This presentation is all about fuels & industrial chemicals. Important highlights of this presentations are following *Importance Of Organic Compounds in Fuel Industry » Introduction of Organic Compounds & Organic Acids » Why Organic Acids are of interest?? » Role of Organic Chemistry in oil industry » Organic compound of gasoline » Alkanes & Importance Of Alkanes » Bioconversion of Maize Starch » Starch » Bioconversion » Bio products From Starch Waste » Maize & it’s Products » Important Products From Maize » Process OF Bioconversion Of Maize » Fungal biomass protein production from Starch processing Water » Ethanol production from various substrates » Ethanol production from barley β-glucan by yeast displaying Aspergillus » Ethanol production in solid substrate fermentation using thermo tolerant yeast » Ethanol production by solid state fermentation of sweet sorghum using thermo tolerant yeast strain » Ethanol production from agricultural biomass substrates » Ethanol production From Starch & Molasses » Industrially Important Amino Acids Production » l-Lysine production & its uses » Citric Acid Production & its uses » Guluconic Acid Production & its uses » Lactic Acid production & its Uses.

1. Fuels & Industrial
Chemicals
Group
Presentation

2. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
2
»Part –I
»Manahil
Khanum

3. Importance Of
Organic
Compounds in
Fuel Industry
Manahil Khanum
Durrani

4. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
» Organic compounds are important because all living
organisms contain carbon.They are the basic
components of many of the cycles that drive the earth.
For example, the carbon cycle that includes the
exchange of carbon between plants and animals in
photosynthesis and cellular respiration
» Organic acids are widely distributed in nature as they
occur in animal, plant, and microbial sources.They
contain one or more carboxylic acid groups, which may
be covalently linked in groups such as amides, esters,
and peptides. Production of organic acids on a large
industrial scale is mainly confined to acids of microbial
origin . A number of organic acids of bacterial and
fungal origin are important industrial products, the
biological production of which has a definite economic
advantage over chemical synthesis.
Introduction
Organic Compounds & Organic Acids
4

5. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
WhyOrganicAcids areof interest??
•A significant portion of acetic and lactic acids are
already produced from renewable sources. It is
possible that renewable materials can entirely replace
petroleum derived organic acids if costs could be
lowered and integrated large scale processes
developed. Replacing petrochemical carbon sources is
of interest to environmental conscious suppliers and
consumers
•Organic acids are of interest
because there is an existing
market for large quantities
for use in foods, beverages
and chemicals. Acetic acid,
citric acid, formic acid, lactic
acid, propionic acid, and
fumaric acid are currently
the highest volume products

6. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
How doesthefieldof organicchemistryplayaroleintheoilindustry?
•The petrochemicals industry is broadly defined as that industrial activity
which uses petroleum or natural gas as a source of raw materials and whose
products are neither fuels nor fertilizer.The petrochemical industry begins
with oil refineries or extracting plants built to remove ethane and higher
hydrocarbons from natural gas streams; sometimes methane itself is used as a
source material or feedstock Chemists in the oil and petroleum industry work
with crude oil and the products derived from it. ...

7. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
What is the organic compound of gasoline?
.
•Gasoline is a petroleum-derived product comprising a mixture
of liquid aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging
between C4 and C12 carbon atoms with the boiling range of
30–225°C. It is predominantly a mixture of
paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics and olefins

8. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
What are Alkanes??
•Alkanes are important raw materials of the
chemical industry and the principal
constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils.
Natural gas mainly contains methane and
ethane and is used for heating and cooking
purposes and for power utilities (gas turbines).

9. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Importance Of Alkanes
Why are alkanes used for fuels? What features of alkanes make them useful
fuels?
•Alkanes when compared to wood or
coal, are liquids or gases which makes
them easier to transport.They contain
more energy per unit weight than
other fuels.They are relatively stable at
room temperature and the
lower alkanes can be made into liquids
without spending too much energy
Chemical Properties of Alkanes:
Alkanes are relatively unreactive. ...
Alkanes combust (react rapidly with
oxygen) releasing energy, which makes
alkanes useful as fuels. ...
Alkanes will react with halogens such
chlorine gas and bromine water in the
presence of ultraviolet light.

