This document provides information about social change and conflict. It discusses key concepts like social problems, the process of social change, and resistance to change. It also outlines several causes of social change such as culture, conflict, technology, and population growth. Examples of social and political conflicts throughout history are provided, including the Crusades, French Revolution, World Wars, and conflicts involving Pakistan.
Define the concept social movement
Discuss the characteristics of social movements
Explain why social movements arise
Discuss in detail the requirements for an effective social movement
Indicate in what ways resistance can be offered against social movements
Sociology and Religion: Religion as a Social InstitutionRohan Byanjankar
The presentation covers: Definition of religion, components of religion, characteristics of religion, major religions of world, Views of Functionalist such as Durkheim, Views of Marx, Weberian Perspective; other related topics such as Religion and Suicide, Religion and Gender and so on.
Define the concept social movement
Discuss the characteristics of social movements
Explain why social movements arise
Discuss in detail the requirements for an effective social movement
Indicate in what ways resistance can be offered against social movements
Sociology and Religion: Religion as a Social InstitutionRohan Byanjankar
The presentation covers: Definition of religion, components of religion, characteristics of religion, major religions of world, Views of Functionalist such as Durkheim, Views of Marx, Weberian Perspective; other related topics such as Religion and Suicide, Religion and Gender and so on.
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology include all the followings:
* The Sociological Perspective
*Seeing the Broader Social Context
*Foundation of Sociology
and many mores :)
Hope that this my Slides will help you to understand all the information :))
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
The Nature and Scope of Sociology include all the followings:
* The Sociological Perspective
*Seeing the Broader Social Context
*Foundation of Sociology
and many mores :)
Hope that this my Slides will help you to understand all the information :))
Social Change by SUVOJIT GHOSH & SK AHAMMEDsuvojit007
HOW SOCIAL CHANGES CAN OCCUR IN OUR SOCIETY. HOW A SOCIETY CAN CHANGE THROUGH A PROCESS FROM THEIR PRIMITIVE STAGE TO MATURE STAGE. CHANGES ALWYAS NOT REFERS TO GOOD THINGS LIKE DEVELOPMENT, SOMETIMES IT HAD SOME BAD EFFECT ALSO.
concepts and Definition of social change by Jones, Gillin and gillin, Davis & mac iver. Factors of Social Change - I. Biological Factors, The physical factors, Technological Factors, Cultural Factors,.
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
The treatment process takes place in a wastewater treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal wastewater or sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant. For industrial wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment plant, or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further types of wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment plants and leachate treatment plants.
To minimize the initial generation of waste materials through source reduction, then through reusing and recycling to further reduce the volume of the material being sent to landfills or incineration compared to the conventional approach of simply focusing on disposal of solid waste.
Biowaste is all types of waste that contains or is likely to contain hazardous biological agents (= live infectious or otherwise hazardous micro-organisms).
Biowaste is mainly generated in diagnostic and research laboratories ("biosafety labs"), as well as in hospitals (biowaste thus includes part of the hospital waste).
Patients suffering from COVID-19 displayed hypocalcemia, vitamin D deficiency, and are often immobilized due to the disease, which will contribute to bone demineralization.
Moreover, the patients regularly present with joint and muscle pain. These symptoms resemble early aging characteristics observed during the development of OA.
Although no viral presence in the joint could be observed, early aging environmental changes could contribute to the development of this early OA-like phenotype.
Drugs that target the renin-angiotensin and immune system were explored as a treatment option for COVID-related musculoskeletal alterations.
This includes RAS modulating therapy, circadian clock modulators, immunomodulators, and chronotherapy
We believe that SARS-CoV-2 contributes to early aging perturbations, such as endothelial and adipose tissue dysfunction, the most frequent long-lasting symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection as the result of this accelerated aging process.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in males and second most common in females after breast cancer.
it is the third most commonly diagnosed and leading cause of cancer death in Pakistan, with an estimated 6,800 (4.6%) new cases and 6,013 (5.9%) deaths occurring in 2012
We have compared our data with the international statistics to see where do we stand.
