Qualitative technique
4. Where is HAZOP used? HAZOP is used in a wide variety of industries and sectors including but not limited to •Chemicals & Petrochemicals •Oil & Gas including refining •Power Generation •Mining & Metals •Pharmaceutical manufacturing
5. How is HAZOP Structured? HAZOP is structured in such a way as to evaluate the design intent of a particular part of a plant, called as a node and then use Guide Words to evaluate deviations from the intent
6. HAZOP Example For example a HAZOP node may be a day tank that pumps a reactant to the plant every day. The design intent is “transfer liquid from tank to plant” Possible Deviations from intent are evaluated using Guide Words such as Less Than, More Than, Reverse, No and others.
7. HAZOP Example Thus possible deviations from the design intent would be Liquid Quantity transferred is Less than intented Liquid flows in Reverse direction (from plant to tank) and so on until all possible devaitions are analyzed
8. HAZOP Example Now every deviation is analysed and Mitigated via adequate measures Mitigations may be multiple for each deviation All nodes need to be analysed in this manner
9. HAZOP Types There are different kinds of HAZOPs •Conceptual •Greenfield •Brownfield •Decommissioning •CHAZOP (Computer HAZOP)
10. HAZOP Team HAZOP is a team effort with a HAZOP Leader, a HAZOP Scribe who documents the analysis either manually (with an Excel sheet) or using a documentation software and Team members who contribute to the analysis
Similar to Functional safety certification guide (20)
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. What is HAZOP
What is LOPA
What is SIL
What is SIS
What is SIF
Understanding IEC 61508
Understanding IEC 61511
Understanding EXIDA
Understanding OREDA
3. Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study.
The HAZOP study is recognized worldwide as a primary
methodology for conducing hazard analyses for oil,
petrochemical and chemical process units.
HAZOP Study provides benefits to the owner and the
contractor in the following ways ;
Identifies improvements for the safe operation of the
process unit at an earlier stage un the project ,making it
easier and usually significantly less expensive to make
those changes (e.g cost of changes Vs project Lifestyle )
Provides information to assist in reducing the chances of
unplanned shutdowns.
Significantly reduces time and costs for future HAZOP
studies due to changes made to the process unit during
construction or later revalidations(a government
requirement in some parts of the World)
4. Provides information for developing process-unit-specific
operating and maintenance procedures
Helps answer questions during the training of operators
and maintenance personnel about deviations or unusual
scenarios that may occur in the operation of the process
unit
Provides guidance for developing mechanical integrity
programs, including information required by ANSI/ISA S84
(USA) or IEC 61511 (International ) Instrumentation
standards
Identifies scenarios that may impact communities and
could be subject to government –required modelling
Contributes toward demonstrating to the communities that
potential hazards have been assessed and safeguards to
control these potential hazards have been identified
5. Typical HAZOP Report Table of Contents
Executive Summary( Introduction ,Objectives and
Scope, Team Composition, Study Approach,
results)
Typical tables (Severity Definitions ,likelihood
definitions ,Risk Ranking Defination, Risk
Ranking Matrix, Distribution of Recommendation
Risk Ranking)
Typical Appendices (Process Description ,Study
Nodes, Session Progress Reports ,HAZOP
methodology Description ,technology- Specific
HAZOP worksheets, List of technology HAZOP
Recommendation ,Process Drawings.)
6. Severity : Five Point Scheme for Hazard
Severity Levels
Level 1 – Very Low (Insignificant)
Level 2 – Low ( Minor)
Level 3- Medium (Moderate)
Level 4- High(Major)
Level 5- Very High ( Significant/Catastrophic
Very High)
7. : Five Point Scheme for Hazard Likelihood Levels
Level 1 – Very Low (never heard of in an industry)
Level 2 – Low ( Some Incidents in the industry)
Level 3- Medium (Incidents has occurred in the
company)
Level 4- High(Happens several times per year in
the company)
Level 5- Very High (Happens several times per
year in the facility)
8. The Traditional HAZOP method does not
include any formal ranking of the hazards
identified Some times this makes it difficult
to prioritize the recommendations for
implementation.
