Phycoremediation.pptx
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This document summarizes the use of phycoremediation, a bioremediation technique using algae, to treat domestic and industrial wastewater. It discusses how wastewater from various sources produces pollutants that degrade the environment. Conventional wastewater treatment is inefficient compared to techniques using algae, which are cost-effective and ecofriendly. The document reviews 170 publications and concludes that phycoremediation can effectively treat wastewater by removing nutrients and other contaminants while also producing valuable byproducts like fertilizers and biofuels. It outlines challenges with algal technology but also improvements that can address limitations and expand industrial applications of algae for wastewater remediation.
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Wastewater Irrigation in Developing Countries: Health Effects and Technical S...
This document summarizes the health risks of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The author conducted a literature review of 60 articles from 1989-2017 on this topic. Wastewater irrigation can spread diseases through exposure to pathogens and contamination of food and water. Common health issues identified include diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis A, and worm infections. The document also discusses the various pollutants found in wastewater and their impacts, as well as technical solutions for wastewater treatment and safer irrigation methods to reduce health risks.
IRJET- A Review of Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge...
The document reviews the feasibility of using duckweed (Lemna minor) for sludge water treatment. It summarizes several studies that examined duckweed's nutrient removal efficiency from different wastewaters. One study found duckweed was most effective at removing nutrients from municipal wastewater, removing over 75% of nutrients tested. However, another study found that duckweed did not significantly improve the treatment efficiency of a municipal wastewater system. The document concludes that duckweed systems can effectively treat wastewater and remove nutrients to produce secondary effluent, but land area requirements and lack of winter growth may limit their widespread use. Nitrogen removal requires supplemental aeration in duckweed ponds.
A REVIEW PAPER ON LOW COST SEWAGE TREATMENT BY ROOTZONE TECHNOLOGY FOR RESIDE...
The document discusses the use of root zone technology (RZT) as a low-cost alternative for sewage treatment, especially for small towns. It reviews literature on using constructed wetlands and reed beds to treat sewage. A pilot study was conducted using reactors planted with different species to treat sewage from Herle, India. The results showed that RZT was effective at reducing pollutants like BOD, COD, and nutrients. It was found to be a more cost-effective option than conventional treatment plants, making it suitable for small communities that cannot afford expensive options.
MYCOREMEDIATION 1.pptx
This document discusses the use of fungi for bioremediation of contaminated soils and water. It provides background on bioremediation using microorganisms and introduces mycoremediation, which uses fungi specifically. Fungi have enzymes that can break down pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics. The document describes two case studies of using fungal consortia to remediate soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals. It finds the fungi were effective at removing pollutants through bioaccumulation, biomethylation, and immobilization. Further research is still needed to optimize mycoremediation for real-world large scale applications.
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More from Dr. R. DINESHKUMAR
Algae Introduction and industrial important
This document provides an overview of algae, including:
1. Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. They lack structures like roots and stems.
2. Algae reproduce through vegetative reproduction like cell division, fragmentation, and budding. They also reproduce asexually through spores and sexually through the fusion of gametes.
3. Algae are classified based on characteristics like pigments, food storage, and habitat. Some major classes include green algae, brown algae, red algae, and blue-green algae.
Algae biology, taxonomy and application , important
This document provides an overview of algae, including their general characteristics, cell structure, pigments, nutrition, reproduction, and classification. It discusses the thallus organization and cell structure of algae, their pigments like chlorophyll, their nutrition and reproduction through both sexual and asexual means. It also outlines the classification of algae into the phyloms Rhodophycophyta and Xanthophycophyta, and examines the algae Vaucheria in more detail.
Algae Introduction , application and USES
“Alga is a term that describes a large and incredibly diverse group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms. These organisms do not share a common ancestor and hence, are not related to each other (polyphyletic).” Multicellular examples of algae include the giant kelp and brown algae.
Chlorella introduction , Cultivation and applications
Chlorella vulgaris is a species of green microalga that is spherical in shape and 2-10 um in diameter. It contains high levels of chlorophyll A and B and can reproduce asexually. There are two main types of chlorophyll - chlorophyll A which appears greenish and is the primary photosynthetic pigment, and chlorophyll B which appears yellowish-green. Chlorella vulgaris has medical uses such as preventing cancer and boosting white blood cells, and can also act as a natural antibiotic against certain bacteria. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement, protein source, and for biomass and lipid production.
Seaweed Introduction/ Types and its Biotechnological Applications
The document discusses seaweed. It begins by introducing seaweed as a type of marine algae that is multicellular, photosynthetic, and non-flowering. It then lists some common seaweed genera and describes seaweed structure. It notes that seaweeds are generally made up of a holdfast, stipe, and blade. It also outlines the three main types of seaweed based on pigmentation - red, brown, and green algae. The ecology and life cycle of seaweed is then summarized, noting their dependence on seawater and light. Finally, several applications of seaweed are listed, including as a food, in beauty products, and for potential medical benefits.