In Pakistan, we do not have a valid central cancer registry at present which can provide a true picture of lung cancer. This calls for an urgent need to formulate a valid central cancer registry in the country in association with the local bodies.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
HOW IT SPREADS
The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to hang in the air, and quickly fall on floors or surfaces.
You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within close proximity of someone who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then your eyes, nose or mouth.
Microbial fuel cells are devices that use bacteria to turn the energy stored in chemical bonds into electrical current that we can use without the need for combustion. Essentially, we are harnessing the power of metabolism for electricity.
“Cytogenetics traditionally refers to the study of chromosomes by microscopy following the application of banding techniques, permitting identification of abnormalities of chromosome number, loss or gain of chromosomal material or positional changes”. Standardized nomenclature is critical for the accurate and consistent description of genomic changes as identified by karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization and microarray. The International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature (ISCN) is the central reference for the description of karyotyping, FISH, and microarray results, and provides rules for describing cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic findings in laboratory reports. These laboratory reports are documents to the referring clinician, and should be clear, accurate and contain all information relevant for good interpretation of the cytogenetic findings.
This presentation is all about fuels & industrial chemicals.
Important highlights of this presentations are following
*Importance Of Organic Compounds in Fuel Industry
» Introduction of Organic Compounds & Organic Acids
» Why Organic Acids are of interest??
» Role of Organic Chemistry in oil industry
» Organic compound of gasoline
» Alkanes & Importance Of Alkanes
» Bioconversion of Maize Starch
» Starch
» Bioconversion
» Bio products From Starch Waste
» Maize & it’s Products
» Important Products From Maize
» Process OF Bioconversion Of Maize
» Fungal biomass protein production from Starch processing Water
» Ethanol production from various substrates
» Ethanol production from barley β-glucan by yeast displaying Aspergillus
» Ethanol production in solid substrate fermentation using thermo tolerant yeast
» Ethanol production by solid state fermentation of sweet sorghum using thermo tolerant yeast strain
» Ethanol production from agricultural biomass substrates
» Ethanol production From Starch & Molasses
» Industrially Important Amino Acids Production
» l-Lysine production & its uses
» Citric Acid Production & its uses
» Guluconic Acid Production & its uses
» Lactic Acid production & its Uses.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
4. Social change
What is social change?
Change is an enduring historical force with
noticeable variations through. Change may be
hardly discernible or easily observable.
It may be destructive or constructive ; but
whatever its nature it occurs everywhere and every
time.
5.
6. Concept of social change
According to Davis : “ By social change is meant only
such alterations as occur in social organization , that is
, structure and functions of society.”
According to Jones : “ social changes are a term used
to describe variations in , or modifications of any
aspect of social processes , social patterns , social
interaction or social organization.”
7. Introduction to social change
Social change is the transformation of culture and
social organization or structure over time.
In the modern world we are aware that society is
never static, and that social , political, economic
and cultural changes occur constantly.
8. There are a whole range of
classic theories and research
methods available within society
for the study of social change.
9. Characteristics of social
change:
There are four main characteristics of social
change(Macionis 1996):-
It happens everywhere, but the rate of change
varies from place to place.
For example, the United States would experience
faster change, than a third world country that has
limited access to technology and information.
10. Social change is sometimes intentional but
often unplanned.
For example, when the airplane was invented
people would knew that this would increase and
speed travel.
however, it was probably not realized how this
invention would affect in the society.
11. Families are spread through out the country, because it
is easier to return for visits.
Companies are able to expand worldwide thanks to air
travel. The numerous crashes or deaths related to
airplanes was not predicted either.
12. Social change often generates controversy.
For example, the move over the recent years to
accept homosexual rights has caused controversy
involving the military, religion, and society
overall.
13. Some changes matter more than others do.
For example, the invention of personal computers was
more important than Cabbage Patch dolls.
14. Causes of social change:
There are various causes of social change. These
include the following:-
Culture;
Culture is a system that constantly loses and gains
components. There are three main sources of cultural
change.
