Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. HOW IT SPREADS The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces. You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within close proximity of someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth.

1. Introduction to Covid-19
Group members:
Manahil Khanam
Minahil khalid
Aneeqa Sadiq
Iqra Malik
Afra Ejaz
Ariba Nameen.
Presented to : Dr. Humaira Yasmeen.
Presented by : Group 4

2. Content:
• Introduction of Covid-19
• History &Origin
• Transmission
• Pathogenesis
• Signs & Symptoms
• Prevention
• Death & Cases
• Advance Researches
• Conclusion

3. What is Covid-19
• Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus.
• 'CO' stands for corona, 'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease.
• Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel coronavirus' or '2019-
nCoV.' The COVID-19 virus is a new virus linked to the same family of viruses as
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and some types of common cold

4. • Spike
Glycoprotein
• Envelope Small
Membrane
Protein
RNA
• Hemagglutinin
Esterase
• Membrane
Protein
Structure of CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19)

5. 1. SARS: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
2. MERS: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
MERS – COV SARS – COV
Types of CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19)

6. History and origin of COVID-19

7. Where did the first case of the coronavirus disease originate?
• Retrospective investigations by Chinese authorities have
identified human cases with onset of symptoms in early
December 2019. While some of the earliest known cases
had a link to a wholesale food market in Wuhan, some
did not.
• On 31 December 2019, the World Health
Organization (WHO) was formally notified about a
cluster of cases of pneumonia in Wuhan City, home
to 11 million people and the cultural and economic
hub of central China

8. Where did the first case of the coronavirus disease originate?
• The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become
the fifth documented pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic
• The cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome that became
known as COVID‐19 was a novel coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2.
• The rest is history, albeit history that is constantly being
rewritten: as of 12 May, 82,591 new cases of COVID‐19
worldwide were being confirmed daily and the death rate
was over 4200 per day

9. CORONA
A family of viruses affecting Respiratory
Tract
Causing Disease from common cold to
Pneumonia.
Usually lives in bats & other wiled animals.
Transmitted to humans directly, or via other
animals.
Can also transmit between humans via
respiratory droplets,
Corona Viruses in Man.

10. Covid-19 infection.
• Like SARS‐CoV, the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus responsible for COVID‐19 can survive in aerosols for
hours and on surfaces including stainless steel, plastic and cardboard for days, although washing with
soap or detergent will destroy the virus. It can be transmitted during the asymptomatic incubation
phase (this is estimated to occur in 50–60% of cases) and for up to two weeks after the onset of
symptoms
• Each person infected passes the virus on to an average of three others.
• The incubation period is about 5–6 days (range 1–14 days).

11. • Clinical presentation varies from asymptomatic, subclinical infection and mild illness to severe or
fatal illness; deterioration can occur rapidly, often during the second week of illness.
• Viral load is up to 60 times greater in people with severe symptoms compared with mild cases
• Death is due to pneumonia and possibly hyperinflammation associated with cytokine storm
syndrome

12. • Hospitalization rates and crude mortality rates in Europe up to 22
April showing the influence of increasing age, are shown in
Figures 1 and 2
Figure 1
Age‐specific hospitalization rates among
all reported cases of COVID‐19, data from
14 countries in the European Surveillance
System up to 22 April 20208
Figure 2
Age‐specific crude case fatality
(deaths/all reported cases of
COVID‐19), data from 13 countries
in the European Surveillance up to 22
April 20208

13. The search starts in Wuhan
• An international team of epidemiologists, virologists and researchers with expertise in public health,
animal health and food safety will lead the WHO’s COVID-19 investigation. The agency has not
released their names.
• The team held its first virtual meeting, including researchers in China, on 30 October, and is reviewing
the preliminary evidence and developing study protocols, says the WHO. The initial phase of
investigations in Wuhan will probably be conducted by researchers already in China, and international
researchers will travel to the country after reviewing those results, the agency says.