It is beneficial to use a risk ranking scheme to
rank failure scenarios according to their
estimated severity and likelihood covered in
(Severity Level and Likelihood levels)
9. NO : Negation of the design intent(e.g no
flow when there should be : no pressure
when there should be
LESS: Less of a physical property than there
should be – quantitative decrease(e.g lower
flow rate than there should be )
MORE : More of a physical property than there
should be – Quantitative increase
10. PART OF : Composition of the system(stream)
is different than it should be – Qualitative
decrease (e.g less of component)
AS WELL AS : More components present than
there should be – Qualitative increase (e.g
extra phase or impurities present)
REVERSE : Logical opposite of the design
intent (e.g reverse flow)
OTHER THAN : Complete substitution (e.g
transfer of a material to a location other than
intended
11. Intention : The intention defines how the part
of the process(being studied) is expected to
operate
Causes : These are the reasons why
deviations might occur. Once a deviation has
been shown to have a conceivable or realistic
cause, it can be treated as meaningful
Consequences : these are the results of the
deviations should they occur
Hazard : These are the consequences which
can cause damage ,injury or loss.
12. Process Parameters , Such as , FLOW ,
PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, LEVEL, QUANTITY
and TIME
Guide
Words/Design
Parameters
More
of
Less
of
None
of
Reverse Part
of
As well as Other
Than
Flow
Temperature
Pressure
level
14. Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) is a semi
quantitative tool for analyzing and assessing risk
LOPA is a simplified form of risk assessment
LOPA is an analysis tool that typically builds on
the information developed during a qualitative
hazard evaluation, such as a process hazard
analysis(PHA)
LOPA typically uses order of magnitude
categories for initiating event
frequency,consequence severity, and the
likelihood of failureof independent protection
layers (IPLs)(to approximate the risk of a scenario
15. The Purpose of LOPA is to determine if there
are sufficient layers of protection against an
accident scenario
LOPA is applied after a qualitative hazard
evaluation(e.g PHA) using the scenarios
identified by the qualitative hazard review
team
16. Process design
Basic Process control systems
Critical Alarms and Human Intervention
Safety Instrumented Function (SIF)
Physical protection (Relief Valves,Rupture Discs,etc)
Post release Protection (Dikes,Blast walls etc)
Plant Emergency Response
Community Emergency Response
SIF is a combination of sensors, logic solver, and final elements with a
specified safety integrity level that detects an out of limit(abnormal )
condition and brings the process to a functionally safe state
IPL is a device, system, or action that is capable of preventing a scenario
from proceeding to its undesired consequence independent of the
initiating event or the action of any other layer of protection associated
with the scenario
The effectiveness of an IPL is quantified in terms of its probability of
failure on demand (PFD) which is defined as the probability that a system
(in this case the IPL)
17. Express risk target quantitatively
FAR: Fatal Accident Rate – This is the number
of fatalities occurring during 1000 working
lifetimes(108 hours)
Fatality Rate = FAR*(hours worked)/ 108
OSHA Incidence Rate – This is the number of
illnesses and injuries for 100 work-years
18. 1.Express risk target quantitatively
Include ( Fatal Accident Rate )
Fatalities = (Frequency)(fatalities/accident)
.001 =(.001)(1) fatalities/time period
.001=(.0000001)(100,000) fatalities/time period
2.Determine the risk for system
In level of protection Analysis(LOPA),we assume that the
probability of each element in the system functioning (or
failing) is independent of all other elements
We consider the probability of the inititating event(root
cause)occuring
We consider the probability that every independent
protection layer(IPL) will prevent the cause or satisfactorily
mitigate the effect.