15. The first source is
invention.
Invention produce new ideas
,products , and social
patterns.
The invention of rocket
propulsion led to space
travel, which in the future
may lead to inhabitation of
other planets.
16. The second source is discovery.
Discovery is finding something that has never been
found before, or finding something new in something
that already exist.
The third source is diffusion.
Spreading of ideas and objects to other societies.
17. The third is diffusion.
Diffusion is the spreading of ideas and objects to other
societies .This would involve trading, migration and
mass communication.
19. The ‘Mass media’ is a vital factor in the speed of
social change . It permits rapid diffusion of ideas,
making these manifest in the private and relaxing
environs of the home, where audiences are at most
susceptible.
20. Conflict;
Another reason social change happens is due to the
tension and conflict (between races, religions , classes
etc).
Karl Marx thought that class conflict in particular
sparked change.
21. Idealistic factors:
. From Idealistic factors include values believes and
ideologies Max Weber perspective: in essence, values
believes and ideologies have a decisive impact on
shaping social change.
22. These factors have certainly broadly shaped direction
of social change in the modern world.
For example:-
o Freedom & self determination.
o Material growth & security.
o Nationalism , e.g. French & English . Canadians ,
English and Irish , Germans and French , Palestinians ,
Kurdish.
o Marxism.
23. Environmental factors;
Change can be through the impact of environmental
factors such as drought and famine . The degree of
natural disasters between different countries and
regions also lead the different social changes between
the countries.
24. Demographic change;
Change occurs from an increase in the population or
human migration between the areas.
Human migration between rural villages and big cities in
china is causing a great impact on society in china as a
whole.
25. Social movement & change;
Change can also occur from people joining together for a
common cause. This is called a social movement.
Social movements are classified according to the kind of
change they are seeking.
26. The role of values and ethics;
Human values are formed by a similar process and act
in a similar manner.
These may include cleanliness , punctuality ,
communication , coordination , courage , generosity ,
objectivity , sincerity , harmony love , self- giving.
27. Religion
Society develops in the response to the contact and
interaction between human beings and their
material , social and intellectual environment.
Ethical views are differ from country to country.
28. Religion is all about beliefs- about creations purpose
destiny life and love . It shapes the lives of believers.
What people believe or disbelieve about God and the
world affects all aspects of their being , including their
day to day behavior .
Social movements are all about changing and shaping
peoples belief systems .
Religion can affect attitudes and ethics ,either positively
or negatively.
29.
30. Technology and information;
As a society develops to higher levels , non-material
resources play an increasingly important role as
factors of production .
Internet technology has an enormous impact on the
globalization of culture and ideas . It has considerably
increased the speed of social change.
31.
32. Social Problems:-
What is a social problem?
A social problem is a social condition that a segment
of society views as harmful to members of society
and in need of remedy.
33. Social issues in Pakistan:
Corruption
Smuggling
Health care Conditions
Educational problems
Terrorism
Food crisis
Poverty
34. Corruption:
Corruption is wide spread. Pakistan is ranked as 42nd
corrupted country of the world according to the
Transparency International Corruption Index .
35. The health sources indicate that the following sectors
are among the most affected by corruption;
Police & law enforcement
Judiciary & legal professions
Power sectors
Tax & customs
Land administration
Health & education
36. Smuggling:
To import or export without paying lawful customs
charges or duties.
Smuggling severely harms the economy of
Pakistan in multidimensional ways.
37. Health care Conditions:
Even after decades of existence their is no equal
distribution of wealth and resources.
Many Pakistanis suffer from physical and
emotional problems. But there is no proper health
care system in place.
Mental illness is still surrounded by visible stigma.
38. Children is still suffering from malnutrition because of
pervasive poverty.
Many patients with emergency only see a doctor when
they get violent and have a nervous breakdown.
39. Educational Problems:
Pakistan illiteracy rate is decreasing continuously as
the schools have not kept up with population
explosion.
Most people in village cannot read and write.
There is no standardized educational systems.
40.
41. Terrorism:
Pakistan play a key and highly conflicted role in
the global war on terror.