14. The search starts in Wuhan
• In Wuhan, researchers will take a closer look at the Huanan meat and animal market, which
many of the earliest people diagnosed with COVID-19 had visited. What part the market played in
the virus’s spread remains a mystery. Early investigations sampled frozen animal carcasses at the
market, but none found evidence of SARS-CoV-2, according to a 5 November report of the WHO
mission’s terms of reference. However, environmental samples, taken mostly from drains and
sewage, did test positive for the virus. “Preliminary studies have not generated credible leads to
narrow the area of research,” the report states
• The WHO mission will investigate the wild and farmed animals sold at the market, including foxes,
raccoons (Procyon lotor) and sika deer (Cervus nippon). They will also investigate other markets in
Wuhan, and trace the animals’ journeys through China and across borders. The investigators will
prioritize animals that are known to be susceptible to the virus, such as cats and mink

15. The search starts in Wuhan
• The team will also look at Wuhan’s hospital records, to find out whether the virus was spreading
before December 2019. The researchers will interview the first people identified to have had
COVID-19, to find out where they might have been exposed, and will test blood samples from
medical staff, laboratory technicians and farm workers collected in the weeks and months before
December, looking for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The report acknowledges that some of this
work might already be under way in China
• Plans to look beyond China are sensible, given that extensive surveillance in bats in China since the
2002 SARS outbreak has identified only a distant relative of SARS-CoV-2, says Wang. A growing
number of experts think that the immediate or close ancestors of SARS-CoV-2 are more likely to
exist in bats outside China, says Wang. He says the WHO team should survey bats and other
wildlife across southeast Asia for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies

16. The search starts in Wuhan
• The investigation should also prioritize carnivorous mammals farmed for fur, such as raccoon dogs and
civets, which had a role in the SARS outbreak, says Martin Beer, a virologist at the Federal Research
Institute for Animal Health in Riems, Germany.
• Beer says, "It is surprising that there is no mention of these animals in the report, and we have no
information from China about whether these animals have been tested,”
• A spokesperson for the WHO says the mission will be guided by science, and “will be open-minded,
iterative, not excluding any hypothesis that could contribute to generating evidence and narrowing the
focus of research”.

17. Reference:
Nature 587, 341-342 (2020)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-03165-9
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55555466
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/interactive-
timeline?gclid=CjwKCAiAi_D_BRApEiwASslbJ9x4_nFPrLYWInq-
Jiip1WEZoTEImBrq4fAfkF8OJAt4iOTuc50_dxoCuGYQAvD_BwE#event-115
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Coronavirus_Disease_(COVID-19)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2319417020300445
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332915/
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cdcresponse/about-COVID-19.html
https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/covid-19-a-history-of-coronavirus-22021
Novel Corona virus (COVID-19) Situation Dashboard, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/685d0ace521648f8a5beeeee1b9125cd
2- SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome. NHS Choices. United Kingdom: National Health Service. 3
October 2014.

18. Transmission of Covid-19

19. Direct Contact and Droplet Transmission
COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads between
people, mainly when an infected person is in close contact with another
person.
20% 65%
• The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they :
Cough
Sneeze
Speak Breath heavily.

20. Direct contact and droplet transmission
These liquid particles are different sizes,
ranging from larger ‘respiratory
droplets’ to smaller ‘aerosols’
COVID-19 virus is transmitted through
respiratory droplets and contact routes
.
Respiratory droplets are >5-10 μm in
diameter
Droplet nuclei are <5μm in diameter
In an analysis of 75,465 COVID-19 cases in
China, airborne transmission was not reported

21. Airborne transmission.
For example.
2020.03
Airborne transmission may be possible in specific circumstances and settings in which procedures or support
treatments that generate aerosols are performed
Turning the patient to the
prone position
Disconnecting the patient
from the ventilator
Open suctioning
Tracheostomy
Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation.
Endotracheal
intubation
Administration of
nebulized treatment