3.Reduce the risk to achieve the target
19. An international standard relating to the
Functional Safety of
electrical/electronics/programmable electronic
safety related systems
Mainly concerned with E/E/PE safety-related
systems whose failure could have an impact on
the safety of persons and/or the environment
Could also be used to specify any E/E?PE system
used for the protection of equipment or product
It is an industry best practice standard to enable
you to reduce the risk of a hazardous event to a
tolerable level
21. Functional safety instrumented system for the
process industry sector
Applies to wide variety of industries across
the process sector such as
Chemical
Oil Refining
Oil and Gas Production
Pulp and Paper
Non-Nuclear Power generation
Pharmaceuticals/Fine Chemicals
22. SAFETY
INTEGRITY
LEVEL
(SIL)
LOW DEMAND MODE
OF OPERATION
(Probability of failure
to perform its
designed function on
demand)
CONTINUOUS/HIGH
DEMAND MODE OF
OPERATION
(Probability of one
dangerous failure per
hour)
4 >= 10-5
up to < 10-4
>= 10-9
up to < 10-8
h-1
3 >= 10-4
up to < 10-3
>= 10-8
up to < 10-7
h-1
2 >= 10-3
up to < 10-2
>= 10-7
up to < 10-6
h-1
1 >= 10-2
up to < 10-1
>= 10-6
up to < 10-5
h-1
PFD PFH
Probability of Failure on
Demand
Probability of Failure per
Hour
25. Reliability Probability of
failure on demand
Tri Unavailable
(per year)
90%-99% 0.1to 0.01 876 to 87.6 hrs
99%-99.9% 0.01 to 0.001 87.6 to 8.76 hrs
99.9%-
99.99%
0.001 to 0.0001 8.76hrs to 52.6
mins
99.99%-
99.999%
0.0001 to 0.00001 52.6 mins to 5.3
mins
SIL 1
SIL 2
SIL 3
SIL 4
26. SIL1-Standard Components ,Single channel or Twin non-diverse
channels
SIL 2- Standard Components ,1 out of 2 or 2 out of 3,possible need for
some diversity. Allowance for common-cause failures needed
SIL 3-Multiple channel with diversity on sensing and actation .common-
cause failures a major consideration .should rarely be required in
process Industry
SIL 4-Specialist design .Should never be required in the process Industry
27. LOPA
PROCESS
CONTROL and MONITORING
Basic process control systems
Monitoring systems (process alarms)
Operator supervision
PREVENTION
Mechanical protection system
Process alarms with operator corrective action
Safety instrumented control systems
Safety instrumented prevention systems
MITIGATION
Mechanical mitigation systems
Safety instrumented control systems
Operator supervision
PLANT EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Evacuation procedures
COMMUNITY EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Emergency broadcasting
28.
29. consequence
risk
parameter
minor injury
no influence
to the environment
possibility
of avoiding
hazardous
events
frequency
& exposure
time
probability of the
unwanted occurrence
very slightrelatively
high
slight
dead of 1 person
rare
frequent
periodic influence
to the environment
dead to
several people
permanent influence
to the environment
disaster
rare
frequent
possible
not
possible
possible
not
possible
requirement
classes
RC or AK
Safety Integrity
Levels (SIL)
IEC 61508
31. The Probable rate of occurrence of a hazard
causing harm
AND
The Degree of Severity of the Harm
Qualitatively – Words
Quantitatively – Figures
The formula for risk is
Risk = HAZARD FREQUENCY X HAZARD
CONSEQUENCE
32. Two Kinds of “SIL Calcs”
SIL Assignments Calculation
Consequence Analysis
Likelihood Analysis
SIL Verification Calculations
Required by standards
Use a combination of Software tools and
Custom Calculations
Exida – SILVER(ExSILentia)
SIS-Tech - SilSOLVER
34. A safety Instrumented System (SIS) may be defined as an
independent protection layer that is installed to mitigate the risk
associated with the operation of a specified hazardous system
which is referred to as the equipment under control
The EUC is the unit protected against going into a dangerous
state by the SIS
The purpose of SIS is to take process to a “safe state "when pre-
determined set points have been exceeded or when safe
operating condition have been transgressed
A SIS is comprised of safety functions with sensors, logic solvers
and actuators
Sensors for signal input and power
Input signal interfacing and processing
Logic solver with power and communications
Output signal processing, interface and power
Actuators( valves, switching devices) for final control function
35. A safety Instrumented Function(SIF) is a safety
function with a specified safety integrity level
which is implemented by a SIS in order to
achieve or maintain a safe state.
The SIS performs specified functions to
achieve or maintain a safe state of the
process when deviations are detected .The
Safe state is a state of the process operation
where the hazardous event cannot occur.
The above functions are called safety
instrumented functions (SIF)
36.
37. A HIPPS is a SIS installed in a pipeline to a
production system and protects against
overpressure by quickly isolating the source
causing the overpressure .If deviations are
detected, a fail safe close
38. Qualitative method for assigning a category
to safety-related Instrumentation
Why is it used
Risk of plant failure and associated impacts on
personnel, equipment and environment can be
mitigated by provision of instrumentation with
a higher degree of reliability.
S.I.L assessment defines these risks and
provides a suitable criterion for procurement of
such instrumentation
39. How is it done
S =C+F+M-T
Where S = Safety Integrity Level
C = Consequence to personnel
/Plant/Environment
F = Expected Frequency of Event
M = Mitigation provided by normal
process instrumentation
T = Allowable Fatal Accident Rate
(FAR)
Use value for T based on client/Project agreement
Assign values for C,F and M in accordance with
following tables
40. Consequences (C)
Select the highest index number from the
consequences to personnel(O0,Plant (P) and
Environment (E) and use this value for C in
the S.I.L equation
Description of Consequence to Plant Personnel
Potential
Deaths
Index
O
Accident extends beyond the plant boundary into the neighboring area >100 3
Large part of factory destroyed - Major explosion or toxic release 10 - 100 2
Factory unit or plant section destroyed. Multiple operating staff killed 1 - 10 1
Single operator killed or injured equipment damaged 1 0
If Operators are seldom in the affected area (say less than 6 mins. in every hour) then the C
index may be reduced by a value of 1
41. Description of Consequence to Production Facilities Index
P
No operational upset - No damage to equipment -6
Minor operational upset e.g.