Phycocyanin Introduction/ Application and uses
This document discusses spirulina and phycocyanin. Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae that is rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals. It contains phycocyanin, a blue pigment with strong antioxidant properties. Phycocyanin can be extracted from spirulina through a process of cell disruption, precipitation, and dialysis. It has various health benefits and applications including as a food colorant, in pharmaceuticals, and for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Red Algae / Biology/ Taxonomy/ Applications
Red algae, called Rhodophyta, are a large phylum of multicellular eukaryotic algae that are mostly found in deep freshwater bodies and coral reefs. They have distinctive pigments that allow them to survive in deeper ocean depths than other algae. Examples include Palmaria, Delesseria, and Chondrus. Red algae reproduce both sexually, through the fusion of haploid gametes, and asexually via spore formation. Their life cycle involves an alternation of generations between haploid gametophytes and diploid tetrasporophytes.
Seagrass Biology and Applications & Taxonomy
Sea grass are flowering plants that grow entirely under water and provide important habitats and food for marine life. They reproduce both sexually through seeds and asexually through rhizomes. Intertidal sea grass have adaptations like smaller shoots and more carotenoids to cope with exposure, while subtidal plants are larger with wider leaves due to less stress. The sea grass microbiome is important for nutrient cycling and creates redox conditions in the rhizosphere through photosynthesis. Sea grass have applications like traditional medicine treatments and supporting fisheries.
PCR.pptx
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to separate the double-stranded DNA, allowing primers to anneal and the DNA polymerase to synthesize complementary strands. PCR has many applications in medicine, forensics, and research due to its ability to rapidly amplify DNA. It is a sensitive and versatile technique but is also susceptible to contamination.
Cheese.pptx
Rennet is a complex set of enzymes produced in ruminant stomachs that is traditionally used to curdle milk into solid curds and liquid whey during the cheese making process. The key enzyme in rennet is chymosin, which curdles the casein in milk. Most cheese is now made using bacterial sources of chymosin rather than rennet from calves. The cheese making process involves standardizing milk, heating it, adding starter bacteria and rennet, cutting and draining the curds, and then storing the cheese depending on its moisture level and hardness.
Probiotic and Symbiotics.pptx
This document is a report submitted by Ms. Padma Lakshmanan, a third year B.Sc. Microbiology student at Vivekananda Arts and Science College for Women in Sankagiri, Tamil Nadu, India. The report discusses the topics of probiotics and symbiotics in the subject area of food microbiology for the Department of Microbiology.
Personal Hygiene.pdf
This document discusses personal hygiene and its importance. It begins by defining personal hygiene as maintaining cleanliness and grooming of the external body. It notes that personal hygiene increases self-esteem and confidence. The document then discusses the benefits of personal hygiene, including preventing the spread of germs. It also lists and provides brief descriptions of different types of personal hygiene, such as tooth hygiene, hair hygiene, and hand hygiene. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of cleanliness and grooming for both health and social reasons.
Cereals and Cereals Products.pptx
This document discusses sources of contamination and spoilage in cereal grains and products. Cereals are susceptible to microbial growth due to their carbohydrate content and near-neutral pH. Common sources of contamination include air, soil, water, insects, rodents, birds, animals, humans and environmental conditions. Mold is the primary cause of spoilage, while bacteria such as Bacillus, Micrococcus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas can also cause issues. Preservation methods explored include drying, irradiation, pulsed UV light treatment, organic acids and pesticides.
Meat and Meat Products.pptx
This document provides information about meat and meat products from a microbiology perspective. It discusses the spoilage of meat and meat products, the types of microbial spoilage that can occur in meats under aerobic conditions, and some common meat products. It also outlines several methods for the prevention and control of microbial spoilage in meats, including aseptic techniques, the use of heat, low temperatures, irradiation, drying, and food preservatives. The overall aim is to preserve meat and meat products in order to promote healthy eating.
Cultivation of Spirulina.pptx
This document is a report submitted by M. Nandhini, a student in the 1st year of her M.Sc. in Microbiology at the Department of Microbiology at Vivekanandha Arts and Science College for Women in Sankagiri. The report is about the cultivation of Spirulina, a type of microalgae, as part of studying microalgal technology.
Raceway ponds.pptx
Raceway ponds are typically 0.25-0.30 meters deep and shaped like a racetrack, approaching 0.5 hectares in area. Their high surface-to-volume ratio provides a large area for microalgae to absorb sunlight needed for growth. While raceway ponds are effective for microalgae production, blooms of harmful blue-green algae can potentially cause odor, scum, and in rare cases, toxins dangerous to animals and humans. Raceway systems are also used in aquaculture, consisting of concrete channels with water flow maintained to provide sufficient water quality for culturing organisms at high densities.