22. Aerosol Transmission
• Aerosol transmission can occur in specific settings, particularly in indoor,
crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces, where infected person(s) spend
long periods of time with others, such as restaurants, choir practices, fitness
classes, nightclubs, offices and/or places of worship.
• More studies are underway to better understand the conditions in which
aerosol transmission is occurring outside of medical facilities where specific
medical procedures, called aerosol generating procedures, are conducted

24. Indirect Transmission
• Indirect transmission through fomites that have been contaminated by respiratory
secretions is considered possible
• The virus can also spread after infected people sneeze, cough on, or touch surfaces, or
objects, such as tables, doorknobs and handrails. Other people may become infected by
touching these contaminated surfaces, then touching their eyes, noses or mouths without
having cleaned their hands first

25. Other mode of transmission.
• There is some evidence that COVID-19 infection may lead to
intestinal infection and be present in faeces.
• However, to date only one study has cultured the COVID-19
virus from a single stool specimen.
• There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the
COVID-19 virus to date

26. Asymptomatic Transmission
• Asymptomatic transmission i.e. when the infector has no symptoms throughout the
course of the disease, is difficult to quantify.
• Available data, mainly derived from observational studies, vary in quality and seem to
be prone to publication bias.
• Mathematical modelling studies (not peer-reviewed) have suggested that asymptomatic
individuals might be major drivers for the growth of the COVID-19 pandemic
• Similar viral loads in asymptomatic versus symptomatic cases have been reported,
indicating the potential of virus transmission from asymptomatic patients

27. Pre- Symptomatic Transmission
• Pre-symptomatic transmission i.e. when the infector develops symptoms after transmitting
the virus to another person has been reported. Exposure of secondary cases occurred 1–3
days before the source patient developed symptoms.
• It has been inferred through modelling that, in the presence of control measures, pre-
symptomatic transmission contributed to 48% and 62% of transmissions in Singapore and
China, respectively.
• Pre-symptomatic transmission was deemed likely based on a shorter serial interval of
COVID-19 (4.0 to 4.6 days) than the mean incubation period (five days)

28. Reference:
• https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission
• Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19 ...
• www.who.int › Newsroom › Commentaries › Detail
•
How does COVID-19 spread? - World Health Organization
• Ad·www.who.int/coronavirus/spread

29. Pathogenesis of Covid-19

31. Path-physiology
1.
2.
3.
4.
• It is believed that bat coronavirus had acquired the ability to infect
human, extending the host range (may be Pangolin), by having a few
mutations in the spike protein.
• The detail Pathogenesis of covid-19 is explained by the following steps:
5.
Virus Entry and Spread
Pathological Findings
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Cytokine Storm
Immune Dysfunction

32. A. Virus Entry and Spread
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via respiratory droplet, contact, and
potential in fecal-oral.
Primary viral replication is in mucosal epithelium of upper respiratory
tract (nasal cavity and pharynx).
Further multiplication in lower respiratory tract and gastrointestinal
mucosa, giving rise to a mild viremia.
Few infections at this point and remain asymptomatic.
Some patients have also exhibited non- respiratory symptoms such
as acute liver and heart injury, kidney failure, diarrhea,
implying multiple organ involvement.

33. A. Virus Entry and Spread
6.
7.
8.
9.
SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the host cell by binding its S protein to the receptor
protein, angiotensin- converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
ACE2 is expressed by epithelial cells of the intestine, kidney, blood vessels,
and, most abundantly, in type II alveolar cells of the lungs.
The human enzyme transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), is also
used by the virus for S protein priming and to aid in membrane fusion.
The virus then enters the host cell via endocytosis.

35. B. Pathological Findings
1. The first report of pathological findings from a severe COVID-19 showed
pulmonary bilateral diffuse alveolar damage.
2. The right lung showed evident desquamation of pneumocytes and hyaline
membrane formation, indicatig acute respiratory distress syndrome.
3.The left lung tissue displayed pulmonary edema with hyaline membrane
formation, suggestive of early- phase acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS).
4. Interstitial mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by
lymphocytes, could be observed in both lungs.