Off specification product / Relief case of medium quantity
Minor damage to equipment e.g.
Cavitation of a conventional pump on low suction level
Longer term moderate or major damage to essential equipment
-5
Moderate operational upset e.g.
Upset in utility affecting other units such as liquids in an off-gas stream
Relief case of a large/moderate quantity of highly valuable products
Moderate damage to equipment e.g.
Over pressure resulting in minor loss of containment (e.g. gasket leaks)
Cavitation of a spared high speed or multi-stage pump.
-4
Major operational upset e.g.
An immediate large relief case that would cause violent high energy release
such as vapour breakthrough from high to low pressure
Process fluid overflow
Solidification of product in large unheated piping system requiring major
corrective action
Non-costly repair required of essential unspared equipment
Major damage to equipment e.g.
Costly repair required of major spared equipment or non-essential equipment
-3
Damage causing major loss of containment (rupture) e.g.
Excessive overtemperature such as exotherms and runaway reactions
Over pressure resulting in major loss of containment
Damage to essential equipment which could cause a major economic loss
(millions of pounds) due to disabling of essential unspared equipment
Failure of protective instrumentation system to guard against high level on
the suction vessel of a recycle gas compressor
Failure of protective instrumentation system to guard against low level on a
suction vessel for a multi-stage high speed HCU feed pump
Furnace or Boiler protection
-2
42. Description of Consequence to Environment Index
E
No release or negligible damage to the environment
No release or a very minor release that is below environmental quality standard,
not even justifying an alarm e.g.
A very small release from a flange gasket or a valve stem seal without
blowing out the gasket or seal material
-6
Release with minor damage to the environment which should be reported
A release that is not very severe but is large enough to be reported to plant
management or the local authority e.g.
A moderate leak from a flange gasket, valve stem seal, pump or compressor
seal, small bore connection, a relief valve blowing hydrocarbons to
atmosphere.
Small-scale liquid spill contained on the location or platform
Small-sale soil pollution without affect on the ground water.
-4
Release within fence with significant damage to the environment
Significant loss of containment that damages the environment on the premises but
not outside the fence e.g.
A cloud of noxious vapour travelling beyond the unit limit following flange
gasket blow out, compressor seal failure etc.
A liquid release that is not collected in the drain system and could affect
ground water locally or spill into a river or sea.
-3
43. Description of Consequence to Environment Index
E
Release outside fence with temporary major damage to the environment
Major loss of containment travelling outside the premises causing environmental
damage that can be cleaned up without lasting consequences e.g.
A vapour or aerosol release with or without liquid fallout which causes
temporary damage to flora, fauna or property following venting to
atmosphere, liquid entrainment from flare etc.
Solids (dust, catalyst, soot, ash) fallout following an operational plant upset
Liquid spill to river or sea
-1
Release outside fence with permanent major damage to the environment
Major loss of containment travelling outside the premises causing environmental
damage that cannot be cleaned up without lasting consequences
A vapour or aerosol release with or without liquid fallout which causes lasting
damage to flora, fauna or property following venting to atmosphere, liquid
entrainment from flare etc.
Solids (dust, catalyst, soot, ash) fallout following an operational plant upset
Liquid spill to river or sea
Liquid release that could affect the ground water outside the fence
0
44. Description of Frequency of Event Typical Value Index
F
Event happens frequently > 10 per year 1
Event happens occasionally 1per year 0
Event rarely happens 0.1per year -1
Event unlikely 0.01per year -2
Description of mitigation by normal process instrumentation (Not
safety related system)
Typical
reliability
Index
M
No Protective System N/A 0
Single unreliable protective system or Operator must respond under
stress within 5 minutes
90% -1
Single reliable protective system or Operator has 5 to 20 minutes to
respond to avert the disaster
99% -2
Dual protective systems or Operator has more than 20 minutes to
respond and is under low stress
99.9% -3
45. SIL System Required
1 Hardwired System
2 Dual Redundant
System(programmable Software)
3 2 out of 3 Voting
4 Nuclear industry level protection
(not required for conventional
process plant)