Milk Quality Test.pptx
This document discusses milk quality testing techniques. It introduces the Methylene Blue Dye Reduction (MBRT) test, Resazurin test, and Litmus test. The MBRT test measures microbiological quality by detecting how quickly a blue dye is decolorized by microbial activity. The Resazurin test checks quality by noting color changes from blue based on bacterial levels. The Litmus test differentiates microbes by how they metabolize the litmus milk medium, noting reactions like acid production or clotting. Procedures for each test are provided.
PCR.ppt
The document discusses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process. It describes how PCR was invented to amplify specific segments of DNA using primers and thermocycling. The key steps of PCR include denaturation to separate DNA strands, annealing of primers, and extension of new strands by DNA polymerase. PCR is a simple yet powerful technique with many applications such as genotyping, sequencing, and mutation detection. It allows targeted amplification of DNA for analysis.
DNA microarray.ppt
DNA microarrays allow for the rapid analysis of gene expression across thousands of genes. There are two main technologies used - Affymetrix chips using single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides and Stanford chips using PCR products. The process involves isolating mRNA, creating fluorescently labelled cDNA, hybridizing it to probes on a microarray plate, scanning with a laser to detect fluorescence, and analyzing the data to determine which genes are expressed or not expressed in samples. DNA microarrays have applications in gene discovery, disease diagnosis by analyzing gene expression patterns in tumors, studying drug responses, and researching the effects of toxins on cells.
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Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
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Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
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- 1. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY VIVEKANANDAARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN SANKAGIRI PHYCOREMEDIATION Subject: Microalgal Technology Submitted by: Devadharshini.P First M.Sc.Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Vivekananda Arts and Science College For Women, Sankagiri.
- 2. SUBTOPIC : • Wastewater (WW) generated from the industries, agricultural and domestic activities produce high amounts of nutrients, heavy metals (HMs) and chemicals that degrades the environmental assets like land, air, water and culminates in human and animal health hazards. • The conventional techniques of remediation are inefficient and eco- hazardous compared to the non-conventional which are cost- effective, reliable and ecofriendly. • The utilization of biological agents for the remediation of natural assets is known as bioremediation.
- 3. • Phycoremediation (a bioremediation technique) strategies cater to the possibility of using algal diversity to remediate hazardous contaminants (hydrocarbons, pesticides, radioactive matter, HMs etc. • While also valorizing the treated biomass for the manufacture of value-added goods (fertilizers, biofuel etc.). Apart from being a carbon sink, algae have a significant surface-to-volume ratio. • Apart from being a carbon sink, algae have a significant surface-to- volume ratio, for biosorption (due to metal-binding groups on cell surfaces), bioconcentration, and biotransformation of pollutants. • After reviewing the extant literature (170 publications), we conclude that in future phycoremediation shall bring in a radical change in the existing.
- 5. DOMESTIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT: • Wastewater generation is an inevitable process as it is approximately 80% of the water consumption in society. However, the wastewater characteristics generated result from the life comforts and technologies practiced daily (Abdel-Raouf et al., 2012). Developing countries such as India (middle and low-income countries) are looking for infrastructures for effective wastewater treatment systems. • Most of the population resides in rural areas, facing challenges like an ever-increasing population and enhanced lifestyles. The issue is severe because of the fast pace of urban development, and effective effluent measures are mandatory to control and treat wastewater.
- 6. • In developing countries, conventional municipal wastewater treatment is confined to secondary treatments, mainly focusing on solids and organics removal (Neveux et al., 2016). • In conventional biological wastewater treatment processes, oxygen demand by aerobic bacteria accounts for the most significant portion, roughly half of electricity demand for a typical secondary wastewater treatment facility utilizing the activated sludge process (Samori et al., 2014). • Hence, secondary effluents released to nearby receiving bodies are rich in nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), resulting in eutrophication and dead zones in water bodies, ultimately polluting the freshwater sources.
- 8. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT: • The discharge of wastewater into the environment before treatment is harmful and has high pollution potential that includes eutrophication potential, global warming potential, and toxicity- related impacts. • Potential applications of phycoremediation have prompted laboratories to strengthen the development of algal-based technologies for better exploitation of their bioremediation potential and by-product generation ability. • Many species of algae have been studied and utilized for their role in wastewater treatment.
- 9. • Certain technological drawbacks need to be addressed to manage the limitations of algae for industrial usage. • This chapter focuses on the state-of-the-art applications of microalgae for wastewater remediation. Many challenges related to algal technology have also been demonstrated like upstream and biomass utilization challenges. • Improvements in algae technology to cope up with the limitations and prospects of algae technology are explained. • Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms with profound bioremediation potential and industrial applications that can reduce the cost of expenditure on energy and fuels.
- 11. THANK YOU..😊