36. C.Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(ARDS)
1. A life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from
getting to the lungs and into the circulation, accounting for mortality of
most respiratory disorders and acute lung injury.
2. More than 40 candidate genes including ACE2, interleukin 10 (IL-
10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) among others have been considered to be associated with the
development or outcome of ARDS.
3.Increased levels of plasma IL-6 and IL-8 were also demonstrated to be
related to adverse outcomes of ARDS

38. D . Cytokine Storm
1. Rapid viral replication and cellular damage, virus induced ACE2
downregulation and shedding, and antibody dependent enhancement (ADE)
are are responsible for aggressive inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2.
2. The initial onset of rapid viral replication may cause massive epithelial and
endothelial cell death and vascular leakage, triggering the production of pro-
inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
3. Loss of pulmonary ACE2 function has been proposed to be related to acute
lung injury and further enhance inflammation and cause vascular permeability.

40. E.Immune Dysfunction
1. Peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells showed reduction and hyperactivation in
a severe patient.
2. High concentrations of proinflammatory CD4 T cells and cytotoxic
granules CD8 T cells were also determined,suggesting antiviral immune
responses and overactivation of T cells.
3. several studies have reported that lymphopenia is a common feature of
COVID-19, suggestive of a critical factor accounting for severity and
mortality.

41. Stages of infection
Stage 1 : Asymptomatic stage (initial 1-2 days of infection)
1. The inhaled virus SARS-CoV-2 likely binds to epithelial cells in the nasal
cavity and starts replicating.
2. In vitro data with SARS-CoV indicate that the ciliated cells are primary cells
infected in the conducting airways
3. There is local propagation of the virus but a limited innate immune response.
At this stage the virus can be detected by nasal swabs.
4. Although the viral burden may be low, these individuals are infectious.
5. The RT-PCR value for the viral RNA might be useful to predict the viral
load and the subsequent infectivity and clinical course

42. Stages of infection
Stage 2 : Upper airway & conducting airway response
1. The virus propagates and migrates down the respiratory tract along the
conducting airways, and a more robust innate immune response is triggered.
2. Nasal swabs or sputum should yield the virus (SARS CoV-2) as well as early
markers of the innate immune response. At this time, the disease COVID-19 is
clinically manifest.
3. The level of CXCL10 (or some other innate response cytokine) may be
predictive of the subsequent clinical course.
4. For about 80% of the infected patients, the disease will be mild and mostly
restricted to the upper and conducting airways

43. Stages of infection
Stage 3 : Hypoxia, ground glass infiltrates and progression to
ARDS
1.Unfortunately, about 20% of the infected patients will progress to stage 3
disease and will develop pulmonary infiltrates and some of these will develop
very severe disease.
2. The virus now reaches the gas exchange units of the lung and infects alveolar
type II cells.
3. SARS-CoV propagates within type II cells, large number of viral particles are
released, and the cells undergo apoptosis and die.
4. Suspect areas of the lung will likely lose most of their type II cells, and
secondary pathway for epithelial regeneration will be triggered.

44. Stages of infection
5. The pathological result of SARS and COVID-19 is diffuse alveolar damage
with fibrin rich hyaline membranes and a few multinucleated giant cells.
6. The aberrant wound healing may lead to more severe scarring and fibrosis
than other forms of ARDS. Recovery will require a vigorous innate and acquired
immune response and epithelial regeneration.
7. Elderly individuals are particularly at risk because of their diminished immune
response and reduced ability to repair the damaged epithelium.
8. The elderly also have reduced mucociliary clearance, and this may allow the
virus to spread to the gas exchange units of the lung more readily