Today terrorism is threatening the very roots and
fabric of Pakistan’s nationhood.
42. Major causes of terrorism in Pakistan are ;
Political crisis
Economic conditions
Standard of living
Illiteracy
43. Food crisis:
The world financial experts have placed Pakistan on a
list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis.
It has two aspects ;
Unavailability of edibles.
Soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of
edibles.
46. Child labor:
The full time employment of children who are under a
minimum legal age.
The last survey in 1996 figured out 3.3 million child
laborers in Pakistan.
Many of the child laborers are working in ruler areas
as compare to urban areas.
47. In Pakistan child labor is related to;
o Craft and related trade activities
o Brick making
o Stone crushing carpet making
o Agriculture sector
o Factories and industries
48.
49. Poverty in Pakistan:
Poverty is the main issue in Pakistan.
Main factors of poverty in Pakistan are;
Inequality
Natural disasters
Feudalism
Lack of adequate governance
Poor industrial standards
50. Process of social Change:
The process of social change may be depicted in the
following manner:-
Change in experiences of individuals
Change in attitude of individuals
Change in thought patterns of individuals
Change in social interaction
51. Change in social relations
Change in social structure
Social change
53. Conflicts.
• Conflicts in a society also produce social change.
• Karl Marx saw class conflicts as ,
“the engine that drives societies from one
historical era from another”.
54. • The two classes identified were
the capitalists and the workers .
• Both this classes are
based on
inequality(social
stratification).
• According to Marx , “The
conflict between the two classes
is a means to social change”.
55. • These classes are located in different relationship to
mean of production
• Out of these two groups capitalists oppose social change
, whereas the workers want to change the society .
57. The
crusades
•Middle ages , Holy wars
•Catholic church declared
it
•1095-1291 crusadier
army do battle with
Islamic forces
•It was all about to gain
control of holy places
•Crusades were
unsuccessful
•3 million people were
killed in it.
58. The French
Revolution
•Begin in 1789
•It was against social and
political turmoil
•Most central legacy is
move away from
theocracies and
monarchies.
•This revolution gave
birth to modern
democratic republic.
•It is one of the most
important political event
in human history
59. Mexican
American war
•In early 1800s territory of Texas was
claimed by 3 nations Spanish,
Americans & French .’
•Over next 30 years Mexico gained
control
•Thousand of Americans immigrants
settled here
•They rebelled against Mexican state
in 1835
•Republic of texa existed till 1846 ,
then become part of USA
•America defeated Mexico and under
controlled now as new mexico,
california as parts of texas
•Other are in southwest USA
60. World war 1
It was due to conflict between nation of
Europe and western Asia.
30 million people were killed in this great
war
61. world War 2
After Hitler came to power and
invaded Poland in 1939
Japan & Italy also involved in it
70 million people die in it
62. Israel and Palestine Conflict
Since 1917 Jews had been moving to
Palestine
By 1948 hundred thousand jews lived
there.
US form partition and state of Israel form
From that time till now Israel is a state of
Conflict.
63. The Cold
War
•It was from 1947-1999
•No battles were fought
actually.
•It was between USA &
USSR of EUROPE
•IT was characterized by
Proxy Wars such as
Korea , afghanistan etc
•Internet was invented
during this time of Cold
war.
64. The Korean War
Japan ruled korea untill end of 2nd world war
It was between Korea and japan in 1953.
65. Iraq Iran War and
gulf War
•Desire to gain power
iraq invaded iran in
1980.
•US supported iraq.
•It was all about 8
years.
•Then Iraqi Military
forced iran to go
back.
•Iran was defeated.
66. The U.S-Afghan War
After 11 September attack US demanded Afghanistan to
hand over Osama Bin Ladin.
Taliban refused and conflict begun
In 2015 Osama was died and US was defeated by afghans,
but still some troops are there
68. Partition of
1947
•IT was conflict between
Hindu and Muslims of
Subcontinent
•In 1947 two Separate
countries Pakistan , and
India were emerged.