10. BioConversion
of
Maize Starch
Manahil khanum

11. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
1-Starchisagroup of polysaccharides,composed of glucopyranoseunits joined
together byglucosidric linkages.
2- Starchisalsometabolizedfor energyinplants and animals,and isused to produce
a largenumber of industrialproducts.
3-Starchisprocessedto produce manyof the sugarsinprocessedfoods.The
biggest industrial non fooduseof starchisasadhesiveinthe paper making process.
4- Other important fieldsof starch application are textiles,cosmeticand
pharmaceutical uses.
5-Starchcan be obtained from maize,sorghum,rootsand tubers suchastapioca,
arrow root, potatoes etc.Starchtruly servesas amultifunctionalingredient inthe
food industry.Starchisone of the most present biomaterials
11
Starch

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12
BioConversion
Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is the conversion of organic materials,
such as plant or animal waste, into usable products or energy sources
by biological processes or agents, such as certain microorganisms

13. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
13
Bio products From Starch Waste
 LACTICACID
PROTEINSYNTHESIS
AMYLOLYTICENZYMES
ETHANOLPRODUCTION
METHANE PRODUCTION
HYDROGENPRODUCTION
XYLITOL
 ASTAXANTHIN
» Following are bioproducts from StarchWaste

14. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
» Maize has quite a high starch
content which makes it a high-
demand industrial raw
material.The starch obtained
from maize is processed into
several additives, agents and
ingredients such as dextrine,
sorbitol, sorbic acid and lactic
acid.
» In Pakistan, maize is emerging
as third most important crop
after rice and wheat. Its
importance lies in the fact that
it is not only used for human
food and animal feed but at the
same time it is also widely used
for corn starch industry, corn
oil production, baby corns etc.
» The products from Maize are value
added products which includes
» Maize Starch
» Liquid Gulucose
» Dextrose monohydrate
» Anhydrous Dextrose
» Sorbitol
» Corn Gluten
» In Pakistan, the prime source
of starch is maize and the
textile industry is for long the
largest buyer of maize starch in
Pakistan.
14
MaizeMaize & it’s Products

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O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
15
Important Products From Maize
• Maize/ Corn Starch Sorbitol & Dextrose
• Corn Flakes
• Dextrose Powder
• Maize Processing (Glucose, Sorbitol and Oil)
• Edible Corn Oil
• LiquidGlucose From Maize
• Corn Oil (Maize Oil)
•MAIZE PROCESSING UNIT (Starch, Glucose, Gluten, Germ, Fiber, SteepWater)
• Sorbitol
• Wet Milling

16. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
» .
Process OF BioConversion Of Maize
i
16
In this study, liquefaction and fermentation of normal maize starch at
different solid contents are examined
Starch is liquefied at solid contents from 20 to 60% by thermostable
α‐amylase at 90 °C.
The molecular weight distributions of the dextrins from starch liquefaction,
determined by gel‐permeation chromatography, are practically the same for
those generated at 20–40% solids, whereas those at 50–60% solids contain
increased levels of high molecular weight dextrins. A higher solids level (40–
60%) requires more α‐amylase to produce liquefied starch with a reducing
sugar content of 9–15%.
The starch hydrolysates are subjected to a simultaneous saccharification and
fermentation (SSF) process that is conducted at 20–60% solids, 30 °C for up
to 72 h.The highest ethanol concentration (17.4%, v/v) is obtained after 72 h
from the 30% starch hydrolysate with reducing sugar content of 12–14%.
Enzymatic liquefaction of normal maize starch at high solids content (40–
60%) is feasible and the high solids enzyme conversion of starch could find
potential applications in productions of sugars and chemicals made by
fermentation of sugars.

17. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Key Steps Of BioConversion
POTATOWASTE HOMOGENISATION STARCH
SEPERATIONUNIT
STARCHSLURRY
LIQUIFICATION/SACCHARIFICATION LIQUIFIED
STARCH
FERMENTATION
CELLSEPERATION-CELLMASS/CELLFREEBROTH CRUDELACTICACID
VACUUMEVAPOURATION
ConcentratedLACTICACID
PURIFICATION-EXTRACTION PURIFIED
LACTICACID

18. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
18
FUNGALBIOMASSPROTEINPRODUCTION FROMSTARCH
PROCESSINGWASTEWATER
• Bioconversion of wastes is a natural way of recoveringuseful resources.
• Biotechnology can facilitate this natural recyclingprocess.
• Biotechnological treatment of food processing wastes, which existin huge quantities, can
produce a valuable end-product, e.g. microbial biomass protein (MBP).
• The manufacturing of starch products from wheat, corn andpotato
involves significant usage of water.
• This voluminous water usage results in the generation of substantial quantities of wastewater.
The vast quantities of starch processing wastewater (SPW) have higher biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), levels than town sewage, are highly polluting, and can impose heavy loads on the
environment or be expensive in terms of sewerdisposal.
• The SPW, with a relatively high percentage of carbohydrates,cellulose, protein and plant nutrients,
represents an important energy-rich resource.
Source:BoJinetal, 2002

19. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
19
»Part –ii
»Shbab
Zahra

20. Ethanol production from various
substrates.
By Shabab Zehra
Roll no 30

21. Introduction :
• Commonly called ethanol, ethyl alcohol and drinking
alcohol.
• It is the neurotoxinc,psychoactive drug and one of the
oldest recreational drug.
• It is volatile,flamable and colorless liquid with a slight
chemical odor.
• Empirical formula C2H5OH.
Production of Ethanol from various substrates.

22. Three β-glucosidase- and two
endoglucanase-encoding genes were cloned
from Aspergillus oryzae, and their gene
products were displayed on the cell surface of
the sake yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
displaying β-glucosidase showed the highest
activity against various substrates and
efficiently produced ethanol from cellobiose.
Ethanol production from barley β-glucan by yeast displaying
Aspergillus.

23. A novel solid substrate fermentation system was used to produce fuel
ethanol from sweet sorghum and sweet potato using a thermotolerant
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (VS3) and a local isolate of amylolytic
Bacilllus sps. (VB9).The process was carried out on a laboratory scale
using broth cultures.
Ethanol production in solid substrate fermentation
using thermotolerant yeast:

24. Solid state fermentation of chopped sweet sorghum
particles to produce ethanol was studied statically using
thermotolerant yeast.The influence of various process
parameters, such as yeast cell concentration, particle size
and moisture content, on the ethanol yield was
investigated. Optimal values of these parameters were 4 ×
106 cells/g raw sorghum, Dp = 1.5 mm and 75%, respectively
Ethanol production by solid state fermentation of
sweet sorghum using thermotolerant yeast strain:

25. •The increasing use of oxygenates as fuel additives
provides an opportunity for the large-scale expansion of
the fuel ethanol industry.The steps for production of fuels
from biomass involve feedstock preparation,
pretreatment, fractionation, enzyme production,
hydrolysis, fermentation, product recovery, and waste
treatment.
Ethanol production from agricultural
biomass substrates:

28. Ethanol production from Biomass :

31. BEST FOR You
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31
»Part –iii
»Aleena
Malik

32. INDUSTRIALLY
IMPORTANT
AMINO ACIDS
PRODUCTION
Aleena Malik

33. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
l-Lysine production
» l-Lysine belongs to the essential amino acids that cannot be
synthesized by higher animals and humans.
» l-Lysine is widely used as a feed supplement , therefore this is a
biotechnological product of considerable economic importance and
the worldwide production was recently estimated to be above 2
million tons per year.
» The most important industrial l- Lysine producer is the bacterium
Corynebacterium glutamicum.

34. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Production of L-Lysine:
»It is produced by two different microbial
fermentation methods:
Indirect fermentation
Direct fermentation

35. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Indirect fermentation
» It is also called as dual fermentation as two different microorganisms are
employed in this fermentation process. Auxotrophic mutant of E.coli is
used in first half of fermentation and wild type or prototrophic E.coli or
Aerobacter aerogenes is employed in the second half of the fermentation.
» Diaminopimelic acid produced in first half of fermentation and then
converted to lysine in second half of fermentation.

36. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Direct fermentation
» L-lysine can also be fermentatively produced from any of the
substrates directly and process is called direct fermentation.
» Direct production of l-lysine from carbohydrate was developed first
with a homoserine or threonine plus methionine auxotroph of
Corynebacterium glutamicum.
» Homoserine auxotroph of other bacteria were also found to produce
l-lysine but the yields were lower than that from homoserine
auxotroph.

37. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Uses of l-Lysine
» It is used as an essential amino acid
required for human nutrition.
» It is used as supplementary for cereal
proteins.
» Protein quality of certain foods like
wheat(based foods) is improved by
addition of l-Lysine which results in the
improved growth and tissue synthesis.
» It is used as a neutraceutical.

38. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Citric acid Production
» Citric acid is the most important organic acid
produced in tonnage and extensively used in
food and pharmaceutical industries.
» Citric acid is usually occurring acid found in
several varieties of fruits and vegetables with
citrus fruits such as lemons and limes containing
the highest amount of citric acid.
structure

39. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Production
» The industrial citric acid production can be carried in three
different ways :
Surface fermentation
Submerged fermentation
Solid state fermentation

40. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Surface fermentation
» Surface fermentation using Aspergillus niger can be done on rice bran as is
the case in Japan ,or in liquid solution in flat aluminium or stainless steel
pans.
» Special strains of Aspergillus niger which can produce citric acid despite the
high content of trace metals in rice bran are used.

41. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Submerged fermentation
» In this case, the strains are inoculated of about 15cm depth in fermentation
tank.
» The culture is enhanced by giving aeration using air bubbles .
» And its allowed to grow for about 5 to 14 days at 27to 33 degree Celsius.
» The citric acid produced in the fermentation tank and is purified.

42. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Solid state fermentation
» It is simplest method for citric acid production .
» It is also known as koji process ,was first developed in Japan.
» Citric acid production reached a maximum when fermentation as carried
out with cassava having initial moisture of 62% at 26 degree Celsius for 120
hours.
» The substance is then separated and purified.

43. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Uses of citric acid
» Used as preservative and flavoring agent
» Emulsifying agent in ice cream
» Household cleaner in kitchen and
bathroom sprays
» Used in cosmetics
» Used in wash cleaners like nail polish ,
hand soap etc.

44. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Gluconic acid production
» Gluconic acid is a mild organic
acid derived from glucose by
simple oxidation reaction.The
reaction is facilitated by the
enzyme glucose oxidase and
glucose dehydrogenase .
structure

45. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Fermentation process
» Gluconic acid is produced industrially by employing the
fungus or the bacterium.
» In the former process, Aspergillus niger and in the later
process Acetobacter suboxidans are used.
» A.niger employs glucose oxidase involving agent like FAD
and lactonase in the presence of O2 resulting in the
formation of gluconic acid.

46. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Uses of gluconic acid
» It is used in the manufacture of metal,
leather and food.
» Sodium gluconate is used as a
sequestering agent in many detergents.
» Calcium gluconate is used in medicine.
» Gluconolactone is used as baking powder
and as an additive.

47. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Lactic acid production
» Lactic acid is used in food industry as a preservative , an acidulant
or in the preparation of dough conditioners.
» Lactic acid is considered one of the most important
hydrocarboxylic acids.
» Lactic acid is mainly produced in muscle cells and red blood cells.

48. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Fermentation process
»In lactic acid fermentation,
glucose molecules are
converted into cellular
energy and the metabolite
lactate which is lactic acid in
solution.

49. BEST FOR You
O R G A N I C S C O M P A N Y
Uses of lactic acid
» It is used as a food preservative ,
curing agent and flavoring agent.
» It is an ingredient in processed
foods and is used as decontaminant
during meat processing.

50. Any Queries??
Durranikhanam.official@gmail.com
-----------------------------------------
Industrial Microbiology
Group Presentation
MMG- 6th Semester
TheWomen University
Multan 50