45. Reference:
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342834705_The_Pathogenesis_of_Coronavirus_Disease_2019_COVID-
19_Evaluation_and_Prevention
• outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;
in press.
• Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long
structural studies of SARS. J Virol 2020; 94: e00127-20.
• Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by
a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020; in press.
• Sims AC, Baric RS, Yount B, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of human ciliated airway epithelia:
role of ciliated cells in viral spread in the conducting airways of the lungs. J Viral 2005; 79: 15511–15524.
• Reyfman PA, Walter JM, Joshi N, et al. Single-cell transcriptomics analysis of human lung provides insights into the
pathobiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199: 1517–1536.
• Tang NL, Chan PK, Wong CK, et al. Early enhanced expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 (CXCL-10) and other
chemokines predicts adverse outcome in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 2333–2340.
• Hancock AS, Stairiker CJ, Boesteanu AC, et al. Transcriptome analysis of infected and bystander type 2 alveolar epithelial cells
during influenza A virus infection reveals in vivo Wnt pathway downregulation. J Virol 2018; 92: e01325-18

46. Sign, Symptoms& Prevention.

47. Shortness
of breath
High
Fever
Vomiting
(In Some
Case)
Diarrhea
(In Some
Case)
Coughing
Pneumonia
CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19)

48. • Majority of cases have milder disease, with some having severe
disease.
• Severe cases develop pneumonia and respiratory failure.
• Deaths have generally occurred in people who are older and who
have underlying health conditions - reports of severe disease in
children are uncommon

50. PREVENTION
IF YOU ARE
INFECTED
Wash Hands with
water and
soap/Sanitizer, at
least 20 Seconds
Don’t eat raw
food, thoroughly
cook meat and
eggs
Avoid contact
with animals and
animal products
Stay at home
Avoid contact
with sick people
Don’t touch eyes,
nose or mouth
with unwashed
hands
Cover your
nose and
mouth when
sneezing
Wear a
surgical mask
(N95
Respirator)
Keep objects and
surface clean
Avoid Contact
with others
CORONA VIRUS(COVID-19)

51. 6 FT
SAFE
DISTANCING
Maintain a social distance of about 6FT.
COVID-19 PREVENTION

52. TRAVEL ADVICE
Avoid travelling to affected areas
unless necessary.
Make sure you have all necessary
vaccination and travel medication.
If you become sick while travelling
seek medical care immediately
Seek advice from your healthcare
provider
Don’t travel if you have fever and cough
COVID-19 Prevention

53. CORONAVIRUS PREVENTION
• Stay at home and try to do more work from home, to
avoid contact from infected people.

54. Reference:
• https://www.cdc.gov/.../social-distancing.html
• https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent...
• https://www.gov.uk/guidance/travel-advice-novel-coronavirus

55. Covid-19 Death and Cases.

56. DEC 31
China alerts WHO
to several
pneumonia cases
Jan 13
WHO reports
case in Thailand,
the first outside
Chania
Jan 11
China announces
first death from
corona virus
Jan 7
France confirms
Europe's first
corona virus case
Jan 30
China alerts WHO
to several
pneumonia cases
Feb 2
First death outside
china recorded in the
Philippines
Feb 7
Chinese doctor &
whistle blower Li
Wenliang dies
Feb 14
Egypt confirms
Africa’s first case
Feb 11
WHO names virus
COVID-19
Corona virus first case origin.

57. Covid-19 Disease(Death & Cases)
NAME
CASES-
CUMULATIVE
TOTAL
CASES-NEWLY
REPORTED IN
LAST 24
HOURS
DEATHS-
CUMULATIVE
TOTAL
DEATHS-
NEWLY
REPORTED IN
LAST 24 HOURS
TRANSMISSION
CLASSIFICATION
Global 87,273,380 787,944 1,899,440 14,533
USA 21,447,670 277,195 362,287 4,176
Community
transmission
India 10,413,417 0 150,570
0
Cluster of cases
Cluster of cases
Community
transmission
Pakistan 497,510 2,435 10,558 47
Iran 1,274,514 6,251 56,018 85
Faroe islands 643
0
0
0
0
0
Tonga
3 1 Sporadic cases
No cases