•10-12 million people
became refugees
•Young state of Pakistan
has faced several regional
conflicts.
69. Kashmir Conflict
It is the biggest conflict between India and Pakistan.
As Kashmir has Muslims in majority and Pakistan
wants to join this state , according to wish of Kashmiris
.
but still India is dominating over Kashmiris from their
Arms and Military.
70. Indo-Pak Wars
Due to Kashmir Conflict and due to india wish to get
power and authority Of pakistan
2 wars have been fought between India and Pakistan
in 1965 &1971
71. Kargil -Conflict
THE Pakistan army under General
pervaiz Musharraf had kept Pakistan
P.M NAWAZ sharif in dark about the
Kargil Military misadventure
Later Pakistan Army after Kargil defeat ,
kept secret this fact from pakistani nation.
72. 9/11 worse Effects
After September 11 incident even Pakistan support
USA in Arrestment of OSAma bin ladin
Pakistan is thought to be refugee place of terrorist
Osama was also arrested from Pakistan.
73. 21st century new terrorist
state Pakistan
As a patriotic Pakistani we say that Pakistan is
safe and sound place .
But due to its domestic conflicts scenario is
different.
Pakistan is suffering seriously from disease of
terrorism.
74. Domestic Conflicts;-
Conflicts related to Balouchistan
Conflicts in Sindh.
Religious and Sectarian Conflicts.
Violence Conflicts in Waziristan
Conflicts in Karachi.
Domestic Terrorism
Conflicts Of our political leaders.
75.
76. Social Conflict Theory .
• Marxist based social theory .
• According to this theory ,“individuals and
groups (social classes) within
society interact on the basis of conflict rather
than consensus”.
77. • Conflicts theorists view conflict as an engine of change.
• Since conflicts produces contradictions , which are sometimes
resolved creating new conflicts and contradictions.
80. When it is constructive?.
• It results in clarification of important problems and issues.
• It involves people in resolving issues important to them
81. • It causes authentic communication.
• It helps release emotions , anxiety and stress.
• It builds cooperation among people through learning more
about each other.
82. When conflict is destructive.
• It takes attention away from other
important activities.
• It polarizes people and groups ,
reducing cooperation.
• It increases or sharpens differences.
• It leads to irresponsible and
harmful behaviour, such as fighting
and name calling .
84. What is resistance.
• It is a complex social phenomenon that can include a wide range
of behaviors and actions .
• It can occur at the micro level of individual people all the way to
the macro level of protests that bring down whole government.
• It rarely occurs without opposition.
• Many who oppose change come to accept it.
• Some people oppose the change but with time they learn to adapt
it.
85.
86. Resistance to social change…
1. Cultural lag.
2. Ethnocentrism
3. Vested interest
87. Cultural lag.
• Material culture changes quickly while non-
material culture lags behind and changes
more slowly.
• New laws and customs must be formed to
address new technology.
• Material culture includes physical objects that
people create and use . e. g books building,
computer clothing. e.t.c.
• Non- material customs include beliefs norms
ideas, language political and economic system.
88.
89. Ethnocentrism.
• People often believe that their own ideas and
ways of doing things are best and strongly resist
changes from outside their culture.
90.
91. Vested interest.
• People who benefit from the
status usually resists change.
• Some people feels that the known
problems of today are better than
unknown problems that come
with change.
92.
93. Factors in resistance to
change.
• Individual resistance.
• Group resistance .
• Organizational resistance.
94.
95. Group resistance.
• Structural inertia- some
organizational structures
have in-built mechanism
for resistance to change.
• E. g. in bureaucratic
structure where jobs are
narrowly defined , change
would be difficult.
96.
97.
98. Aims. • Radical approach which aims
to change society not individual
behavior .
• Aims to bring change in the
physical , economic and social
environment.
• Target towards groups and
populations.
99. Conclusion.
• The causes of social change are diverse.
• Processes of change can be identified as
either short-term or long- term
developments.
• Social change can either be cyclic or one-
directional .
• Mechanisms of social change can be varied
and interconnected .