58. Cases rate-Worldwide
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
30,000,000
35,000,000
40,000,000
45,000,000
Cases
Cases
Death rate-Worldwide
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
Death
Death

60. COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST INFECTION RATE
● These are the countries
with the highest amount of
confirmed cases over time:
United States, Spain, Italy
and China (where this
virus first originated)
ORIGIN

61. 50,958,070
● Total recovered people from COVID-19 as of January 2021

62. Reference:
• https://covid19.who.int/table
• https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus
• https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-
and-cases

63. Advance Researches & Recent Evidence
regarding Covid-19

64. A prophylactic nasal spray?
Evidence published between 4/11/2020 and 10/11/2020
• A team from Columbia University has released preliminary
results (not yet peer-reviewed) showing that intranasal
administration of a lipopeptide that binds to the virus Spike
protein completely prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in ferrets.
• These lipopeptides are inexpensive, highly stable and
non-toxic. If they work in humans, they could be used as a
prophylactic to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2.

65. Evidence published between 12/11/2020 and 17/11/2020
A drug for rheumatoid arthritis
• Artificial intelligence analyses have identified
baricitinib, an immunosuppressor used for rheumatoid
arthritis, as a potential drug for COVID-19.
• In a small trial in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the
drug reduced inflammation, progression to severe
disease, and mortality

66. Evidence published between 18/11/2020 and 24/11/2020
Antibodies in breast milk.
• Milk from COVID-19 recovered mothers
contains antibodies that can neutralize the
virus (specially IgA antibodies) and that
could protect the babies from infection,
according to a study

67. Evidence published between 25/11/2020 and 1/12/2020
Understanding the loss of smell.
• Cells that provide support to our olfactory neurons express receptors
that allow SARS-CoV-2, providing the virus with a potential ‘entry
door’ into the brain, according to a study that analyzed gene expression
in the olfactory system.
• Accordingly, another study (not yet peer-reviewed) reveals viral
presence in olfactory mucosa of COVID-19 patients who lost their
sense of smell.

68. Evidence published between 25/11/2020 and 1/12/2020
Convalescent Plasma.
• A controlled clinical trial of convalescent
plasma for the treatment of COVID-19 severe
pneumonia showed no benefit in terms of clinical
outcomes or mortality, despite the fact that levels
of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were
controlled before transfusion.

69. Evidence published between 10/12/2020 and 15/12/2020
 Evidence of early circulation?
• An Italian team found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a throat swab collected from a child in
early December 2019, around 3 months before the first identified coronavirus disease case
in Italy.
• The child had not travelled, so this finding raises the possibility that the virus was
circulating outside China earlier than thought.
 Impact on male fertility?
• A small study on testis biopsies from COVID-19 patients reveals the virus can infect
germ cells and affect the production of spermatozoids. These findings raise the possibility
that the virus may affect male fertility.

70. Evidence published between 10/12/2020 and 15/12/2020
 No benefit for an antibiotic
• The UK RECOVERY trial found no benefit from azithromycin in patients hospitalized
with COVID-19.
 Pfizer /BioNTech
• The final Phase 3 results for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine were published this week. The
two doses, given 21 days apart, were safe and 95% effective against COVID-19.
 Mixing vaccines?
• A trial may start soon to find out whether mixing COVID vaccines gives better protection
than 2 doses of the same one.

71. Avoid social gatherings, theatres etc.
Stay abreast with developments related to the
epidemic.
Cancel non-essential travel for few days.
Consider distance learning or e-learning.
Stay home when sick and limit visitors.
Consider staggering work schedules at offices.
Explore work from home opportunity.
Short term holidays of schools.
Limit large work-gatherings like meeting and
training.
Conclusion

72. Reference:
https://covid19.nih.gov/research-highlights/accelerating-covid-19-research
https://www.isglobal.org/en/covid-19-novedades-cientificas

73. Thank-you.